메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 79, Issue 4 SUPPL., 2007, Pages 36-45

Mechanism of action and other potential roles of an immune response modifier

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; IMIQUIMOD; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

EID: 34248377366     PISSN: 00114162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (55)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 25844505692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current and potential uses of imiquimod
    • Chang YC, Madkan V, Cook-Morris R, et al. Current and potential uses of imiquimod. South Med J. 2005;98:913-919.
    • (2005) South Med J , vol.98 , pp. 913-919
    • Chang, Y.C.1    Madkan, V.2    Cook-Morris, R.3
  • 2
    • 0028875151 scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of the imidazoquinolone S-28463
    • Tomai MA, Gibson SJ, Imbertson LM, et al. Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of the imidazoquinolone S-28463. Antiviral Res. 1995;28:253-264.
    • (1995) Antiviral Res , vol.28 , pp. 253-264
    • Tomai, M.A.1    Gibson, S.J.2    Imbertson, L.M.3
  • 3
    • 0029099053 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine induction by the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609
    • Testerman TL, Gerster JF, Imbertson LM, et al. Cytokine induction by the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609. J Leukoc Biol. 1995;58:365-372.
    • (1995) J Leukoc Biol , vol.58 , pp. 365-372
    • Testerman, T.L.1    Gerster, J.F.2    Imbertson, L.M.3
  • 4
    • 0028071434 scopus 로고
    • Posttherapy suppression of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and enhancement of HSV-specific T-cell memory by imiquimod in guinea pigs
    • Harrison CJ, Miller RL, Bernstein DI. Posttherapy suppression of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and enhancement of HSV-specific T-cell memory by imiquimod in guinea pigs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2059-2064.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 2059-2064
    • Harrison, C.J.1    Miller, R.L.2    Bernstein, D.I.3
  • 5
    • 0023885618 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of S26308 against guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection
    • Chen M, Griffith BP, Lucia HL, et al. Efficacy of S26308 against guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988;32:678-683
    • (1988) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.32 , pp. 678-683
    • Chen, M.1    Griffith, B.P.2    Lucia, H.L.3
  • 6
    • 0026717120 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of murine tumor growth by an Interferon-inducing imidazo-quinolinamine
    • Sidky YA, Borden EC, Weeks CE, et al. Inhibition of murine tumor growth by an Interferon-inducing imidazo-quinolinamine. Cancer Res. 1992;52:3528-3533.
    • (1992) Cancer Res , vol.52 , pp. 3528-3533
    • Sidky, Y.A.1    Borden, E.C.2    Weeks, C.E.3
  • 7
    • 0031886680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external genital warts
    • Edwards L, Ferencz A, Eron L, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external genital warts. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:25-30.
    • (1998) Arch Dermatol , vol.134 , pp. 25-30
    • Edwards, L.1    Ferencz, A.2    Eron, L.3
  • 8
    • 0031900829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine induction in hairless mouse and rat skin after topical application of the immune response modifiers imiquimod and S-28463
    • Imbertson LM, Beaurline JM, Couture AM, et al. Cytokine induction in hairless mouse and rat skin after topical application of the immune response modifiers imiquimod and S-28463. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;110:734-739.
    • (1998) J Invest Dermatol , vol.110 , pp. 734-739
    • Imbertson, L.M.1    Beaurline, J.M.2    Couture, A.M.3
  • 9
    • 0036008014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small antiviral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway
    • Hemmi H, Kasiho T, Takeuchi O, et al. Small antiviral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:196-200.
    • (2002) Nat Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 196-200
    • Hemmi, H.1    Kasiho, T.2    Takeuchi, O.3
  • 10
    • 12444341806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic TLR agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8
    • Gorden KB, Gorski KS, Gibson SJ, et al. Synthetic TLR agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8. J Immunol. 2005;174:1259-1268.
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.174 , pp. 1259-1268
    • Gorden, K.B.1    Gorski, K.S.2    Gibson, S.J.3
  • 11
    • 0035139983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Danger signals: SOS to the immune system
    • Gallucci S, Matzinger P. Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol. 2001;13:114-119.
    • (2001) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.13 , pp. 114-119
    • Gallucci, S.1    Matzinger, P.2
  • 12
    • 33646518605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptors: Applications to dermatologic disease
    • Kang SS, Kauls LS, Gaspari AA. Toll-like receptors: applications to dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:951-983.
    • (2006) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.54 , pp. 951-983
    • Kang, S.S.1    Kauls, L.S.2    Gaspari, A.A.3
  • 13
    • 22144443170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of dermatological disease
    • McInturff JE, Modlin RL, Kim J. The role of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of dermatological disease, J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:1-8.
    • (2005) J Invest Dermatol , vol.125 , pp. 1-8
    • McInturff, J.E.1    Modlin, R.L.2    Kim, J.3
  • 14
    • 1542317578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science. 2004;303:1526-1529. Epub 2004 Feb 19.
    • Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science. 2004;303:1526-1529. Epub 2004 Feb 19.
  • 15
    • 1542317550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA
    • Epub Feb 19
    • Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, et al. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science. 2004;303:1529-1531. Epub 2004 Feb 19.
    • (2004) Science. 2004 , vol.303 , pp. 1529-1531
    • Diebold, S.S.1    Kaisho, T.2    Hemmi, H.3
  • 16
    • 33745266148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune response modifiers - mode of action
    • Schiller M, Metze D, Luger TA, et al. Immune response modifiers - mode of action. Exp Dermatol. 2006;15:331-341.
    • (2006) Exp Dermatol , vol.15 , pp. 331-341
    • Schiller, M.1    Metze, D.2    Luger, T.A.3
  • 17
    • 0343485063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The imidazoquinolines, imiquimod and R-848, induce functional, but not phenotypic, maturation of human epidermal Langerhans' cells
    • Bums RP Jr, Ferbel B, Tomai M, et al. The imidazoquinolines, imiquimod and R-848, induce functional, but not phenotypic, maturation of human epidermal Langerhans' cells. Clin Immunol. 2000;94:13-23.
    • (2000) Clin Immunol , vol.94 , pp. 13-23
    • Bums Jr, R.P.1    Ferbel, B.2    Tomai, M.3
  • 18
    • 18644376284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IRF3 mediates a TLR3/4-specific antiviral gene program
    • Doyle SE, Vaidya SA, O'Connell R, et al. IRF3 mediates a TLR3/4-specific antiviral gene program. Immunity. 2002;17:251-263.
    • (2002) Immunity , vol.17 , pp. 251-263
    • Doyle, S.E.1    Vaidya, S.A.2    O'Connell, R.3
  • 19
    • 0035339861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin-induced maturation of MyD88-deficient dendritic cells
    • Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. Endotoxin-induced maturation of MyD88-deficient dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2001;166:5688-5694.
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.166 , pp. 5688-5694
    • Kaisho, T.1    Takeuchi, O.2    Kawai, T.3
  • 20
    • 0028330004 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a novel topical immunomodulator, imiquimod, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression
    • Kono T, Kondo S, Pastore S, et al. Effects of a novel topical immunomodulator, imiquimod, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1994;13:71-76.
    • (1994) Lymphokine Cytokine Res , vol.13 , pp. 71-76
    • Kono, T.1    Kondo, S.2    Pastore, S.3
  • 21
    • 20144389424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Various members of the TLR family contribute to the innate immune response of human epidermal keratinocytes
    • Kollisch G, Kalai BN, Volecker V, et al. Various members of the TLR family contribute to the innate immune response of human epidermal keratinocytes. Immunology. 2005;114:531-541.
    • (2005) Immunology , vol.114 , pp. 531-541
    • Kollisch, G.1    Kalai, B.N.2    Volecker, V.3
  • 22
    • 33846241303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human keratinocyte toll-like receptors promote distinct immune responses
    • Miller LS, Modlin RL. Human keratinocyte toll-like receptors promote distinct immune responses. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:262-263.
    • (2007) J Invest Dermatol , vol.127 , pp. 262-263
    • Miller, L.S.1    Modlin, R.L.2
  • 23
    • 2342450044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses; results from two phase III trial, randomized, double blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials
    • Lebwohl M, Dinehart S, Whiting D, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses; results from two phase III trial, randomized, double blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:714-721.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.50 , pp. 714-721
    • Lebwohl, M.1    Dinehart, S.2    Whiting, D.3
  • 24
    • 2342473348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinomas: Results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies
    • Geisse J, Caro I, Lindholm J, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinomas: results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:722-733.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.50 , pp. 722-733
    • Geisse, J.1    Caro, I.2    Lindholm, J.3
  • 25
    • 0032950135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal transduction in keratinocytes
    • Mitev V, Miteva L. Signal transduction in keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 1999;8:96-108.
    • (1999) Exp Dermatol , vol.8 , pp. 96-108
    • Mitev, V.1    Miteva, L.2
  • 26
    • 9644282821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imiquimod induced regression of clinically diagnosed superficial basal cell carcinoma is associated with early infiltration by CD4 T cells and dendritic cells
    • Barnetson RS, Satchell A, Zhuang L, et al. Imiquimod induced regression of clinically diagnosed superficial basal cell carcinoma is associated with early infiltration by CD4 T cells and dendritic cells. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:639-643.
    • (2004) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.29 , pp. 639-643
    • Barnetson, R.S.1    Satchell, A.2    Zhuang, L.3
  • 27
    • 0141926501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying imiquimod induced regression of basal cell carcinoma in vivo
    • Urosevic M, Maier T, Benninghoff B, et al. Mechanisms underlying imiquimod induced regression of basal cell carcinoma in vivo. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139: 1325-1332.
    • (2003) Arch Dermatol , vol.139 , pp. 1325-1332
    • Urosevic, M.1    Maier, T.2    Benninghoff, B.3
  • 28
    • 0031853904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, controlled, molecular study of condylomata acuminate clearance during treatment with imiquimod
    • Tyring SK, Arany I, Stanley MA, et al. A randomized, controlled, molecular study of condylomata acuminate clearance during treatment with imiquimod. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:551-555.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , pp. 551-555
    • Tyring, S.K.1    Arany, I.2    Stanley, M.A.3
  • 29
    • 0041920772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumorselective induction of apoptosis and the small-molecule immune response modifier imiquimod
    • Schon M, Bong AB, Drewniok C, et al. Tumorselective induction of apoptosis and the small-molecule immune response modifier imiquimod. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1138-1149.
    • (2003) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.95 , pp. 1138-1149
    • Schon, M.1    Bong, A.B.2    Drewniok, C.3
  • 30
    • 0016325336 scopus 로고
    • Effect of topical 5-fluorouracil treatment on actinic keratosis: A light and electron microscopic study
    • Hodge SJ, Schrodt GR, Owen LG. Effect of topical 5-fluorouracil treatment on actinic keratosis: a light and electron microscopic study. J Cutan Pathol. 1974;1:238-248.
    • (1974) J Cutan Pathol , vol.1 , pp. 238-248
    • Hodge, S.J.1    Schrodt, G.R.2    Owen, L.G.3
  • 31
    • 0034120295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imiquimod, a topical immune response modifier, induces migration of Langerhans cells
    • Suzuki H, Wang B, Shivji CM, et al. Imiquimod, a topical immune response modifier, induces migration of Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;114:135-141.
    • (2000) J Invest Dermatol , vol.114 , pp. 135-141
    • Suzuki, H.1    Wang, B.2    Shivji, C.M.3
  • 32
    • 23244432171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease-independent skin recruitment and activation of plasmacytoid predendritic cells following imiquimod treatment
    • Urosevic M, Dummer R, Conrad C, et al. Disease-independent skin recruitment and activation of plasmacytoid predendritic cells following imiquimod treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1143-1153.
    • (2005) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.97 , pp. 1143-1153
    • Urosevic, M.1    Dummer, R.2    Conrad, C.3
  • 33
    • 33745324477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR activation of Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells triggers an antiviral immune response
    • Renn CN, Sanchez DJ, Ochoa MT, et al. TLR activation of Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells triggers an antiviral immune response. J Immunol. 2006;177:298-305.
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.177 , pp. 298-305
    • Renn, C.N.1    Sanchez, D.J.2    Ochoa, M.T.3
  • 34
    • 0036570169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides
    • Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S, et al. Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol. 2002;168:4531-4537.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 4531-4537
    • Hornung, V.1    Rothenfusser, S.2    Britsch, S.3
  • 35
    • 0034631779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immune response modifiers imiquimod and R-848 are potent activators of B lymphocytes
    • Tomai MA, Imbertson LM, Stanczak TL, et al. The immune response modifiers imiquimod and R-848 are potent activators of B lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 2000;203:55-65.
    • (2000) Cell Immunol , vol.203 , pp. 55-65
    • Tomai, M.A.1    Imbertson, L.M.2    Stanczak, T.L.3
  • 36
    • 0035945902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immune response modifier resiquimod mimics CD40-induced B'cell activation
    • Bishop GA, Ramirez LM, Baccam M, et al. The immune response modifier resiquimod mimics CD40-induced B'cell activation. Cell Immunol. 2001;208:9-17.
    • (2001) Cell Immunol , vol.208 , pp. 9-17
    • Bishop, G.A.1    Ramirez, L.M.2    Baccam, M.3
  • 37
    • 0036452588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of IgE production by the imidazoquinoline resiquimod in nonallergic and allergic donors
    • Frotscher B, Anton K, Worm M. Inhibition of IgE production by the imidazoquinoline resiquimod in nonallergic and allergic donors. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:1059-1064.
    • (2002) J Invest Dermatol , vol.119 , pp. 1059-1064
    • Frotscher, B.1    Anton, K.2    Worm, M.3
  • 38
    • 33645024337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical imiquimod treatment prevents ultraviolet-light induced loss of contact hypersensitivity and immune tolerance
    • Thatcher TH, Luzina I, Fishelevich R, et al. Topical imiquimod treatment prevents ultraviolet-light induced loss of contact hypersensitivity and immune tolerance. J Invest Dermatol. 2006; 126:821-831.
    • (2006) J Invest Dermatol , vol.126 , pp. 821-831
    • Thatcher, T.H.1    Luzina, I.2    Fishelevich, R.3
  • 39
    • 0017998010 scopus 로고
    • Models relating ultraviolet light and non-melanoma skin cancer incidence
    • Green AE, Hedinger RA. Models relating ultraviolet light and non-melanoma skin cancer incidence. Photochem Photobiol. 1978;28:283-291.
    • (1978) Photochem Photobiol , vol.28 , pp. 283-291
    • Green, A.E.1    Hedinger, R.A.2
  • 40
    • 0024509534 scopus 로고
    • Disparate effects of in vitro low-dose irradiation on intravenous immunization with purified epidermal cell subpopulations for the induction of contact hypersensitivity
    • Cruz PD Jr, Nixon-Fulton JL, Tigelaar RE, et al. Disparate effects of in vitro low-dose irradiation on intravenous immunization with purified epidermal cell subpopulations for the induction of contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;92:160-165.
    • (1989) J Invest Dermatol , vol.92 , pp. 160-165
    • Cruz Jr, P.D.1    Nixon-Fulton, J.L.2    Tigelaar, R.E.3
  • 41
    • 0026065881 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet B radiation converts Langerhans cells from immunogenic to tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, induction of specific clonal anergy in CD4+ T helper 1 cells
    • Simon JC, Tigelaar RE, Bergstresser PR, et al. Ultraviolet B radiation converts Langerhans cells from immunogenic to tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, induction of specific clonal anergy in CD4+ T helper 1 cells. J Immunol. 1991;146:485-491.
    • (1991) J Immunol , vol.146 , pp. 485-491
    • Simon, J.C.1    Tigelaar, R.E.2    Bergstresser, P.R.3
  • 42
    • 0029933702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-12 prevents UVB-induced local immunosuppression and overcomes UVB-induced tolerance
    • Schwarz A, Orabbe S, Aragane Y, et al. Interleukin-12 prevents UVB-induced local immunosuppression and overcomes UVB-induced tolerance. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:1187-1191.
    • (1996) J Invest Dermatol , vol.106 , pp. 1187-1191
    • Schwarz, A.1    Orabbe, S.2    Aragane, Y.3
  • 43
    • 0029012470 scopus 로고
    • Effect of IL-12 on immune suppression and suppressor cell induction by ultraviolet radiation
    • Schmitt DA, Owen-Schaub L, Ullrich SE. Effect of IL-12 on immune suppression and suppressor cell induction by ultraviolet radiation. J Immunol. 1995;154:5114-5120.
    • (1995) J Immunol , vol.154 , pp. 5114-5120
    • Schmitt, D.A.1    Owen-Schaub, L.2    Ullrich, S.E.3
  • 44
    • 22544450733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct stimulation of human T-cells via TLR5 and TLR7/8: Flagellin and R-848 up-regulate proliferation and IFN-gamma production by memory CD4+ T cells
    • Caron G, Duluc D, Fremaux I, et al. Direct stimulation of human T-cells via TLR5 and TLR7/8: flagellin and R-848 up-regulate proliferation and IFN-gamma production by memory CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 2005;175:1551-1557.
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 1551-1557
    • Caron, G.1    Duluc, D.2    Fremaux, I.3
  • 45
    • 23944489407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selected toll-like receptor agonist combinations synergisucally trigger a T helper type 1-polarizing program in dendritic cells
    • Epub Jul 3
    • Napolitani G, Rinaldi A, Bertoni F, et al. Selected toll-like receptor agonist combinations synergisucally trigger a T helper type 1-polarizing program in dendritic cells. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:769-776. Epub 2005 Jul 3.
    • (2005) Nat Immunol. 2005 , vol.6 , pp. 769-776
    • Napolitani, G.1    Rinaldi, A.2    Bertoni, F.3
  • 46
    • 11144287785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression in actinic keratoses: Pharmacological modulation by imiquimod
    • Lysa B, Tartler U, Wolf R, et al. Gene expression in actinic keratoses: pharmacological modulation by imiquimod. Br J Dermatol. 2004; 151:1150-1159.
    • (2004) Br J Dermatol , vol.151 , pp. 1150-1159
    • Lysa, B.1    Tartler, U.2    Wolf, R.3
  • 47
    • 33746869688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-alpha production in females
    • Berghofer B, Frommer T, Haley G, et al. TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-alpha production in females. J Immunol. 2006;177:2088-2096.
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.177 , pp. 2088-2096
    • Berghofer, B.1    Frommer, T.2    Haley, G.3
  • 48
    • 0034891984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mutation in the lepromatous leprosy patients
    • Kang T, Chae G. Detection of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mutation in the lepromatous leprosy patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2001;31:53-58.
    • (2001) FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 53-58
    • Kang, T.1    Chae, G.2
  • 50
    • 0037071251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock
    • Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, et al. Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1028-1032.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1028-1032
    • Lorenz, E.1    Mira, J.P.2    Frees, K.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.