Musculoskeletal adverse drug reactions: A review of literature and data from ADR spontaneous reporting databases

Current Drug Safety

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 47-63

  Conforti, Anita ^a   Chiamulera, Christian ^a   Moretti, Ugo ^a   Colcera, Sonia ^a   Fumagalli, Guido ^a   Leone, Roberto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

ADR spontaneous reporting; Adverse drug reactions; Musculoskeletal system; Osteonecrosis; Osteoporosis; Rhabdomyolysis

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA INTERFERON; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CERIVASTATIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CREATINE KINASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERFERON; ISOTRETINOIN; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MACROLIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RALOXIFENE; RETINOID DERIVATIVE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTHRALGIA; ARTHRITIS; ARTHROPATHY; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; AWARENESS; BACKACHE; BONE DENSITY; BONE DISEASE; BONE NECROSIS; BONE PAIN; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; DATA ANALYSIS; DATA BASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HUMAN; HYPEROSTOSIS; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; ITALY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MUSCLE STIFFNESS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLYMYOSITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; TENDINITIS; TENDON RUPTURE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING SYSTEMS; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DIPHOSPHONATES; FLUOROQUINOLONES; HUMANS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; PRODUCT SURVEILLANCE, POSTMARKETING; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; RETINOIDS;

EID: 34248389386     PISSN: 15748863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157488607779315516     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients- a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998; 279: 1200-5.
2. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15-9.
3. Shetty HMG, Routledge PA, Davies DM. In: Davies DM, Ferner RE, de Glanville H Eds, Davies' Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions. London, Chapman and Hall Medical. 1998; 541-65.
4. Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, et al. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 2004; 292: 2585-90.
5. Rosenson RS. Current overview of statin-induced myopathy. Am J Med 2004; 116: 408-16.
6. Dugué A, Bagheri H, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al. Detection and incidence of muscular adverse drug reactions: a prospective analysis from laboratory signals. Eur J Clin Pharm 2004; 60: 285-92.
7. Olsson S. Role of WHO programme on International drug monitoring in co-ordinating world-wide drug safety efforts. Drug Saf 1998; 19: 1-10.
8. Leone R, Conforti A, Venegoni M, et al. Drug-induced anaphylaxis: case/non-case study based on an Italian pharmacovigilance database. Drug Saf 2005; 28: 547-56.
9. Meyboom RH, Hekster YA, Egberts AC, Gribnau FW, Edwards IR. Causal or casual? The role of causality assessment in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 1997; 17: 374-89.
10. Franc S, Dejager S, Bruckert E, Chauvenet M, Giral P, Turpin G. A comprehensive description of muscle symptoms associated with lipid-lowering drugs. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2003; 17: 459-65.
11. Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH. Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA 2003; 289: 1681-90.
12. Shek A, Ferrill MJ. Statin-fibrate combination therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35: 908-17.
13. Gaist D, Rodriguez LA, Huerta C, Hallas J, Sindrup S.H. Lipid-lowering drugs and risk of myopathy. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 565-9.
14. Phillips PS, Haas RH, Bannykh S, et al. Statin-associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 581-5.
15. Law M, Rudnicka AR. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97(8A): 52C-60C.
16. Black C, Jick H. Etiology and frequency of rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22: 1524-6.
17. Chang JT, Staffa JA, Parks M, Green L. Rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and gemfibrozil combination therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13: 417-26.
18. Schech S, Graham D, Staffa J, et al. Risk factors for statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006 August 7 (Epub ahead of print).
19. Flint OP, Masters BA, Gregg RE, Durham SK. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by squalene synthase inhibitors does not induce myotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145: 91-8.
20. Olson MF, Ashworth A, Hall A. An essential role for Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases in cell cycle progression through G1. Science 1995; 269: 1270-2.
21. Lamperti C, Naini AB, Lucchini V, et al. Muscle coenzyme Q10 level in statin-related myopathy. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1709-12.
22. Chariot P, Abadia R, Agnus D, Danan C, Charpentier C, Gherardi RK. Simvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis followed by a MELAS syndrome. Am J Med 1993; 94: 109-10.
23. Navarskass JJ. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and coenzyme Q10. Cardiol Rev 2005; 13: 76-9.
24. Hargreaves IP, Duncan AJ, Heales SJ, Land JM. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on Coenzime Q10. Drug Saf 2005; 28: 659-76.
25. Gray DF, Bundgaard H, Hansen PS, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibition reduces sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+) pump density. Cardiovasc Res 2000; 47: 329-35.
26. Klip A, Mills GB, Britt BA, Elliott ME. Halothane-dependent release of intracellular Ca2+ in blood cells in malignant hyperthermia. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: C495-503.
27. Prueksaritanont T, Ma B, Fang X, Subramanian R, Yu J, Lin JH. Beta-oxidation of simvastatin in mouse liver preparations. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 1251-5.
28. Prueksaritanont T, Zhao JJ, Ma B, et al. Mechanistic studies on metabolic interactions between gemfibrozil and statins. JPET 2002; 301: 1042-51.
29. Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. How selenium has altered our understanding of the genetic code. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22: 3565-76.
30. Warner GJ, Berry MJ, Moustafa ME, Carlson BA, Hatfield DL, Faust JR. Inhibition of selenoprotein synthesis by selenocysteine tRNA[Ser]Sec lacking isopentenyladenosine. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 28110-9.
31. Moosmann B, Behl C. Selenoprotein synthesis and side-effects of statins. Lancet 2004; 363: 892-4.
32. Grady RW. Systemic quinolone antibiotics in children: a review of the use and safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005; 4: 623-30.
33. Leibovitz E. The use of fluoroquinolones in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 64-70.
34. Burkhardt JE, Walterspiel JN, Schaad UB. Quinolone arthropathy in animals versus children. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1196-204.
35. Gurpinar AN, Balkan E, Kilic N, Kiristioglu I, Dogruyol H. The effects of a fluoroquinolone on the growth and development of infants. J Int Med Res 1997; 25: 302-6.
36. Saha D, Khan WA, Karim MM, Chowdhury HR, Salam MA, Bennish ML. Single-dose ciprofloxacin versus 12-dose erythromycin for childhood cholera: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1085-93.
37. Leone R, Venegoni M, Motola D, et al. Adverse drug reactions related to the use of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials: an analysis of spontaneous reports and fluoroquinolone consumption data from three Italian regions. Drug Saf 2003; 26: 109-20.
38. Stahlmann R. Clinical toxicological aspects of fluoroquinolones. Toxicol Lett 2002; 127: 269-77.
39. O-Lee T, Stewart CE, Seery L, Church CA. Fluoroquinolone-induced arthralgia and myalgia in the treatment of sinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2005; 19: 395-9.
40. Lipsky BA, Baker CA. Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 352-64.
41. Maslanka T, Jaroszewski JJ, Chrostowska M. Pathogenesis of quinolone-induced arthropathy: a review of hypotheses. Pol J Vet Sci 2004; 7: 323-31.
42. Takizawa T, Hashimoto K, Minami T, Yamashita S, Owen K. The comparative arthropathy of fluoroquinolones in dogs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18: 392-9.
43. Williams RJ III, Attia E, Wickiewicz TL, Hannafin JA. The effect of ciprofloxacin on tendon, paratenon, and capsular fibroblast metabolism. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 364-9.
44. Simonin MA, Gegout-Pottie P, Minn A, Gillet P, Netter P, Terlain B. Proteoglycan and collagen biochemical variations during fluoroquinolone-induced chondrotoxicity in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 2915-21.
45. Stahlmann R, Kuhner S, Shakibaei M, Flores J, Vormann J, van Sickle DC. Effects of magnesium deficiency on joint cartilage in immature beagle dogs: immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and mineral concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2000; 73: 573-80.
46. Egerbacher M, Wolfesberger B, Walter I, Seirberl G. Integrins mediate the effects of quinolones and magnesium deficiency on cultured rat chondrocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 1999; 78: 391-7.
47. Bailey RR, Kirk JA, Peddie BA. Norfloxacin-induced rheumatic disease (letter). N Z Med J 1983; 96: 590.
48. Haddow LJ, Chandra Sekhar M, Hajela V, Gopal Rao G. Spontaneous Achilles tendon rupture in patients treated with levofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemoter 2003; 51: 747-8.
49. Melhus A, Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Eneroth M. Levofloxacin-associated Achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy. Scand J Infect Dis 2003; 35: 768-70.
50. Kowatari K, Nakashima K, Ono A, Yoshihara M, Amano M, Toh S. Levofloxacin-induced bilateral Achilles tendon rapture: a case report and review of the literature. J Orthop Sci 2004; 9: 186-90.
51. Melhus A. Fluoroquinolones and tendon disorders. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005; 4: 299-309.
52. van der Linden P, Sturkenboom M, Herings R, Leufkens H, Rowlans S, Strickers B. Increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture with quinolone antibacterial use, especially in elderly patients taking oral corticosteroids. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1801-7.
53. Fleisch F, Hartmann K, Kuhn M. Fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy: also occurring with levofloxacin (letter). Infection 2000; 28: 256-7.
54. Khaliq Y, Zhanel GG. Fluoroquinolone associated tendinopathy: a critical review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1404-10.
55. Sendzik J, Shakibaei M, Schafer-Korting M, Stahlmann R. Fluoroquinolones cause changes in extracellular matrix, signalling proteins, metalloproteinases and caspase-3 in cultured human tendon cells. Toxicology 2005; 212: 24-36.
56. Shakibaei M, deSouza P, van Sickle D, Stahlmann R. Biochemical changes in Achilles tendon from juvenile dogs after treatment with ciprofloxacin or feeding a magnesium-deficient diet. Arch Toxicol 2001; 75: 369-74.
57. Blanco I, Krähenbuhl S, Schlienger RG. Corticosteroid-associated tendinopathies. Drug Saf 2005; 28: 633-43.
58. Owczarek J, Jasinska M, Orszulak-Michalak D. Drug-induced myopathies. An overview of the possible mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 2005; 57: 23-34.
59. van Balkom RH, van der Heijden HF, van Herwaarden CL, Dekhuijzen PN. Corticosteroid-induced myopathy of the respiratory muscles. Neth J Med 1994; 45: 114-22.
60. Fernandez-Sola J, Cusso R, Picado C, Vernet M, Grau JM, Urbano-Marquez A. Patients with chronic glucocorticoid treatment develop changes in muscle glycogen metabolism. J Neurol Sci 1993; 117: 103-6.
61. Batchelor TT, Taylor LP, Thaler HT, Posner JB, DeAngelis LM. Steroid myopathy in cancer patients. Neurology 1997; 48: 1234-8.
62. Kanda F, Okuda S, Matsushita T, Takatani K, Kimura KI, Chihara K. Steroid myopathy: pathogenesis and effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I administration. Horm Res 2001; 56(Suppl 1): 24-8.
63. Gayan-Ramirez G, Vanderhoydonc F, Verhoeven G, Decramer M. Acute treatment with corticosteroids decreases IGF-1 and IGF-2 expression in the rat diaphragm and gastrocnemius. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 283-9.
64. Singleton JR, Baker BL, Thorburn A. Dexamethasone inhibits insulin-like growth factor signaling and potentiates myoblast apoptosis. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 2945-50.
65. McKenna MJ, Harmer AR, Fraser SF, Li JL. Effects of training on potassium, calcium and hydrogen ion regulation in skeletal muscle and blood during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1996; 156: 335-46.
66. Parry-Billings M, Bevan SJ, Opara E, Liu CT, Dunger DB, Newsholme EA. The effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors I and II on glutamine metabolism by skeletal muscle of the rat in vitro. Horm Metab Res 1993; 25: 243-5.
67. Kearney DM, Lockey RF. Osteoporosis and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96: 769-74.
68. Arai K, Hanyu T, Sugitani H, et al. Risk factors for vertebral fracture in menopausal or postmenopausal Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Metab 2006; 24: 118-24.
69. Boling EP. Secondary osteoporosis: underlying disease and the risk for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Clin Ther 2004; 26: 1-14.
70. El O, Gulbahar S, Ceylan E, et al. Bone mineral density in asthmatic patients using low dose inhaled glucocorticosteroids. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2005; 15: 57-62.
71. van Staa TP, Leufkens HGM, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2002; 13: 777-87.
72. van Staa TP, Leufkens HGM, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C. Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 993-1000.
73. Lee TA, Weiss KB. Fracture risk associated with inhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 855-9.
74. Lafage-Proust MH, Boudignon B, Thomas T. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiological data and recent treatments. Joint Bone Spine 2003; 70: 109-18.
75. Klein RG, Arnaud SB, Gallagher JC, Deluca HF, Riggs BL. Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism. Role of 25-bydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 53-9.
76. Cosman F, Nieves J, Herbert J, Shen V, Lindsay R. High-dose glucocorticoids in multiple sclerosis patients exert direct effects on the kidney and skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 1097-105.
77. Braun JJ, Juttmann JR, Visser TJ, Birkenhager JC. Short-term effect of prednisone on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in normal individuals and in hyper- and hypoparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol 1982; 17: 21-8.
78. Pearce G, Tabensky DA, Delmas PD, Baker HW, Seeman E. Corticosteroid-induced bone loss in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 801-6.
79. Abu EO, Horner A, Kusec V, Triffitt JT, Compston JE. The localization of the functional glucocorticoid receptor alpha in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 883-9.
80. Thomas T, Lafage-Proust MH. Contribution of genetically modified mouse models to the elucidation of bone physiology. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1999; 66: 728-35.
81. Beresford JN, Joyner CJ, Devlin C, Triffitt JT. The effects of dexamethasone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on osteogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal cells in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39: 941-7.
82. Johnson TE, Vogel R, Rutledge SJ, Rodan G, Schmidt A. Thiazolidinedione effects on glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription and differentiation in osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology. 1999; 140: 3245-54.
83. Canalis E. Clinical review 83: mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone: implications to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3441-7.
84. Gronowicz GA, McCarthy MB. Glucocorticoids inhibit the attachment of osteoblasts to bone extracellular matrix proteins and decrease beta 1-integrin levels. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 598-608.
85. Delany AM, Jeffrey JJ, Rydziel S, Canalis E. Cortisol increases interstitial collagenase expression in osteoblasts by post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 26607-12.
86. Borcsok I, Schairer HU, Sommer U, et al. Glucocorticoids regulate the expression of the human osteoblastic endothelin A receptor gene. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 1563-73.
87. Wimalawansa SJ, Chapa, MT, Yallampalli C, Zhang R, Simmons DJ. Prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss with nitric oxide donor nitroglycerin in male rats. Bone 1997; 21: 275-80.
88. Fleisch H. Bisphosphonates: mechanisms of action. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 80-100.
89. Russell RG, Croucher PI, Rogers MJ. Bisphosphonates: pharmacology, mechanisms of action and clinical uses. Osteoporos Int 1999; 9(Suppl 2): S66-80.
90. Ferretti G, Fabi A, Carlini P, et al. Zoledronic-acid-induced circulating level modifications of angiogenic factors, metalloproteinases and proinflaminatory cytokines in metastatic breast cancer patients. Oncology 2005; 69: 35-43.
91. Santini D, Vespasiani Gentilucci U, Vincenzi B, et al. The antineoplastic role of bisphosphonates: from basic research to clinical evidence. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 1468-76.
92. Lin JH, Russell G, Gertz B. Pharmacokinetics of alendronate: an overview. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 1999; 101: 18-26.
93. Migliorati CA, Siegel MA, Elting LS. Bisphosphonates-associated osteonecrosis: a long-term complication of bisphosphonate treatment. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 508-14.
94. Marx RE. Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61: 1115-7.
95. Migliorati CA. Bisphosphonates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis (letter). J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4253-4.
96. Wang J, Goodger NM, Pogrel MA. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with cancer chemotherapy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61: 1104-7.
97. Lugassy G, Shaham R, Nemets A, Ben-Dor D, Nahlieli O. Severe osteomyelitis of the jaw in long-term survivors of multiple myeloma: a new clinical entità (letter). Am J Med 2004; 117: 440-1.
98. Ruggiero SL, Mehrotra B, Rosenberg TJ, Engroff SL. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62: 527-34.
99. Schwartz HC. Osteonecrosis and bisphosphonates: correlation versus causation (letter). J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62: 763-4.
100. Bagan JV, Murillo J, Jimenez Y, et al. Avascular jaw osteonecrosis in association with cancer chemotherapy: series of 10 cases. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34: 120-3.
101. Bamias A, Kastritis E, Bamia C, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in vcancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8580-7.
102. Ficarra G, Beninati F, Rubino I, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in periodontal patients with a history of bisphosphonates treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 1123-8.
103. Maerevoet M, Martin C, Duck L. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates (letter). N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 100-1.
104. Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, Broumand V. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63: 1567-75.
105. Melo MD, Obeid G. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients with a history of receiving bisphosphonate therapy: strategies for prevention and early recognition. J Am Dent Assoc 2005; 136: 1675-81.
106. Merigo E, Manfredi M, Meleti M, Corradi D, Vescovi P. Jaw bone necrosis without previous dental extractions associated with the use of bisphosphonates (pamidronate and zoledronate): a four-case reports. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34: 613-7.
107. Migliorati CA, Schubert MM, Peterson DE, Seneda LM. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of mandibular and maxillary bone: an emerging oral complication of supportive cancer therapy. Cancer 2005; 104: 83-93.
108. Pires FR, Miranda A, Cardoso ES, et al. Oral avascular bone necrosis associated with chemotherapy and bisphosphonate therapy. Oral Dis 2005; 11: 365-9.
109. Purcell PM, Boyd IW. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Med J Aus 2005; 182: 417-8.
110. Badros A, Weikel D, Salama A, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in multiple myeloma patients: clinical features and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 945-52.
111. Pastor-Zuazaga D, Garatea-Crelgo J, Martino-Gorbea R, Etayo-Perez A, Sebastian-Lopez C. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bisphosphonates. Report of three cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006; 11: E76-9.
112. Zarychanski R, Elphee E, Walton P, Johnston J. Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with pamidronate therapy. Am J Hematol 2006; 81: 73-5.
113. Durie BG, Katz M, Crowley J. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates (letter). N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 99-100.
114. Zavras AI, Zhu S. Bisphosphonates are associated with increased risk for jaw surgery in medical claims data: is it osteonecrosis? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 64: 917-23.
115. Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Systematic review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 753-61.
116. Haworth CS, Selby PL, Adams JE, Mawer EB, Horrocks AW, Webb AK. Effect of intravenous pamidronate on bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2001; 56: 314-6.
117. Haworth CS, Selby PL, Webb AK, Adams JE, Freemont TJ. Oral corticosteroids and bone pain after pamidronate in adults with cystic fibrosis (letter). Lancet 1999; 353: 1886.
118. Gallacher SJ, Ralston SH, Patel U, Boyle IT. Side-effects of pamidronate (letter). Lancet 1989; 2: 42-3.
119. Cantrill JA, Buckler HM, Anderson DC. Low dose intravenous 3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (APD) for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45: 1012-8.
120. Filipponi P, Pedetti M, Beghe F, Giovagnini B, Maim M, Cristallini S. Effects of two different bisphosphonates on paget's disease of bone: ICTP assessed. Bone 1994; 15: 261-7.
121. Wysowski DK, Chang JT. Alendronate and risedronate: reports of severe bone, joint, and muscle pain (letter). Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 346-7
122. Buckler H, Fraser W, Hosking D, et al. Single infusion of zoledronate in Paget's disease of bone: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Bone 1999; 24(5 Suppl 1): 81S-5S.
123. Walker A, Zimmerman MR, Leakey RE. A possible case of hypervitaminosis A in Homo erectus. Nature 1982; 296: 248-50.
124. Hathcock JN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, McDonald JT, Sundaresan PR, Wilkening VL. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 183-202.
125. Melhus H, Michaelsson K, Kindmark A, et al. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 770-8.
126. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002; 287: 47-54.
127. Promislow JH, Goodman-Gruen D, Slymen DJ, Barrett-Connor E. Retinol intake and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17: 1349-58.
128. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum retinol level and the risk of fracture. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 287-94.
129. Barker ME, McCloskey E, Saha S, et al. Serum retinoids and β-carotene as predictors of hip and other fractures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 913-20.
130. Crandall C. Vitamin A intake and osteoporosis: a clinical review. J Womens Health 2004; 13: 939-53.
131. Barker ME, Blumsohn A. Is vitamin A consumption a risk factor for osteoporotic fracture? Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62: 845-50.
132. Leachman SA, Insogna KL, Katz L, Ellison A, Milstone LM. Bone densities in patients receiving isotretinoin for cystic acne. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 961-5.
133. DiGiovanna JJ. Isotretinoin effects on bone. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: S176-82.
134. Goldsmith LA, Bolognia JL, Callen JP, et al. American academy of dermatology consensus conference on the safe and optimal use of isotretinoin: summary and recommendations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 900-6.
135. Marini JC, Hill S, Zasloff MA. Dense metaphyseal bands and growth arrest associated with isotretinoin therapy. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 316-8.
136. Standeven AM, Davies PJ, Chandraratna RA, Mader DR, Johnson AT, Thomazy VA. Retinoid-induced epiphyseal plate closure in guinea pigs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 34: 91-8.
137. Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale (NJ): Thomson PDR, 2005.
138. Ellis CN, Krach KJ. Uses and complications of isotretinoin therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: S150-7.
139. Leyden JJ. The role of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne: personal observations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: S45-9.
140. Hughes RA. Arthritis precipitated by isotretinoin treatment for acne vulgaris. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1241-2.
141. Miller VA, Rigas JR, Benedetti FM, et al. Initial clinical trial of the retinoid receptor pan agonist 9-cis retinoic acid. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 471-5.
142. Miller VA, Benedetti FM, Rigas JR, et al. Initial clinical trial of a selective retinoid X receptor ligand, LGD1069. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 790-5.
143. Fox LP, Merk HF, Bickers DR. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JJ, Parker KL Eds, Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, MacGraw Hill Co 2006; 1679-706.
144. de Argila CM. Safety of potent gastric acid inhibition. Drugs 2005; 65(Suppl 1): 97-104.
145. Product Information: Prilosec(R), omeprazole delayed-release capsules. AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, 2001.
146. Garrote FJ, Lacambra C, del Ser T, Garcia Diaz B, Obeso G, Solis J. Subacute myopathy during omeprazole therapy (letter). Lancet 1992; 340: 672.
147. Sipe BE, Jones RJ, Bokhart GH. Rhabdomyolysis causing AV blockade due to possible atorvastatin, esomeprazole, and clarithromycin interaction. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37: 808-11.
148. Troger U, Stotzel B, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Gollnick H, Meyer FP. Drug points: severe myalgia from an interaction between treatments with pantoprazole and methotrexate. BMJ 2002; 324: 1497.
149. Tuccori M, Giovannoni S, Giustini SE, Blandizzi C, Del Tacca M. Acute severe myopathy following a single infusion of omeprazole (letter). Ann Pharmacoter 2006; 40: 352-3.
150. Clark DW, Strandell J. Myopathy including polymyositis: a likely class adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62: 473-9.
151. Beutler M, Hartmann K, Kuhn M, Gartmann J. Arthralgia and omeprazole. BMJ 1994; 309: 1620.
152. Meier CR, Jick H. Omeprazole, H2 blockers, and polyarthralgia: case-control study. BMJ 1997; 315: 1283-5.
153. Caroff SN, Mann SC. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 185-202.
154. Kawanishi C, Onishi H, Kato D, Yamada T, Onose M, Hirayasu Y. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in cancer treatment. Palliat Support Care 2005; 3: 51-3.
155. Borovicka MC, Bond LC, Gaughan KM. Ziprasidone- and lithium-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 139-42.
156. Koren W, Koren E, Nacasch N, Ehrenfeld M, Gur H. Rhabdomyolysis associated with clozapine treatment in a patient with decreased calcium-dependent potassium permeability of cell membranes. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998; 21: 262-4.
157. Marinella MA. Rhabdomyolysis associated with haloperidol without evidence of NMS (letter). Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31: 927-8.
158. Rosebraugh CJ, Flockhart DA, Yasuda SU, Woosley RL. Olanzapine-induced rhabdomyolysis. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35: 1020-3.
159. Zaidi AN. Rhabdomyolysis after correction of hyponatremia in psychogenic polydipdsia, possibly complicated by zyprasidone Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39: 1726-31.
160. Rizzieri DA. Rhabdomyolysis after correction of hyponatremia due in psychogenic polydipdsia. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70: 473-6.
161. Becker D, Liver O, Mester R, Rapoport M, Weizman A, Weiss M. Risperidone, but not olanzapine, decreases bone mineral density in female premenopausal schizophrenia patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 761-6.
162. Rupp WM, McCarthy HB, Rohde TD, Blackshear PJ, Goldenberg FJ, Buchwald H. Risk of osteoporosis inpatients treated with long-term intravenous heparin therapy. Curr Surg 1982; 39: 419-22.
163. Pettila V, Leinonen P, Markkola A, Hiilesmaa V, Kaaja R. Post-partum bone mineral density in women treated for thromboprophylaxis with unfractioned heparin or LMW heparin. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 182-6.
164. Ginsberg JS, Bates SM. Management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 1435-42.
165. Andréjak A, Gras V. In: Dukes MNG, Aronson JK Eds, Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Amsterdam, Elsevier 2000; 1171-207.
166. Rajgopal R, Butcher M, Weitz JI, Shaughnessy SG. Heparin synergistically enhances interleukin-11 signaling through upregulation of the MAP kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2006 May 23 (Epub ahead of print).
167. Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC, Cummings SR. Warfarin use and risk for osteoporosis in elderly women. Study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 829-32.
168. Pilon D, Castilloux AM, Dorais M, LeLorier J. Oral anticoagulants and the risk of osteoporotic fractures among elderly. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13: 289-94.
169. Mamdani M, Upshur RE, Anderson G, Bartle BR, Laupacis A. Warfarin therapy and risk of hip fracture among elderly patients. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 1-4.
170. Caraballo PJ, Heit J, Atkinson EJ, et al. Long-term use of oral anti-coagulants and the risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1750-6.
171. Gage BF, Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Binder EF. Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: results from National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation 2. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 241-6.
172. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice. Preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42-9.
173. Shima E, Hino M, Yamane T, et al. Acute rhabdomyolysis following administration of high-dose cyclophosphamide: case report. Ann Hematol 2002; 81: 55-6.
174. Ceribelli A, Cecere FL, Milella M, Facciolo F, Gelibter A, Cognetti F. Severe rhabdomyolysis associated with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy (case report). Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 353.
175. Dalakas MC, Illa I, Pezeshkpour GH, Laukaitis JP, Cohen B, Griffin JL. Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1098-105.
176. Authier FJ, Chariot P, Gherardi RK. Skeletal muscle involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Muscle Nerve 2005; 32: 247-60.
177. Bishop JB, Tani Y, Witt K, et al. Mitochondrial damage revealed by morphometric and semiquantitative analysis of mouse pup cardiomyocytes following in utero and postnatal exposure to zidovudine and lamivudine. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81: 512-7.
178. Tong J, Laport G, Lowsky R. Rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of cyclosporine and simvastatin in a patient transplanted for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36: 739-40.
179. Wong WM, Wai-Hung Shek T, Chan KH, Chau E, Lai KC. Rhabdomyolysis triggered by cytomegalovirus infection in a heart transplant patient on concomitant cyclosporine and atorvastatin therapy (letter). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19: 952-3.
180. Gumprecht J, Zychma M, Grzeszczak W, et al. Simvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a CsA-treated renal transplant recipient. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: CS89-91.
181. Gabrielli M, Santarelli L, Serricchio M, Leo D, Pola P, Gasbarrini A. Acute reversible rhabdomyolysis during interferon alpha2B therapy for hepatitis C (letter). Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 940.
182. Greenfield SM, Harvey RS, Thompson RP. Rhabdomyolysis after treatment with interferon alfa. BMJ 1994; 309: 512.
183. Ozdag F, Akar A, Eroglu E, Erbil H. Acute rhabdomyolysis during the treatment of scleromyxedema with interferon alfa. J Dermatolog Treat 2001; 12: 167-9.
184. Reinhold U, Hartl C, Hering R, Hoeft A, Kreysel HW. Fatal rhabdomyolysis and multiple organ failure associated with adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa in malignant melanoma (letter). Lancet 1997; 349: 540-1.
185. Lunemann JD, Schwarzenberger B, Kassim N, Zschenderlein R, Zipp F. Rhabdomyolysis during interferon-beta 1a treatment (letter). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 274.
186. van Hoef ME, Baumann I, Lange C, et al. Dose-escalating induction chemotherapy supported by lenograstim preceding high-dose consolidation chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. Selection of the most acceptable regimen to induce maximal tumor response and investigation of the optimal time to collect peripheral blood progenitor cells for haematological rescue after high-dose consolidation chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 1994; 5: 217-24.
187. Frampton JE, Yarker YE, Goa KL. Lenograstim: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in neutropenia and related clinical settings. Drugs 1995; 49: 767-93.
188. Holmes FA, O'Shaughnessy JA, Vukelja S, et al. Blinded, randomized, multicenter study to evaluate single adminsitration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage II or stage III/IV breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 727-31.
189. Green M, Koelbl H, Baselga J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study evaluating fixed-dose, single-administration pegfilgrastim vs daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 29-35.
190. Vose JM, Crump M, Lazarus H, et al. Randomized, multicenter, open-label study of pegfilgrastim compared with daily filgrastim after chemotherapy for lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 514-9.
191. Vial T, Chevrel G, Descotes J. In: Dukes MNG, Aronson JK Eds, Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Amsterdam, Elsevier 2000; 1246-1337.
192. Matta WH, Shaw RW, Hesp R, Evans R. Reversible trabecular bone density loss following induced hypo-oestrogenism with the GnRH analogue buserelin in premenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol 1988; 29: 45-51.
193. Lemay A. Clinical appreciation of LHRH analogue formulations. Horm Res 1989; 32(Suppl 1): 93-102.
194. Brogden RN, Buckley MM, Ward A. Buserelin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical profile. Drugs 1990; 39: 399-437.
195. Fogelman I. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and the skeleton. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 715-24
196. Paoletti AM, Serra GG, Cagnacci A, et al. Spontaneous reversibility of bone loss induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 707-10.
197. Weeke J. In: Dukes MNG, Aronson JK Eds, Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Amsterdam, Elsevier 2000; 1485-500.
198. Uzzan B, Campos J, Cucherat M, Nony P, Boissel JP, Perret GY. Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4278-89.
199. Sheppard MC, Holder R, Franklyn JA. Levothyroxine treatment and occurrence of fracture of the hip. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 338-43.
200. Krolner B, Jorgensen JV, Nielsen SP. Spinal bone mineral content in myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis. Effects of thyroid hormone(s) and antithyroid treatment. Clin Endocrinol 1983; 18: 439-46.
201. Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM, Louvet JP. Bone mineral density and thyroid hormone therapy. Clin Endocrinol 1990; 33: 143-53.
202. Stall GM, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Accelerated bone loss in hypothyroid patients overtreated with L-thyroxine. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113: 265-9.
203. Affinito P, Sorrentino C, Farace MJ, et al. Effects of thyroxine therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with hypothyroidism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 843-8.
204. Hoikka V, Savolainen K, Alhava EM, Sivenius J, Karjalainen P, Parvianinen M. Anticonvulsant osleomalacia in epileptic outpatients. Ann Clin Res 1982; 14: 129-32.
205. Andress DL, Ozuna J, Tirschwell D, et al. Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 781-6.
206. Product Information: Lamictal(R), lamotrigine. GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2003.
207. Harney J, Glasberg MR. Myopathy and hypersensitivity to phenytoin. Neurology 1983; 33: 790-1.
208. Dimachkie MM, Vriesendorp FJ, Heck KA. Phenytoin-induced dermatomyositis: case report and literature review. Child Neurol 1998; 13: 577-80.
209. Blowey DL, Johnson D, Verjee Z. Isoniazid-associated rhabdomyolysis. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 543-4.
210. Girling DJ. Adverse effects of antituberculosis drugs. Drugs 1982; 23: 56-74.
211. Steele MA, Des Prez RM. The role of pyrazinamide in tuberculosis chemotherapy. Chest 1988; 94: 845-50.
212. Carella F. Myopathy and accumulation of amiodarone (letter). Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 514.
213. Saliba WR, Elias M. Myopathy from the combination of simvastatin and amiodarone (letter). Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17: 148.
214. Roten L, Schoenenberger RA, Krahenbuhl S, Schlienger RG. Rhabdomyolysis in association with simvastatin and amiodarone. Ann Pharmacother. 2004; 38: 978-81.
215. de Denus S, Spinler SA. Amiodarone's role in simvastatin-associated rhabdomyolysis (letter). Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003; 60: 1791.
216. Barman Balfour JA, Foster RH. Deferiprone: a review of its clinical potential in iron overload in beta-thalassaemia major and other transfusion-dependent diseases. Drugs 1999; 58: 553-78.
217. Cohen AR, Galanello R, Piga A, Dipalma A, Vullo C, Tricta F. Safety profile of the oral iron chelator deferiprone: a multicentre study. Br J Haematol 2000; 108: 305-12.
218. Cohen AR, Galanello R, Piga A, De Sanctis V, Tricta F. Safety and effectiveness of long-term therapy with the oral iron chelator deferiprone. Blood 2003; 102: 1583-7.
219. Meyboom RH, Brodie-Meijer CC. In: Dukes MNG, Aronson JK Eds, Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 2000; 714-53.
220. Persky AM, Eddington ND, Derendorf H. A review of the effects of chronic exercise and physical fitness level on resting pharmacokinetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 41: 504-16.
221. Prou E, Margaritis I, Tessier F, Marini JF. Effects of strenuous exercise on serum myosin heavy chain fragments in male triathletes. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17: 263-7.
222. Hillig T, Krustrup P, Fleming I, Osada T, Saltin B, Hellsten Y. Cytochrome P450 2C9 plays an important role in the regulation of exercise-induced skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake in humans. J Physiol 2003; 546(Pt 1): 307-14.
223. Khazaeinia T, Ramsey AA, Tam YK. The effects of exercise on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2000; 3: 292-302.
224. Ylitalo P. Effect of exercise on pharmacokinetics. Ann Med 1991; 23: 289-94.
225. Westerterp KR. Daily physical activity, aging and body composition. J Nutr Health Aging 2000; 4: 239-42.
226. Dossing M. Effect of acute and chronic exercise on hepatic drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 1985; 10: 426-31.
227. Panton LB, Guillen GJ, Williams L, et al. The lack of effect of aerobic exercise training on propranolol pharmacokinetics in young and elderly adults. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35: 885-94.
228. Lenz TL, Lenz NJ, Faulkner MA. Potential interactions between exercise and drug therapy. Sports Med 2004; 34, 293-306.
229. Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Hosoi T, Yoshizaki H, Loeppky JA. Effect of a marathon run on serum lipoproteins, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in recreational runners. Res Q Exerc Sport 2005; 76: 450-5.
230. Clarkson PM, Kearns AK, Rouzier P, Rubin R, Thompson PD. Serum creatine kinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 623-7.