Probabilistic estimates of lifetime daily doses from consumption of drinking water containing trace levels of N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), triclosan, or acetaminophen and the associated risk to human health

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 615-631

  Blanset, Diann L ^a   Zhang, Junfeng ^a   Robson, Mark G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetaminophen; DEET; Drinking water; Risk assessment; Triclosan

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248563391     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: 15497860     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807030701341209     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Abdel-Rahman A, Dechkovskaia AM, Goldstein LB, et al. 2004. Neurological deficits induced by malathion, DEET, and permethrin, alone or in combination in adult rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 67(4):331-56
2. Abdel-Rahman A, Shetty AK, and Abou-Donia MB. 2001. Subchronic dermal application of N,N-diethyl m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin to adult rats, alone or in combination, causes diffuse neuronal cell death and cytoskeletal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and Purkinje neuron loss in the cerebellum. Exp Neurol 172(1):153-71
3. Abou-Donia MB, Goldstein LB, Dechovskaia A, et al. 2001 a. Effects of daily dermal application of DEET and permethrin, alone and in combination, on sensorimotor performance, bloodbrain barrier, and blood-testis barrier in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 62(7):523-41
4. Abou-Donia MB, Goldstein LB, Jones KH, et al 2001b. Locomotor and sensorimotor performance deficit in rats following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin, alone and in combination. Toxicol Sci 60(2):305-14
5. Bergman K, Muller L, and Teigen SW. 1996. Series: Current issues in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, No. 65. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of paracetamol: A regulatory (re)view. Mutat Res 349(2):263-88
6. Bhargava HN and Leonard PA. 1996. Triclosan: Applications and safety. Am J Infect Control 24(3):209-18
7. Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM, et al. 2004. Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Res 38(12):2918-26
8. Christensen F. 1998. Pharmaceuticals in the environment-a human risk? Reg Tox Pharm 28:212-21.
9. de Garbino JP and Laborde A. 1983. Toxicity of an insect repellent: N-N-diethyltoluamide. Vet Hum Toxicol 25(6):422-3
10. Dourson MI, Felter SP, and Robinson D. 1996. Evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in non-cancer risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 24:108-20
11. Edwards DL and Johnson CE. 1987. Insect-repellent-induced toxic encephalopathy in a child. Clin Pharm 6(6):496-8
12. Gryboski J, Weinstein D, and Ordway NK. 1961. Toxic encephalopathy apparently related to the use of an insect repellent. N Engl J Med 264:289-91
13. Hagiwara A and Ward JM. 1986. The chronic hepatotoxic, tumor-promoting, and carcinogenic effects of acetaminophen in male B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7:376-86
14. Heick H, Shipman R, Norman M, et al.1980. Reye-like syndrome associated with use of insect repellent in a presumed heterozygote for ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency. J Pedriatr 97:471-3
15. Hinson JA. 1983. Reactive metabolites of phenacetin and acetaminophen: A review. Environ Health Perspect 49:71-9
16. Hiraga K and Fujii T. 1985. Carcinogenicity testing of acetaminophen in F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 76(2):79-85
17. Hirsch R, Ternes T, Haberer K, et al. 1999. Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 225 (1-2):109-18
18. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1999. Paracetamol. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. IARC Monograph 73:401-49. Lyon, France
19. Johansson SL. 1981. Carcinogenicity of analgesics: Long-term treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats with phenacetin, phenazone, caffeine and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Int J Cancer 27:521-9
20. Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, et al. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol 36 (6):1202-11
21. Kolpin DW, Skopec M, Meyer MT, et al. 2004. Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams dining differing flow conditions. Sci Total Environ 328(1-3):119-30
22. Lehman AJ and Fitzhugh OG. 1954. 100-fold margin of safety. Assoc Food Drug Off USQ. Bull 18:33-5
23. Lipscomb J, Kramer J, and Leikin J. 1992. Seizure following brief exposure to the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Ann Emerg Med 21:315-7
24. McElhatton PR, Sullivan FM, Volans GN, et al. 1990. Paracetamol poisoning in pregnancy: An analysis of the outcomes of cases referred to the Teratology Information Service of the National Poisons Information Service. Hum Exp Toxicol 9(3):147-53
25. McElhatton PR, Sullivan FM, and Volans GN. 1997. Paracetamol overdose in pregnancy: Analysis of the outcomes of 300 cases referred to the Teratology Information Service. Reprod Toxicol 11(1):85-94
26. Murphy E, Buckley B, Lippincott L, et al. 2003. Characterization of tentatively identified compounds in water samples collected from public water systems in New Jersey. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. Research Project Summary Report ed: New Jersey Department of Environmental Sciences
27. Naumann BD and Weideman PA. 1995. Scientific basis for uncertainty factors used to establish occupational exposure limits for pharmaceutical active ingredients. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1:590-613
28. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1993. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Acetaminophen (CASNo. 103-90-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
29. Prescott LF. 1983. Paracetamol overdosage. Drugs 25:290-314
30. Reel JR, Lawton AD, and Lamb JC. 1992. Reproductive toxicity evaluation of acetaminophen in Swiss CD-1 mice using a continuous breeding protocol. Fundam Appl Toxicol 18:233-9
31. Renwick AG. 1993. Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants. Food Addit Contam 10:275-305
32. Roland E, Jan J, and Rigg J. 1985. Toxic encephalopathy in a child after brief exposure to insect repellents. Can Med Assoc J 132:155-6
33. Sandler DP, Smith JC, Weinberg CR, et al. 1989. Analgesic use and chronic renal disease. N EnglJ Med 320(19):1238-43
34. Savides MC and Oehme FW. 1983. Acetaminophen and its toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 3:96-111 Schoenig GP, Hartnagel RE, Jr, Schardein JL, et al 1993. Neurotoxicity evaluation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 21 (3):355-65
35. Schoenig GP, Neeper-Bradley TL, Fisher LC, et al. 1994. Teratologie evaluations of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in rats and rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23(1):63-9
36. Schoenig GP, Osimitz TG, Gabriel KL, et al. 1999. Evaluation of the chronic toxicity and oncogenicity of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Toxicol Sci 47(1):99-109
37. Schulman L, Sargent E, Naumann B, et al. 2002. A human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 8(4):657-80
38. Schwab BW, Hayes EP, Fiori JM, et al. 2005. Human pharmaceuticals in US surface waters: A human health risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 42(3):296-312
39. Singer H, Muller S, Tixier C, et al. 2002. Triclosan: Occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: Field measurements in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, and lake sediments. Environ Sci Technol 36:4998-5004
40. Snyder J and Stubbins J. 1986. Acute manic psychosis following the dermal application of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in an adult. Clin Toxicol 24(5):429-39
41. Stackelberg PE, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, et al. 2004. Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 329(1-3):99-113
42. Stumpf M, Ternes TA, Wilken RD, et al. 1999. Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 225(1-2):135-41
43. Tenenbein M. 1987. Severe toxic reactions and death following the ingestion of diethyltoluamidecontaining insect repellents. JAMA 258 (11):1509-11
44. Ternes T. 1998. Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Resource 32:3245-60
45. Thomas SHL. 1993. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. Pharmac Ther 45:91-120
46. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 1991. Final guidelines for developmental toxicity risk assessment. Fed Reg 56:83798-826
47. USEPA. 1993. Reference Dose (RFD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments. Washington, DC, USA
48. USEPA. 1996. Reproductive toxicity risk assessment guidelines, Fed Reg 61:56274-322
49. USEPA. 1997. Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002F(a-c). Washington, DC: USA
50. USEPA. 1998. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET. EPA 738-R-98-010. Washington, DC, USA
51. USEPA. 2000. Options for Development of Parametric Probability Distributions for Exposure Factors. Washington, DC, USA
52. USEPA. 2002. A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes. EPA/630/P-02/002F. Washington, DC, USA
53. Vermeulen NPE, Bessems JGM, and van de Straat R. 1992. Molecular aspects of paracetamolinduced hepatotoxicity and its mechanism based prevention. Drug Metab Rev 24:367-407
54. Webb S. 2001a. A data based perspective on the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals II - Aquatic risk characterization. In: Kummerer K (ed), Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany
55. Webb S. 2001b. A data based perspective on the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals III - Indirect Human Exposure. In: Kummerer K (ed), Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany
56. Webb S, Ternes T, Gibert M, et al. 2003. Indirect human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water. Toxicol Lett 142(3):157-67
57. Weigel S, Kuhlmann J, and Huhnerfuss H. 2002. Drugs and personal care products as ubiquitous pollutants: Occurrence and distribution of clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET in the North Sea. Sci Total Environ 295(1-3):131-41
58. Weigel S, Berger U, Jensen E, et al. 2004. Determination of selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage and seawater from Tromso/Norway with emphasis on ibuprofen and its metabolites. Chemosphere 56(6):583-92
59. Weigel S, Aulinger A, Brockmeyer R, et al. 2004. Pharmaceuticals in the river Elbe and its tributaries. Chemosphere 57(2): 107-26
60. Zadikoff C. 1979. Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of insect repellant. Journal of Pediatrics 95(1):140-2
61. Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, and Fanelli R. 2005. Identification of the pharmaceuticals for human use contaminating the Italian aquatic environment. J Hazard Mater 122(3):205-9