Thermophysiological Consequences of Whole Body Resonant RF Exposure (100 MHz) in Human Volunteers

Bioelectromagnetics

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 489-501

  Adair, Eleanor R ^a,c   Mylacraine, Kevin S ^b   Allen, Stewart J ^b  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b USAF   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body temperature; Radio frequency; Resonance; Sweating; Thermal sensation; Thermoregulation

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; HEAT LOSSES; HEMODYNAMICS; RADIO WAVES;

BODY TEMPERATURE; HEAT PRODUCTION; POWER DENSITIES; RADIO-FREQUENCY ENERGY; RADIO-FREQUENCY EXPOSURE; RADIOFREQUENCIES; SWEATING; THERMAL SENSATIONS; THERMOREGULATION; WHOLE-BODY;

METABOLISM;

ADULT; AGED; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; ARTICLE; BODY TEMPERATURE; ENERGY; FEMALE; FREQUENCY ANALYZER; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOFREQUENCY; SACCHAROMYCES; SAFETY; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SWEATING; THERMODYNAMICS; THERMOGENESIS; THERMOREGULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ESOPHAGUS; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; RADIATION RESPONSE; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; RADIOMETRY; SKIN; THERMOGRAPHY; VASCULARIZATION; WHOLE BODY RADIATION;

SACCHAROMYCES;

ADULT; AGED; BODY TEMPERATURE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; ESOPHAGUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIO WAVES; RADIOMETRY; SKIN; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SWEATING; THERMOGENESIS; THERMOGRAPHY; WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION;

EID: 1242336651     PISSN: 01978462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bem.10128     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Adair ER. 1996. Thermoregulation in the presence of microwave fields. In: Polk CK, Postow E, editors. CRC handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. 2nd edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp 403-434.
2. Adair ER. 2000. Thermoregulation: Its role in microwave exposure. In: Klauenberg BJ, Miklavcic D, editors. Radiofrequency radiation dosimetry. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp 345-356.
3. Adair ER, Berglund LG. 1986. On the thermoregulatory consequences of NMR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 4:321-333.
4. Adair ER, Adams BW, Hartman SK. 1992. Physiological interaction processes and radiofrequency energy absorption. Bioelectromagnetics 13:497-512.
5. Adair ER, Kelleher SA, Mack GW, Morocco TS. 1998. Thermophysiological responses of human volunteers during controlled whole-body radio frequency exposure at 450 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics 19:232-245.
6. Adair ER, Kelleher SA, Berglund LG, Mack GW. 1999a. Physiological and perceptual responses of human volunteers during whole-body RF exposure at 450 MHz. In: Bersani F, editor. Electricity and magnetism in biology and medicine. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. pp 613-616.
7. Adair ER, Cobb BL, Mylacraine KS, Kelleher SA. 1999b. Human exposure at two radio frequencies (450 and 2450 MHz): Similarities and differences in physiological response. Bioelectromagnetics 20(Suppl 4):12-20.
8. Adair ER, Mylacraine KS, Cobb BL. 2001a. Partial-body exposure of human volunteers to 2450 MHz pulsed or CW fields provokes similar thermoregulatory responses. Bioelectromagnetics 22:246-259.
9. Adair ER, Mylacraine KS, Cobb BL. 2001b. Human exposure to RF energy at levels outside the C95.1 standard does not increase core temperature. Bioelectromagnetics 22:429-439.
10. Allen SJ, Adair ER, Mylacraine KS, Hurt W, Ziriax J. 2003. Empirical and theoretical dosimetry in support of whole body resonant exposure (100 MHz) in human volunteers. Bioelectromagnetics 24:502-509.
11. ANSI C95.1. 1982. American national standard safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz. New York: American National Standards Institute.
12. Benzinger TH. 1969. Heat regulation. Homeostasis of central temperature in man. Physiol Rev 49:671-759.
13. Cabanac M. 1970. Interaction of cold and warm temperature signals in the brain stem. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, editors. Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. pp 549-561.
14. DuBois D, DuBois EF. 1916. A formula to estimate approximate surface area, if height and weight are known. Arch Int Med 17:863-871.
15. Durney CH, Massoudi H, Iskander MF. 1986. Radiofrequency radiation dosimetry handbook. 4th Ed. Report No. USAF-SAM-TR-85-73. Brooks AFB, TX: USAF School Aerospace Medicine.
16. Elder JA, Cahill DF, editors. 1984. Biological effects of radiofrequency radiation. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
17. Guy AW. 1971. Analyses of electromagnetic fields in biological tissues by thermographic studies on equivalent phantom models. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 19:205-214.
18. Guyton AC, Hall JE. 1996. Textbook of medical physiology. 9th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
19. Hardy JD. 1949. Heat transfer. In: Newburgh LH, editor. Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp 78-108.
20. IEEE Std C95.1. 1999. IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. 1999 edition. New York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
21. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). 1998. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys 74(4):494-522.
22. Jacobson FH, Squires RD. 1970. Thermoregulatory responses of the cat to preoptic and environmental temperature. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, editors. Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. pp 549-561.
23. Jessen C. 1990. Thermal afferents in the control of body temperature. In: Schoenbaum E, Lomax P, editors. Thermoregulation: Physiology and biochemistry. New York: Pergamon Press. pp 153-183.
24. Johnson GS, Elizondo RS. 1979. Thermoregulation in Macaca mulatta: A thermal balance study. J Appl Physiol 46:268-277.
25. Krupp JH. 1983. In vivo temperature measurements during the whole-body exposure of Macaca mulatta to resonant and non-resonant frequencies. In: Adair ER, editor. Microwaves and thermoregulation. New York: Academic Press. pp 95-107.
26. Kuhnen G, Jessen C. 1988. The metabolic response to skin temperature. Pflugers Arch 412:402-406.
27. Lotz WG. 1985. Hyperthermia in radiofrequency exposed rhesus monkeys: A comparison of frequency and orientation effects. Radiat Res 102:59-70.
28. Lotz WG, Saxton JL. 1987. Metabolic and vasomotor responses of rhesus monkeys exposed to 225-MHz radiofrequency energy. Bioelectromagnetics 8:73-89.
29. Lotz WG, Saxton JL. 1988. Thermoregulatory responses of the rhesus monkey during exposure at a frequency (225 MHz) near whole-body resonance. In: O'Connor ME, Lovely RH, editors. Electromagnetic fields and neurobehavioral function. New York: Alan R. Liss. pp 203-218.
30. Nadel ER, Mitchell JW, Stolwijk JAJ. 1973. Differential thermal sensitivity in the human skin. Pflugers Arch 340:71-76.
31. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 1986. Biological effects and exposure criteria for radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. NCRP Report No. 86. Bethesda, MD: NCRP.
32. Olsen RG, Griner TA. 1989. Outdoor measurement of SAR in a full-sized human model exposed to 29.9 MHz in the near field. Bioelectromagnetics 10:161-171.
33. Stitt JT, Hardy JD. 1971. Thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Appl Physiol 31:48-54.
34. Stolwijk JAJ. 1983. Thermoregulatory response to microwave power deposition. In: Adair ER, editor. Microwaves and thermoregulation. New York: Academic Press. pp 297-305.
35. Stolwijk JAJ, Hardy JD. 1966. Temperature regulation in man - a theoretical study. Pflugers Arch 291:129-162.
36. Way WL, Kritikos H, Schwan HP. 1981. Thermoregulatory physiologic responses in the human body exposed to microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2:341-356.
37. Wenger CB. 1983. Circulatory and sweating responses during exercise and heat stress. In: Adair ER, editor. Microwaves and thermoregulation. New York: Academic Press. pp 251-276.
38. Wissler EH. 1988. Mathematical simulation of human thermal behavior using whole-body models. In: Mekjavic IB, Banister EB, Morison JB, editors. Environmental ergonomics: Sustaining human performance in harsh environments. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. pp 1105-1110.