Thermal mechanisms of interaction of radiofrequency energy with biological systems with relevance to exposure guidelines

Health Physics

Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 609-620

  Foster, Kenneth R ^a   Glaser, Roland ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biological indicators; Health effects; Radiofrequency; Safety standards

Indexed keywords

AUDITORY STIMULATION; AUDITORY SYSTEM; BIOLOGY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOSIMETRY; ENERGY; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; HEAT; HEAT TRANSFER; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; MICROWAVE RADIATION; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY; SAFETY; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; THERMAL ANALYSIS; THERMOREGULATION;

BODY BURDEN; BODY TEMPERATURE; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIATION MONITORING; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIO WAVES; RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; WHOLE-BODY COUNTING;

EID: 34248379570     PISSN: 00179078     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.HP.0000262572.64418.38     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (60)

1. Adair ER, Kelleher SA, Mack GW, Morocco TS. Thermophysiological responses of human volunteers during controlled whole-body radio frequency exposure at 450 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics 19:232-245; 1998.
2. Adair ER, Cobb BL, Mylacraine KS, Kelleher SA. Human exposure at two radio frequencies (450 and 2450 MHz): similarities and differences in physiological response. Bioelectromagnetics 20(Suppl 4):12-20; 1999.
3. Adair ER, Mylacraine KS, Cobb BL. Human exposure to 2450 MHz CW energy at levels outside the IEEE C95.1 Standard does not increase core temperature. Bioelectromagnetics 22:429-439; 2001.
4. Adair ER, Mylacraine KS, Allen SJ. Thermophysiological consequences of whole-body resonant RF exposure (100 MHz) in human volunteers. Bioelectromagnetics 24:489-501; 2003.
5. Adair RK. Simple neural networks for the amplification and utilization of small changes in neuron firing rates. Proc Nat Acad Sci 98:7253-7258; 2001.
6. Adair RK. Biophysical limits on athermal effects of RF and microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 24:39-48; 2003.
7. Alekseev SI, Ziskin MC, Kochetkova NV, Bolshakov MA. Millimeter waves thermally alter the firing rate of the Lymnaea pacemaker neuron. Bioelectromagnetics 18:89-98; 1997.
8. Allen SJ, Adair ER, Mylacraine KS, Hurt W, Ziriax J. Empirical and theoretical dosimetry in support of whole body radio frequency (RF) exposure in seated human volunteers at 220 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics 26:440-447; 2005.
9. Barnes FS. Cell membrane temperature rate sensitivity predicted from the Nernst equation. Bioelectromagnetics 5:113-115; 1984.
10. Benham CD, Gunthorpe MJ, Davis JB. TRPV channels as temperature sensors. Cell Calcium 33:479-487; 2003.
11. Bernardi P, Cavagnaro M, Pisa S, Piuzzi E. Specific absorption rate and temperature elevation in a subject exposed in the far-field of radio-frequency sources operating in the 10-900 MHz range. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 50:295-304; 2003.
12. Blick DW, Adair ER, Hurt WD, Sherry CJ, Walters TJ, Merritt JH. Thresholds of microwave-evoked warmth sensations in human skin. Bioelectromagnetics 18:403-409; 1997.
13. Brinck H, Werner J. Use of vascular and non-vascular models for the assessment of temperature distributions during induced hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 11:615-626; 1995.
14. Brix G, Seebass M, Hellwig G, Griebel R. Estimation of heat transfer and temperature rise in partial-body regions during MR procedures: an analytical approach with respect to safety considerations. Magn Res Imaging 20:65-76; 2002.
15. Brown DO, Lu ST, Elson EC. Characteristics of microwave evoked body movements in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 15:143-161; 1994.
16. Campbell AL, Naik RR, Sowards L, Stone MO. Biological infrared imaging and sensing. Micron 33:211-225; 2002.
17. Chato JC. Selected thermophysiological properties of biological materials. In: Shitzer A, Eberhart RC, eds. Heat transfer in medicine and biology. Vol 2. New York: Plenum 1985: 413-418.
18. Chowdhury S, Maris C, Allain FHT. Molecular basis for temperature sensing by an RNA thermometer. EMBO Jour 25:2487-2497; 2006.
19. Copty A, Sakran F, Popov O, Ziblat R, Danieli T, Golosovsky M, Davidov D. Probing of the microwave radiation effect on the green fluorescent protein luminescence in solution. Synthetic Metals 155:422-425; 2005.
20. Copty AB, Neve-Oz Y, Barak I, Golosovsky M, Davidov D. Evidence for a specific microwave radiation effect on the green fluorescent protein. Biophys J 91:1413-1423; 2006.
21. Dai T, Pikkula BM, Wang LV, Anvari B. Comparison of human skin opto-thermal response to near-infrared and visible laser irradiations: a theoretical investigation. Phys Med Biol 49:4861-4877; 2004.
22. D'Andrea JA, Adair ER, de Lorge JO. Behavioral and cognitive effects of microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 24:S39-S62; 2003.
23. de Cock Buning TD. Thresholds of infrared sensitive tectal neurons in Python reticulatus, Boa constrictor and Agkistrodon rhodostoma. J Comp Physiol 151:461-467; 1983.
24. de la Hoz A, Diaz-Ortiz A, Moreno A. Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal microwave effects. Chem Soc Rev 34:164-178; 2005.
25. de Pomerai D, Daniells C, David H, Allan J, Duce I, Mutwakil M, Thomas D, Sewell P, Tattersall J, Jones D, Candido P. Cell biology - non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves. Nature 405:417-418; 2000.
26. de Pomerai D, Daniells C, David H, Allan J, Duce I, Mutwakil M, Thomas D, Sewell P, Tattersall J, Jones D, Candido P. Cell biology: non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves (Retraction). Nature 440:437; 2006.
27. Dewhirst MW, Viglianti BL, Lora-Michiels M, Hanson M, Hoopes PJ. Basic principles of thermal dosimetry and thermal thresholds for tissue damage from hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 19:267-294; 2003.
28. Duck FA. Thermal properties of tissue. In: Physical properties of tissue. London: Academic Press; 1990: 9-42.
29. Evans WG. Infrared receptors in Melanophila acuminata De-Geer. Nature 202:211; 1964.
30. Foster KR, Adair ER. Modeling thermal responses in human subjects following extended exposure to radiofrequency energy. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 3:4 (28 February 2004); 2004. Available at http://www.biomedical- engineeringonline. com/content/3/1/4. Accessed 17 April 2007.
31. Foster KR, Erdreich LS. Thermal models for microwave hazards. Bioelectromagnetics 20(S4):52-63; 1999.
32. Foster KR, Finch ED. Microwave hearing: evidence for thermoacoustic auditory stimulation by pulsed microwaves. Science 185:256-258; 1974.
33. Freude G, Ullsperger P, Eggert S, Ruppe I. Microwaves emitted by cellular telephones affect human slow brain potentials. Eur J Appl Physiol 81:18-27; 2000.
34. Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues. 2. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys Med Biol 41:2251-2269; 1996.
35. Glaser R. Biophysics. New York: Springer; 2000. Glaser R. Are thermoreceptors responsible for "non-thermal" effects? Edition Wissenschaft No. 21, December 2005. Available at www.fgf.de/fup/publikat/ edition.html. Accessed 17 April 2007.
36. Grospietsch T, Schulz O, Hölzel R, Kramer K-D. Stimulating effects of modulated 150 MHz electromagnetic-fields on the growth of Escherichia coli in a cavity resonator. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 37:17-23; 1995.
37. Holmes KR. Biological structures and heat transfer. Allerton International Conference on Bioheat Transfer, Allerton, IL. 1997. Online. Available at http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/research/Thermal.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2007.
38. Huber R, Treyer V, Schuderer J, Berthold T, Buck A, Kuster N, Landolt HP, Achermann P. Exposure to pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields affects regional cerebral blood flow. Europ J Neuroscience 21:1000-1006; 2005.
39. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. New York: IEEE; 2006.
40. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys 74:494-522; 1998.
41. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Medical magnetic resonance (MR) procedures: protection of patients. Health Phys 87:197-216; 2004.
42. Laszlo A, Moros EG, Davidson T, Bradbury M, Straube W, Roti J. The heat-shock factor is not activated in mammalian cells exposed to cellular phone frequency microwaves. Radiat Res 164:163-172; 2005.
43. Lin JC. Theoretical calculation of frequencies and thresholds of microwave-induced auditory signals. Radio Sci 12:237-242; 1977.
44. Narberhaus F, Waldminghaus T, Chowdhury S. RNA thermometers. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:3-16; 2006.
45. Oleson J, Samulski T, Clegg S, Das S, Grant W. Heating rate modeling and measurements in phantom and in vivo of the human upper extremity in a defective 2450 MHz microwave oven. J Microw Power Electromagn Energy 29:101-108; 1994.
46. Pennes HH. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperature in resting forearm. J Appl Physiol 1:93-122; 1948.
47. Reeves GI. Review of extensive workups of 34 patients overexposed to radiofrequency radiation. Aviat Space Environ Med 71:206-215; 2000.
48. Riu PJ, Foster KR, Blick DW, Adair ER. A thermal model for human thresholds of microwave-evoked warmth sensations. Bioelectromagnetics 18:578-583; 1996.
49. Sapareto SA, Dewey WC. Thermal dose determination in cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10:787-800; 1984.
50. Schäfer H, Schwan HP. Zur Frage der selektiven Erhitzung kleiner Teilchen im Ultrakurzwellen-Kondensator Feld. Ann Phys V 43:99-135; 1943 (in German).
51. Smialowicz RJ. Detection of radiofrequency radiation. In: Adair E, ed. Microwaves and thermoregulation. New York: Academic Press; 1983: 431-444.
52. Sreenivasa G, Gellermann J, Rau B, Nadobny J, Schlag P, Deuflhard P, Felix R, Wust P. Clinical use of the hyperthermia treatment planning system HyperPlan to predict effectiveness and toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55:407-419; 2003.
53. Tominaga M, Caterina MJ. Thermosensation and pain. J Neurobiol 6:3-11; 2004.
54. Voets T, Droogmans G, Wissenbach U, Janssens A, Flockerzi V, Nilius B. The principle of temperature-dependent gating in cold- and heat-sensitive TRP channels. Nature 430:748-754; 2004.
55. Wachtel H, Barnes FS, Jacobson R. International Union of Radio Science, XXIst General Assembly, 27-30 August 1984, Florence, Italy. Open Symposium on Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields with Biological Systems. 1984: 27-30.
56. Wachtel H, Brown D, Bassen H. Critical durations of pulse microwave exposures that evoke body movements (abstract). Bioelectromagnetics Society 12th Annual Meeting, 10-14 June, San Antonio, TX. 1990: 55.
57. Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Fell J, Hiller W, Frank C, Grozinger M. Human sleep EEG under the influence of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields - results from polysomnographies using submaximal high power flux densities. Neuropsychobiol 42:207-212; 2000.
58. Walters TJ, Blick DW, Johnson LR, Adair ER, Foster KR. Heating and pain sensation produced in human skin by millimeter waves: comparison to a simple thermal model. Health Phys 78:259-267; 2000.
59. Watanabe H, Vriens SH, Suh SH, Benham CD, Droogmans G, Nilius B. Heat-evoked activation of TRPV4 channels in a HEK293 cell expression system and in native mouse aorta endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 277:47044-47051; 2002.
60. Yeung CJ, Atalar E. A Green's function approach to local RF heating in interventional MRI. Med Phys 28:826-832; 2001.