Influence of anisotropic conduction properties in the propagation of the cardiac action potential

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology

Volumn 94, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 144-168

  Valderrábano, Miguel ^a  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anisotropy; Conduction; Reentry; Repolarization

Indexed keywords

GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN;

ACTION POTENTIAL; ANIMAL; ANISOTROPY; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CARDIOMYOPATHY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ACTION POTENTIALS; ANIMALS; ANISOTROPY; CARDIOMYOPATHIES; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONNEXINS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC;

EID: 34249071921     PISSN: 00796107     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.03.014     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abildskov J.A. Effects of activation sequence on the local recovery of ventricular excitability in the dog. Circ. Res. 38 (1976) 240-243
2. Akar F.G., and Tomaselli G.F. Conduction abnormalities in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: basic mechanisms and arrhythmic consequences. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 15 (2005) 259-264
3. Akar F.G., Spragg D.D., Tunin R.S., Kass D.A., and Tomaselli G.F. Mechanisms underlying conduction slowing and arrhythmogenesis in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ. Res. 95 (2004) 717-725
4. Allessie M.A., Bonke F.I., and Schopman F.J. Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. II. The role of nonuniform recovery of excitability in the occurrence of unidirectional block, as studied with multiple microelectrodes. Circ. Res. 39 (1976) 168-177
5. Allessie M.A., Bonke F.I., and Schopman F.J. Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. III. The "leading circle" concept: a new model of circus movement in cardiac tissue without the involvement of an anatomical obstacle. Circ. Res. 41 (1977) 9-18
6. Anderson K.P., Walker R., Urie P., Ershler P.R., Lux R.L., and Karwandee S.V. Myocardial electrical propagation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 92 (1993) 122-140
7. Ando S., Kodama I., Ikeda N., Toyama J., and Yamada K. Effect of ouabain on electrical coupling of rabbit atrial muscle fibers. Jpn. Circ. J. 45 (1981) 1050-1055
8. Beardslee M.A., Lerner D.L., Tadros P.N., Laing J.G., Beyer E.C., Yamada K.A., Kleber A.G., Schuessler R.B., and Saffitz J.E. Dephosphorylation and intracellular redistribution of ventricular connexin43 during electrical uncoupling induced by ischemia. Circ. Res. 87 (2000) 656-662
9. Bertran G., Biagetti M.O., Valverde E., Arini P.D., and Quinteiro R.A. Lack of effect of conduction direction on action potential durations in anisotropic ventricular strips of pig heart. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 13 (2002) 380-387
10. Bredikis J., Bukauskas F., and Veteikis R. Decreased intercellular coupling after prolonged rapid stimulation in rabbit atrial muscle. Circ. Res. 49 (1981) 815-820
11. Buchanan Jr. J.W., Saito T., and Gettes L.S. The effects of antiarrhythmic drugs, stimulation frequency, and potassium-induced resting membrane potential changes on conduction velocity and dV/dtmax in guinea pig myocardium. Circ. Res. 56 (1985) 696-703
12. Bukauskas F.F., and Verselis V.K. Gap junction channel gating. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1662 (2004) 42-60
13. Bursac N., Parker K.K., Iravanian S., and Tung L. Cardiomyocyte cultures with controlled macroscopic anisotropy: a model for functional electrophysiological studies of cardiac muscle. Circ. Res. 91 (2002) e45-e54
14. Burt J.M., Massey K.D., and Minnich B.N. Uncoupling of cardiac cells by fatty acids: structure-activity relationships. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (1991) C439-C448
15. Cabo C., Pertsov A.M., Baxter W.T., Davidenko J.M., Gray R.A., and Jalife J. Wave-front curvature as a cause of slow conduction and block in isolated cardiac muscle. Circ. Res. 75 (1994) 1014-1028
16. Choi B.R., Liu T., Lavasani M., and Salama G. Fiber orientation and cell-cell coupling influence ventricular fibrillation dynamics. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 14 (2003) 851-860
17. Chou C.C., Nihei M., Zhou S., Tan A., Kawase A., Macias E.S., Fishbein M.C., Lin S.F., and Chen P.S. Intracellular calcium dynamics and anisotropic reentry in isolated canine pulmonary veins and left atrium. Circulation 111 (2005) 2889-2897
18. Clerc L. Directional differences of impulse spread in trabecular muscle from mammalian heart. J. Physiol. 255 (1976) 335-346
19. Cohen S.A. Immunocytochemical localization of rH1 sodium channel in adult rat heart atria and ventricle. Presence in terminal intercalated disks. Circulation 94 (1996) 3083-3086
20. Cooklin M., Wallis W.R., Sheridan D.J., and Fry C.H. Conduction velocity and gap junction resistance in hypertrophied, hypoxic guinea-pig left ventricular myocardium. Exp. Physiol. 83 (1998) 763-770
21. Cranefield P.F., and Hoffman B.F. Propagated repolarization in heart muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 41 (1958) 633-649
22. Cranefield P.F., Klein H.O., and Hoffman B.F. Conduction of the cardiac impulse. 1. Delay, block, and one-way block in depressed Purkinje fibers. Circ. Res. 28 (1971) 199-219
23. de Bakker J.M., van Capelle F.J., Janse M.J., Tasseron S., Vermeulen J.T., de Jonge N., and Lahpor J.R. Slow conduction in the infarcted human heart. 'Zigzag' course of activation. Circulation 88 (1993) 915-926
24. de Bakker J.M., Stein M., and van Rijen H.V. Three-dimensional anatomic structure as substrate for ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2 (2005) 777-779
25. De Mello W.C. Effect of intracellular injection of calcium and strontium on cell communication in heart. J. Physiol. 250 (1975) 231-245
26. De Mello W.C. Influence of the sodium pump on intercellular communication in heart fibres: effect of intracellular injection of sodium ion on electrical coupling. J. Physiol. 263 (1976) 171-197
27. Delgado C., Steinhaus B., Delmar M., Chialvo D.R., and Jalife J. Directional differences in excitability and margin of safety for propagation in sheep ventricular epicardial muscle. Circ. Res. 67 (1990) 97-110
28. Delmar M., Michaels D.C., Johnson T., and Jalife J. Effects of increasing intercellular resistance on transverse and longitudinal propagation in sheep epicardial muscle. Circ. Res. 60 (1987) 780-785
29. Dillon S.M., Allessie M.A., Ursell P.C., and Wit A.L. Influences of anisotropic tissue structure on reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone of subacute canine infarcts. Circ. Res. 63 (1988) 182-206
30. Draper M.H., and Mya-Tu M. A comparison of the conduction velocity in cardiac tissues of various mammals. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. Cogn. Med. Sci. 44 (1959) 91-109
31. Fast V.G., Efimov I.R., and Krinsky V.I. Transition from circular to linear rotation of a vortex in an excitable cellular medium. Phys. Lett. A 151 (1990) 157-161
32. Fast V.G., and Kleber A.G. Microscopic conduction in cultured strands of neonatal rat heart cells measured with voltage-sensitive dyes. Circ. Res. 73 (1993) 914-925
33. Fast V.G., and Kleber A.G. Anisotropic conduction in monolayers of neonatal rat heart cells cultured on collagen substrate. Circ. Res. 75 (1994) 591-595
34. Fast V.G., and Kleber A.G. Block of impulse propagation at an abrupt tissue expansion: evaluation of the critical strand diameter in 2- and 3-dimensional computer models. Cardiovasc. Res. 30 (1995) 449-459
35. Fast V.G., and Kleber A.G. Role of wavefront curvature in propagation of cardiac impulse. Cardiovasc. Res. 33 (1997) 258-271
36. Fenton F., and Karma A. Vortex dynamics in three-dimensional continuous myocardium with fiber rotation: filament instability and fibrillation. Chaos 8 (1998) 20-47
37. Francis D., Stergiopoulos K., Ek-Vitorin J.F., Cao F.L., Taffet S.M., and Delmar M. Connexin diversity and gap junction regulation by pHi. Dev. Genet. 24 (1999) 123-136
38. Gaudesius G., Miragoli M., Thomas S.P., and Rohr S. Coupling of cardiac electrical activity over extended distances by fibroblasts of cardiac origin. Circ. Res. 93 (2003) 421-428
39. Girouard S.D., Pastore J.M., Laurita K.R., Gregory K.W., and Rosenbaum D.S. Optical mapping in a new guinea pig model of ventricular tachycardia reveals mechanisms for multiple wavelengths in a single reentrant circuit. Circulation 93 (1996) 603-613
40. Gotoh M., Uchida T., Fan W., Fishbein M.C., Karagueuzian H.S., and Chen P.S. Anisotropic repolarization in ventricular tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) H107-H113
41. Gray R.A., Pertsov A.M., and Jalife J. Spatial and temporal organization during cardiac fibrillation. Nature 392 (1998) 75-78
42. Hall D.G., Morley G.E., Vaidya D., Ard M., Kimball T.R., Witt S.A., and Colbert M.C. Early onset heart failure in transgenic mice with dilated cardiomyopathy. Pediatr. Res. 48 (2000) 36-42
43. Hooks D.A., Tomlinson K.A., Marsden S.G., LeGrice I.J., Smaill B.H., Pullan A.J., and Hunter P.J. Cardiac microstructure: implications for electrical propagation and defibrillation in the heart. Circ. Res. 91 (2002) 331-338
44. Hoyt R.H., Cohen M.L., Corr P.B., and Saffitz J.E. Alterations of intercellular junctions induced by hypoxia in canine myocardium. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (1990) H1439-H1448
45. Jongsma H.J., and Wilders R. Gap junctions in cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res. 86 (2000) 1193-1197
46. Joyner R.W. Effects of the discrete pattern of electrical coupling on propagation through an electrical syncytium. Circ. Res. 50 (1982) 192-200
47. Joyner R.W. Modulation of repolarization by electrotonic interactions. Jpn. Heart. J 27 Suppl. 1 (1986) 167-183
48. Kadish A.H., Spear J.F., Levine J.H., and Moore E.N. The effects of procainamide on conduction in anisotropic canine ventricular myocardium. Circulation 74 (1986) 616-625
49. Kalahasti V., Nambi V., Martin D.O., Lam C.T., Yamada D., Wilkoff B.L., Niebauer M.J., Jaeger F.J., Tchou P.J., and Chung M.K. QRS duration and prediction of mortality in patients undergoing risk stratification for ventricular arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 92 (2003) 798-803
50. Kanai A., and Salama G. Optical mapping reveals that repolarization spreads anisotropically and is guided by fiber orientation in guinea pig hearts. Circ. Res. 77 (1995) 784-802
51. Kaprielian R.R., Gunning M., Dupont E., Sheppard M.N., Rothery S.M., Underwood R., Pennell D.J., Fox K., Pepper J., Poole-Wilson P.A., and Severs N.J. Downregulation of immunodetectable connexin43 and decreased gap junction size in the pathogenesis of chronic hibernation in the human left ventricle. Circulation 97 (1998) 651-660
52. Kim Y.H., Xie F., Yashima M., Wu T.J., Valderrabano M., Lee M.H., Ohara T., Voroshilovsky O., Doshi R.N., Fishbein M.C., Qu Z., Garfinkel A., Weiss J.N., Karagueuzian H.S., and Chen P.S. Role of papillary muscle in the generation and maintenance of reentry during ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in isolated swine right ventricle. Circulation 100 (1999) 1450-1459
53. Kleber A.G., and Riegger C.B. Electrical constants of arterially perfused rabbit papillary muscle. J. Physiol. 385 (1987) 307-324
54. Kleber A.G., and Rudy Y. Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias. Physiol. Rev. 84 (2004) 431-488
55. Kleber, A.G., Janse, M.J., Fast, V.G., 2002. Normal and abnormal conduction in the heart. In: The Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System. The Heart, sect. 2, vol. 1. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, pp. 455-530.
56. Koura T., Hara M., Takeuchi S., Ota K., Okada Y., Miyoshi S., Watanabe A., Shiraiwa K., Mitamura H., Kodama I., and Ogawa S. Anisotropic conduction properties in canine atria analyzed by high-resolution optical mapping: preferential direction of conduction block changes from longitudinal to transverse with increasing age. Circulation 105 (2002) 2092-2098
57. Kucera J.P., Rohr S., and Rudy Y. Localization of sodium channels in intercalated disks modulates cardiac conduction. Circ. Res. 91 (2002) 1176-1182
58. Lampe P.D., and Lau A.F. Regulation of gap junctions by phosphorylation of connexins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 384 (2000) 205-215
59. Laurita K.R., Chuck E.T., Yang T., Dong W.Q., Kuryshev Y.A., Brittenham G.M., Rosenbaum D.S., and Brown A.M. Optical mapping reveals conduction slowing and impulse block in iron-overload cardiomyopathy. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 142 (2003) 83-89
60. LeGrice I.J., Smaill B.H., Chai L.Z., Edgar S.G., Gavin J.B., and Hunter P.J. Laminar structure of the heart: ventricular myocyte arrangement and connective tissue architecture in the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) H571-H582
61. LeGrice I.J., Hunter P.J., and Smaill B.H. Laminar structure of the heart: a mathematical model. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) H2466-H2476
62. Lesh M.D., Pring M., and Spear J.F. Cellular uncoupling can unmask dispersion of action potential duration in ventricular myocardium. A computer modeling study. Circ. Res. 65 (1989) 1426-1440
63. Lin S.F., Roth B.J., and Wikswo Jr. J.P. Quatrefoil reentry in myocardium: an optical imaging study of the induction mechanism. J Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 10 (1999) 574-586
64. Lin X., Gemel J., Beyer E.C., and Veenstra R.D. Dynamic model for ventricular junctional conductance during the cardiac action potential. Am J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 288 (2005) H1113-H1123
65. Maier S.K., Westenbroek R.E., Schenkman K.A., Feigl E.O., Scheuer T., and Catterall W.A. An unexpected role for brain-type sodium channels in coupling of cell surface depolarization to contraction in the heart. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 4073-4078
66. Moreno A.P., Saez J.C., Fishman G.I., and Spray D.C. Human connexin43 gap junction channels. Regulation of unitary conductances by phosphorylation. Circ. Res. 74 (1994) 1050-1057
67. Ohara T., Ohara K., Cao J.M., Lee M.H., Fishbein M.C., Mandel W.J., Chen P.S., and Karagueuzian H.S. Increased wave break during ventricular fibrillation in the epicardial border zone of hearts with healed myocardial infarction. Circulation 103 (2001) 1465-1472
68. Osaka T., Kodama I., Tsuboi N., Toyama J., and Yamada K. Effects of activation sequence and anisotropic cellular geometry on the repolarization phase of action potential of dog ventricular muscles. Circulation 76 (1987) 226-236
69. Peters N.S., and Wit A.L. Myocardial architecture and ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Circulation 97 (1998) 1746-1754
70. Peters N.S., Green C.R., Poole-Wilson P.A., and Severs N.J. Reduced content of connexin43 gap junctions in ventricular myocardium from hypertrophied and ischemic human hearts. Circulation 88 (1993) 864-875
71. Peters N.S., Coromilas J., Severs N.J., and Wit A.L. Disturbed connexin43 gap junction distribution correlates with the location of reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone of healing canine infarcts that cause ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 95 (1997) 988-996
72. Poelzing S., and Rosenbaum D.S. Altered connexin43 expression produces arrhythmia substrate in heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 287 (2004) H1762-H1770
73. Qu Z., Kil J., Xie F., Garfinkel A., and Weiss J.N. Scroll wave dynamics in a three-dimensional cardiac tissue model: roles of restitution, thickness, and fiber rotation. Biophys. J. 78 (2000) 2761-2775
74. Quan W., and Rudy Y. Unidirectional block and reentry of cardiac excitation: a model study. Circ. Res. 66 (1990) 367-382
75. Roberts D.E., Hersh L.T., and Scher A.M. Influence of cardiac fiber orientation on wavefront voltage, conduction velocity, and tissue resistivity in the dog. Circ. Res. 44 (1979) 701-712
76. Rohr S., and Salzberg B.M. Discontinuities in action potential propagation along chains of single ventricular myocytes in culture: multiple site optical recording of transmembrane voltage (MSORTV) suggests propagation delays at the junctional sites between cells. Biol. Bull. 183 (1992) 342-343
77. Rudy Y. Electrotonic cell-cell interactions in cardiac tissue: effects on action potential propagation and repolarization. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1047 (2005) 308-313
78. Saffitz J.E., Kanter H.L., Green K.G., Tolley T.K., and Beyer E.C. Tissue-specific determinants of anisotropic conduction velocity in canine atrial and ventricular myocardium. Circ. Res. 74 (1994) 1065-1070
79. Samie F.H., Berenfeld O., Anumonwo J., Mironov S.F., Udassi S., Beaumont J., Taffet S., Pertsov A.M., and Jalife J. Rectification of the background potassium current: a determinant of rotor dynamics in ventricular fibrillation. Circ. Res. 89 (2001) 1216-1223
80. Sano T., Takayama N., and Shimamoto T. Directional difference of conduction velocity in the cardiac ventricular syncytium studied by microelectrodes. Circ. Res. 7 (1959) 262-267
81. Schalij M.J., Lammers W.J., Rensma P.L., and Allessie M.A. Anisotropic conduction and reentry in perfused epicardium of rabbit left ventricle. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (1992) H1466-H1478
82. Schalij M.J., Boersma L., Huijberts M., and Allessie M.A. Anisotropic reentry in a perfused 2-dimensional layer of rabbit ventricular myocardium. Circulation 102 (2000) 2650-2658
83. Schmitt F.O., and Schmitt O.H. Partial excitation and variable conduction in the squid giant axon. J. Physiol. 98 (1940) 26-46
84. Shaw R.M., and Rudy Y. Ionic mechanisms of propagation in cardiac tissue. Roles of the sodium and L-type calcium currents during reduced excitability and decreased gap junction coupling. Circ. Res. 81 (1997) 727-741
85. Sjostrand F.S., and Andersson E. Electron microscopy of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle tissue. Experientia 10 (1954) 369-370
86. Sjostrand F.S., Andersson-Cedergren E., and Dewey M.M. The ultrastructure of the intercalated discs of frog, mouse and guinea pig cardiac muscle. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1 (1958) 271-287
87. Smith J.H., Green C.R., Peters N.S., Rothery S., and Severs N.J. Altered patterns of gap junction distribution in ischemic heart disease. An immunohistochemical study of human myocardium using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Am. J. Pathol. 139 (1991) 801-821
88. Spach M.S., and Dolber P.C. Relating extracellular potentials and their derivatives to anisotropic propagation at a microscopic level in human cardiac muscle. Evidence for electrical uncoupling of side-to-side fiber connections with increasing age. Circ. Res. 58 (1986) 356-371
89. Spach M.S., and Kootsey J.M. Relating the sodium current and conductance to the shape of transmembrane and extracellular potentials by simulation: effects of propagation boundaries. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 32 (1985) 743-755
90. Spach M.S., Miller III W.T., Geselowitz D.B., Barr R.C., Kootsey J.M., and Johnson E.A. The discontinuous nature of propagation in normal canine cardiac muscle. Evidence for recurrent discontinuities of intracellular resistance that affect the membrane currents. Circ. Res. 48 (1981) 39-54
91. Spach M.S., Kootsey J.M., and Sloan J.D. Active modulation of electrical coupling between cardiac cells of the dog. A mechanism for transient and steady state variations in conduction velocity. Circ. Res. 51 (1982) 347-362
92. Spach M.S., Miller III W.T., Dolber P.C., Kootsey J.M., Sommer J.R., and Mosher Jr. C.E. The functional role of structural complexities in the propagation of depolarization in the atrium of the dog. Cardiac conduction disturbances due to discontinuities of effective axial resistivity. Circ. Res. 50 (1982) 175-191
93. Spach M.S., Dolber P.C., and Heidlage J.F. Influence of the passive anisotropic properties on directional differences in propagation following modification of the sodium conductance in human atrial muscle. A model of reentry based on anisotropic discontinuous propagation. Circ. Res. 62 (1988) 811-832
94. Spach M.S., Heidlage J.F., Dolber P.C., and Barr R.C. Electrophysiological effects of remodeling cardiac gap junctions and cell size: experimental and model studies of normal cardiac growth. Circ. Res. 86 (2000) 302-311
95. Taccardi B., Punske B.B., Sachse F., Tricoche X., Colli-Franzone P., Pavarino L.F., and Zabawa C. Intramural activation and repolarization sequences in canine ventricles. Experimental and simulation studies. J. Electrocardiol. 38 (2005) 131-137
96. Toyoshima H., and Burgess M.J. Electrotonic interaction during canine ventricular repolarization. Circ. Res. 43 (1978) 348-356
97. Toyoshima H., Park Y.D., Ishikawa Y., Nagata S., Hirata Y., Sakakibara H., Shimomura K., and Nakayama R. Effect of ventricular hypertrophy on conduction velocity of activation front in the ventricular myocardium. Am. J. Cardiol. 49 (1982) 1938-1945
98. Ursell P.C., Gardner P.I., Albala A., Fenoglio Jr. J.J., and Wit A.L. Structural and electrophysiological changes in the epicardial border zone of canine myocardial infarcts during infarct healing. Circ. Res. 56 (1985) 436-451
99. Valderrabano M., Lee M.H., Ohara T., Lai A.C., Fishbein M.C., Lin S.F., Karagueuzian H.S., and Chen P.S. Dynamics of intramural and transmural reentry during ventricular fibrillation in isolated swine ventricles. Circ. Res. 88 (2001) 839-848
100. Valderrabano M., Yang J., Omichi C., Kil J., Lamp S.T., Qu Z., Lin S.F., Karagueuzian H.S., Garfinkel A., Chen P.S., and Weiss J.N. Frequency analysis of ventricular fibrillation in Swine ventricles. Circ. Res. 90 (2002) 213-222
101. Valderrabano M., Chen P.S., and Lin S.F. Spatial distribution of phase singularities in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 108 (2003) 354-359
102. Valderrabano, M., Parker, J.M., Weiss, J.N., 2004. High-resolution optical calcium imaging of stable reentry in patterned monolayers of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. 1, S156.
103. Wang Y., and Rudy Y. Action potential propagation in inhomogeneous cardiac tissue: safety factor considerations and ionic mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 278 (2000) H1019-H1029
104. Wang Z., Hesketh J.C., and Fedida D. A high-Na (+) conduction state during recovery from inactivation in the K (+) channel Kv1.5. Biophys. J. 79 (2000) 2416-2433
105. Weidmann S. Electrical constants of trabecular muscle from mammalian heart. J. Physiol. 210 (1970) 1041-1054
106. Weingart R. The actions of ouabain on intercellular coupling and conduction velocity in mammalian ventricular muscle. J. Physiol. 264 (1977) 341-365
107. White R.L., Doeller J.E., Verselis V.K., and Wittenberg B.A. Gap junctional conductance between pairs of ventricular myocytes is modulated synergistically by H + and Ca ++. J. Gen. Physiol. 95 (1990) 1061-1075
108. Wiegerinck R.F., Verkerk A.O., Belterman C.N., van Veen T.A., Baartscheer A., Opthof T., Wilders R., de Bakker J.M., and Coronel R. Larger cell size in rabbits with heart failure increases myocardial conduction velocity and QRS duration. Circulation 113 (2006) 806-813
109. Wu T.J., Lin S.F., Baher A., Qu Z., Garfinkel A., Weiss J.N., Ting C.T., and Chen P.S. Mother rotors and the mechanisms of D600-induced type 2 ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 110 (2004) 2110-2118