Eosinophilic esophagitis. Review of current clinical and physiopathological concepts;Esofagitis eosinofílica. Revisión de los conceptos fisiopatológicos y clínicos actuales

Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 234-243

  Lucendo Villarín, Alfredo J ^a,b   De Rezende, Livia ^a  

^a HOSPITAL GENERAL LA MANCHA CENTRO   (Spain)

^b NONE   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOKINE; FLUTICASONE;

ALLERGY; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TYPE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIET THERAPY; ENDOSCOPY; EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS MUCOSA; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INCIDENCE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW;

EID: 34248137121     PISSN: 02105705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1157/13100596     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Attwood SE, Smyrk TC, Demeester TR, Jones JB. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:109-16.
2. Dobbins JW. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with esophageal involment. Gastroenterology. 1977;72:1312-6.
3. Brown LF, Goldman H, Antonioli DA. Intraepitelial eosinop3 hils in endoscopic biopsies of adults with reflux esophagitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8:899-905.
4. Ureles AL, Alschibaja T, Lodico D. Idiopathic eosinophilic infiltration of the the gastrointestinal tract, diffuse and circunscrideb. Am J Med. 1961;30:899-909.
5. Cello JP. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis a complex disease entity. Am J Med. 1979;67:1097-104.
6. Picus D, Frank P. Eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136:1001-3.
7. Lucendo AJ, Carrión G, Navarro M, Pascual JM, González P, Castillo P, et al. Eosinopilic esophagitis in adults: an emerging disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49:1884-8.
8. Fox VL, Nurko S, Furuta GT. Eosinophilic esophagitis: I t's not just kid's stuff. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:260-70.
9. Simon D, Marti H, Heer P, Simon HU, Braathen LR, Straumann A. Eosinophilic esophagitis is frecuently associated with IgE-mediated allergic airway diseases. J Allergy Clin Inmunol. 2005:115;1090-2.
10. Sgouros SN, Bergele C, Mantides A. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18:211-7.
11. Kelly KJ, Lazenby AJ, Rowe PC, Yardley JH, Perman JA, Sampson HA. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid-based formula. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:1503-12.
12. Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Bernoulli R, Loosli J, Vogtlin J. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis: a frequently overlooked disease with typical clinical aspects and discrete endoscopic findings. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1994;124:1419-29.
13. Lucendo AJ, Navarro M, Comas C, Pascual JM, Burgos E, Santamaría L, et al. Immunophenotypic characterisation and quantification of the epithelial inflammatory infiltrate in eosinophilic esophagitis through stereology: an analysis of the disease's cellular mechanisms and the esophagus's immunological capacity. Am J Surg Pathol. En prensa 2007.
14. Lucendo Villarín AJ, Carrión Alonso G, Navarro Sánchez M, Martín Chávarri S, Gómez Senent S, Castillo Grau P, et al. Eosinophilic eosinophilic in adults, an emerging cause of dysphagia. Description of 9 cases. Rev Esp Enf Dig. 2005;97:229-39.
15. Mueller S, Aigner T, Neureiter D, Stolte M. Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in esophageal mucosa from adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). A retrospective comparative pathologic biopsy study. J Clin Pathol. 2006; DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.031922.
16. Furuta GT, Nieuwenhuis EE, Karhausen J, et al. Eosinophils alter colonic epithelial barrier function: role for major basic protein. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005;289: G890-7.
17. Wang HH, Mangano MM, Antonioli A. Evaluation of T-lynfocites in esophageal mucosal biopsies. Mod Pathol. 1994;7: 55-8.
18. Teitelbaum J, Fox V, Twarog F, Nurko S, Antonioli D, Badizadegan K, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: inmunopathological analysis and response to fluticasone propionate. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1226-5.
19. Noel RJ, Putman PE, Collins MH, Assa'ad AH, Guajardo JR, Jameson SC, et al. Clinical and inmunopathologic effects of swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:568-75.
20. Desai TK, Stecevic V, Chang C-H, Goldstein NS, Badizadegan K, Furuta GT. Association of eosinophilic inflamation with esophageal food impactation in adults. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:795-801.
21. Lucendo AJ, Navarro M, Comas C, Letrán A, Pascual Turrión JM, Burgos E, et al. Capacidad inmunológica del epitelio esofágico humano: estudio inmunofenotípico mediante estereología aplicado a la esofagitis eosinofílica (abstract). Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;29:162.
22. Gupta SK, Fitzgerald JF, Roudratynk T, Hogenesch H. Cytokine expression in normal and inflamed esophageal mucosa: a study into the pathogenesis of allergic eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:22-6.
23. Kumar R, Sentongo T, Nelson SP, Melin-Aldana H, Li BUK. Eosinophilic esopahgitis in children, a review. Clin Applied Inmunol Rev. 2003;4:173-88.
24. Faubion WA, Perrault J, Burgart LJ, Zein NN, Clawson M, Furuta GT. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with inhaled corticosteroids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1988;27:90-3.
25. Vanderhoff JA, Young RJ. Allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001;4:553-6.
26. Mann NS, Leung JW. Pathogenesis of esophageal ring in eosinophilic esophagitis. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64:520-3.
27. Zheutlin LM, Ackerman SJ, Gleich GJ. Stimulation of basophil and mast cells histamine release by eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins. J Immunol. 1984;133:2180-5.
28. Metcalfe DD, Baram D, Mekory YA. Mast cells. Physiol Rev. 1997;77:1033-79.
29. Straumann A, Bauer M, Fischer B, Blaser K, Simon HU. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with a T(H)2-type allergic inflamatory response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 108:954-61.
30. Kita H, Adolphson CR, Gleich GJ. Biology of eosinophils. En: Middletown's Allergy, principles and practise. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2003. p. 305-32.
31. Sánchez-Fayos Calabuig P, Martín Reyoso MJ, González Guirado A, Porres Cubero JC. Los granulocitos eosinófilos: de residentes habituates de la mucosa gastrointestinal normal a protagonistas agresivos de la gastroenteritis eosinofílica. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;29:352-7.
32. Weller PF. Role of the eosinophil in allergic reactions. Eur RespirJ. 1996;22:109s-15s.
33. Gleich GJ, Kita H. Bronchial astma: lessions from murine models. Proc Natt Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:2101-2.
34. Cieslewicz G, Tomkinson A, Adler A, Duez C, Schwarze J, Takeda K, et al. The late, but not early, asthmatic response is dependent on IL-5 and correlates with eosinophil infiltration. J Clin Invest. 1999;104:301-8.
35. Gharaee-Kermani M, McGarry B, Lukacs N, Huffnagle G, Egan RW, Phan SH. The role of IL-5 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol. 1998;64:657-66.
36. Phipps S, Ying S, Wangoo A, Ong YE, Levi-Schaffer F, Kay AB. The relationship between allergen-induced tissue eosinophilia and markers of repair and remodeling in human atopic skin. J Immunol. 2002;169:4604-12.
37. Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. J Allergy Clin Inmunol. 2004;113:11-28.
38. Rothenberg ME, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Hogan SP. Gastroeintestinal eosinophils. Inmunol Rev. 2001;179:139-55.
39. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Rothenberg ME. An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:83-90.
40. Rothenberg ME, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Hogan SP. Gastrointestinal eosinophils in health and disease. Adv Immunol. 2001; 78:291-328.
41. Mishra A, Rothenberg ME. Intratracheal IL-13 induces-eosinophilic esophagitis by an IL-5, eotaxin-1, and STAT6-dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1419-27.
42. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Rothenberg ME. IL-5 promotes eosinophil trafficking to the esophagus. J Inmunol. 2002; 168:2464-9.
43. Gutiérrez Ramos JC, Lloyd C, Gonzalo JA. Eotaxin: from an eosinophilic chemokine to a major regulator of allergic reactions. Immunol Today. 1999;20:500-4.
44. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Lee JJ, Foster PS, Rothenberg M. Fundamental signals that regulate eosinophil homing to the gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1719-27.
45. Rothenberg M, Luster AD, Leder P. Murine eotaxina: an eosinophilchemoattractant inducible in endothelial cells and in interleukin 4-induced tumor supression. Proc Natt Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:8960-4.
46. Zimmermann N, Hogan SP, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Bodette TR, Pope SM, et al. Murine eotaxin-2: a constitutive eosinophil chemokine induced by allergen challenge and IL-4 overexpression. J Immunol. 2000;165:5839-46.
47. Hogan SP, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Royalty MP, Pope SM, Zimmermann N, et al. A pathological function for eotaxin and eosinophils in eosinophilic gastrointestinal inflamation. Natur Inmunol. 2001;2:353-60.
48. García-Zepeda EA. Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophils cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia. Nature Med. 1996;2:449-56.
49. Lamkhioued B, Renzi PM, Abi-Younes S, et al. Increased expression of eotaxin in bronchoalveolar lavage and airways of asthmatics contributes to the chemotaxis of eosinophils to the site of inflammation. J Immunol. 1997;159:4593-601.
50. Ying S, Meng Q, Zeibecoglou K, et al. Eosinophil chemotactic chemokines (eotaxin, eotaxin-2, RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3) and MCP-4), and C-C chemokine receptor 3 expression in bronchial biopsies from atopic and nonatopic (intrinsic) asthmatics. J Immunol. 1999; 163:6321-9.
51. Fujirawa H, Morita A, Kobayashi H, Hamano K, Fujirawa Y, Hirai K, et al. Infiltrating eosinophils and eotaxina: their association with idiopatic eosinophilc esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;89:429-32.
52. Blanchard C, Wang N, Stringer KF, Mishra A, Fulkerson PC, Abonia JP, et al Eotaxin-3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2006; 116:536-47.
53. Bishop WP, Haber BA, Lichtman SN, Shneider BL. Learning more about eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;35:711-2.
54. Holgate ST. The epidemic of allergy of asthma. Nature. 1999; 402:B2-B4.
55. Von Mutius E, Martínez FD, Fritsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Thiemann H. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149:358-64.
56. Sanjeevi A, Komorowski R, Shaker S, Massey BT, Shaker R, Saeian K, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis potencial sources for diagnostic error in histopathologic detection [abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2005;128 Suppl 2:7A.
57. Straumann A Beglinger C. Eosinophilic esophagitis: the endoscopist's enigma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:13-5.
58. Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Bucher KA, Heer P, Simon HU. Eosinophilic esophagitis: red on microscopy, white on endoscopy. Digestion. 2004;70:109-16.
59. Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Grize L, Bucher KA, Beglinger C, Simon HU. Natural history of primary eosinophilic esophagitis: a follow-up of 30 adults patients for up to 11.5 years. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1660-9.
60. Noel RJ, Putman PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;26:940-1.
61. Kurata JH, Kantor-Fish S, Frankl H, et al. Crohn's disease among ethnic groups in a large health maintenance organization. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:1940-8.
62. Nunes GC, Ahlquist RE Jr. Increasing incidence of Crohn's disease. Am J Surg. 1983;145:578-81.
63. Lucendo A J, Carrión G, Gómez Senent S, Martín Chávarri S, Manceñido N, Pajares R, et al. Esofagitis eosinofílica del adulto: ¿nueva entidad o diagnóstico tardío? [abstract]. Rev Esp Enf Dig. 2004;96 Suppl 1:21-2.
64. Gonsalves N, Kagalwalla A, Kagalwalla A, Hess T, Li BU, Hirano I. Distintct features in the clinical presentations of eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2005;128 Suppl 2:7A.
65. Dauer EH, Freese DK, El-Youssef M, Thompson DM. Clinical characteristics of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Ear Nose Thoat J. 2005;114:827-33.
66. Gupta SP, Kirse DJ, Rostma GN, Belafsky PC. Eosinophilic esophagitis. Ear Nose Thoat J. 2005;84:632-3.
67. Orenstein SR, Shalaby TM, Di Lorenzo C, Putman PE, Sigurdsson L, Kocoshis SA. The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis beyong infancy: a clinical series of 30 children. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1422-30.
68. Walsh S, Antonioli D, Goldman H, Fox V, Bousvaros A, Leichtner A, et al. Allergic esophagitis in children: a clinicopathologic entity. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:390-6.
69. Liacouras C. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37:23S-8S.
70. Potter JW, Saeian K, Staff D, Massey BT, Komorowski RA, Shaker R, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: an emerging problem with unique esophageal features. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:355-61.
71. Arora AS, Yamazaki K. Eosinophilicesophagitis: asthma of the esophagus? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:523-30.
72. Sampson HA. Food allergy. JAMA. 1997;278:1888-94.
73. Dvorak AM, Onderdonk AB, McLeod RS, et al. Ultraestructural indentification of exocytosis of granules from human gut eosinophils in vivo. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1993; 102: 33-45.
74. Martin ST, Collins CG, Fitzgibbon J, Lee G, Quigley EM, O'Sullivan GO. Gastric motor dysfunction: is eosinophilic mural gastritis a causative factor? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:983-6.
75. Lim JR, Gupta SK, Croffie JM, Pfefferkorn MD, Molleston JP, Corkins MR, et al. White specks in the esophageal mucosa: an endoscopic manifestation of non-reflux eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59: 835-8.
76. Croese J, Fairley SK, Masson JW, Chong AKH, Whitaker DA, Kanowski PA, et al. Clinical and endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 58:516-22.
77. Zimmermann SL, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Mitre MC, Furth EE, Laufer I, et al. Idiopathic eosinophilc esophagitis in adults: the ringed esophagus. Radiology. 2005;236:159-65.
78. Remedios M, Campbell C, Jones DM, Kerlin P. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: clinical, endoscopic, histologic findings, and response to treatment with fluticasone propionate. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:3-12.
79. Straumann A, Rossi L, Simon HU, Heer P. Fragility of the esophageal mucosa: a pathognpmonic endoscopic sign of primary eosinophilic esophagitis? Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 57:407-12
80. Tummala V, Barwick KW, Sontag SJ, Vlahcevic RZ, McCallum RW. The significance of intraepithelial eosinophils in the histologic diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;87:43-8.
81. Ravelli AM, Villanacci V, Ruzzenenti N, Grigolato P, Tobanelli P, Klersy C, et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a mayor morphological feature of esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:510-5.
82. Steiner SJ, Kernek KM, Fitzgerald JF. Severity of basal cell hyperplasia differs in reflux versus eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:506-9.
83. Dahms BB. Reflux esophagitis: sequelae and dufferential diagnosis in infants and children including eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatr Develop Pathol. 2004;7:5-16.
84. Landres RT, Kuster GGR, Strum WB. Eosinophilic esophagitis in a patient with vigorous achalasia. Gastroenterology. 1978;74:1298-301.
85. Fox VL, Nurko S, Teitelbaum J, Badizadegan K, Furuta GT. High-resolution EUS in children with eosinophilic «allergic» esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:30-6.
86. Fox VL, Nurko S, Teitelbaum J, Furuta GT. Abnormalities of the esophageal wall detectec by high-resolution probe endosonography in patinets with allergic esphagitis [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31:S282.
87. Gleich GJ, Frigas E, Loegering DA. Cytotoxic properties of the eosinophil major basic protein. J Immunol. 1979;123: 2925-7.
88. Gleich GJ, Glitz DG, Abu-Ghazaleh RI. Eosinophil granule proteins: structure and function. En: Gleich G KA, editor. Eosinophils in allergy and inflmmation. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1994. p. 1-20.
89. Flavahan NA, Slifman NR, Gleich GJ, Vanhoutte PM. Human eosinophil major protein causates hyperactivity of respiratory smooth muscle. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1988;138:685-8.
90. White SR, Ohno S, Muñoz NM, et al. Epithelium-dependent contraction of airway smooth muscle caused by eosinophil MBP. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 1990;259:294L-303L.
91. Evans CM, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB, Gleich GJ, Costello RW. Pretreatment with antibody to eosinophil major basic protein prevents hyperresponsiveness by protecting neuronal M2 muscarinic recptors in antigen-challenged guinea pigs. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:2254-62.
92. Adamko DJ, Yost BL, Gleich GJ, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Ovalbumin sensitization changes the inflamatory response so subsequent parainfluenza infection. Eosinophils mediate airway hiperresponsiveness m(2) muscarinic receptor dysfunction and antiviral effects. J Exp Med. 1999;190:1465-78.
93. Lucendo AJ. Motor disturbances participate in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic oesophagistis, beyond the fibrous remodelling of the oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24: 1257-67.
94. O'Donnell MC, Ackerman SJ, Gleich GJ, Thomas LL. Activation of basophil and mast cell histamine release by eosinophil granule major basic protein. J Exp Med. 1983;157:1981-91.
95. Hempel SL, Elliott DE. Eosinophilic esophagitis causing esophageal dysmotility. Chest. 1996;110:1117-20.
96. Vitellas KM, Bennet WF, Bova JG, Johnston JC, Caldwell JH, Mayle JE. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis. Radiology. 1993;186:789-93.
97. Arora AS, Perrault J, Smyrk TC. Topical corticosteroid treatment of dysphagia due to eosinophilic esophagitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:830-5.
98. Borda F, Jiménez FJ, Martínez Peñuela JM, Echarri A, Martín Granizo I, Aznarez R. Esofagitis eosinofílica: ¿una entidad infradiagnosticada? Rev Esp Enf Dig. 1996;88:701-4.
99. Prieto G, Sánchez-Miranda P, Sarria JM, Larrauri J, Molina M. Esofagitis eosinofílica: una entidad clínica emergente [abstract]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2003;59:307-8.
100. Lucendo AJ, Castillo P, Martín-Chávarri S, Carrión G, Pajares R, Pascual JM, et al. Manometric findings in adult eosinophilic oesophagitis: a study of 12 cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. En prensa 2007.
101. Cheung KM, Oliver MR, Vameron DJS, Catto-Smith AG, Chow CW. Esophageal eosinophilia in children with dysphagia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37:498-503.
102. Markowitz JE, Spergel JM, Ruchelli E, et al. Elemental diet is an effective treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adolescents. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:777-82.
103. Langdon DE. Fluticasone in eosinophilic corrugated ringed esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:926-7.
104. Moots RJ, Prouse P, Gumpel JM. Near fatal eosinophilic gastroenteritis responded to oral sodium cromoglycate. Gut. 1988; 29:1282-5.
105. Businco L, Cantani A. Food allergy in children: diagnosis and treatment with sodium cromoglycate. Allergol Inmunopathol (Madr). 1990;18:339-48.
106. Shirai T, Hashimoto D, Suzuki K, Osawa S, Aonahata M, Chida K, et al. Successful treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis gastroenteritis with suplatast tosilate. J Allergy Clin Inmunol. 2001;107:924-5.
107. Neustrom MR, Friesen C. Treatment of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with montelukast [letter]. J Allergy Clin Inmunol. 1999; 104:506.
108. Attwood SE, Lewis CJ, Bronder CS, Morris CD, Armstrong GR, Whittam J. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a nopvel treatment using Montelukast. Gut. 2003;52:181-5.
109. Sinharay R. Eosinophilic esophagitis: treatment using montelukast. Gut. 2003;52:1228-9.
110. Roberts-Thomson IC. Gastrointestinal: eosinophilic esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;29:1299.
111. De la Santa E, Lazo MD, Cordero C, Serrano M, López T, Bozada JM, et al. Esofagitis eosinofílica. Presentación de tres casos y reflexión sobre el papel de la endoscopia en una enfermedad probablemente infradiagnosticada. Libro de comunicaiones de la XXVI Jornada Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Endoscopia Digestiva. 2004;48.
112. Kaplan M, Mutlu EA, Jakate S, Bruninga K, Losurdo J, Keshavarzian A. Enoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis: «feline» esophagus and perforation risk. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:433-7.
113. Furuta GT, Straumann A. Review article: the pathogenesis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:173-82.
114. Nurko S, Fox V, Fortunato C, Antonioli A, Badizadegan K, Teitelbaum J, et al. Esophageal motor abnormalities in patients with allergic esophagitis. a study with prolonged esophageal ph/manometry [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33:417-8.
115. Matzinger MA, Daneman A. Esophageal involvement in eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Pediatr Radiol. 1983;13:35-8.
116. McCarty RL, Talley JT. Barium studies in diffuse eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Gastrointest Radiol. 1990;15:183-7.
117. De Agustin JC, Sanz N, Canals MJ, Álvarez E, Morales JL, Soler J, et al. Successful medical treatment of two patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:207-13.
118. Gómez Chiari M, Martín de Carpi J, Castejón Ponce E, Villegas Villegas P, Masiques Mas ML, Varea Calderón V. Esofagitis eosinofílica: una entidad en aumento. A propósito de 8 casos. An Pediatr (Barc). 2003;59:128.