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The understanding of viscoelastic properties of traditional polymer filled systems in terms of simple contributions has traditionally demanded the development of empirical relationships and theoretical models. One of the earliest models developed to describe the strength of filled polymers is that due to Guth and Gold, and later by Guth, i.e., E. Guth and O. Gold, Phys. Rev. 0031-899X 53, 322 (1938); E. Guth, J. Appl. Phys. 0021-8979 10.1063/1.1707495 16, 20 (1945); E. Guth, J. Appl. Phys. 0021-8979 16, 21 (1951). This model is based on an expression due to Einstein relating the viscosity of a fluid containing a dilute mixture of solid spheres to their volume fraction. The derivation assumed that the polymer was perfectly bonded to the surfaces of the spherical particles and that the average distance between the particles was large enough so that the stress fields around each particle did not influence one another. Moreover, it was assumed that the enhancement to the modulus was independent of the type of filler particle considered. For a review examining variations of this theory, the interested reader is referred to S. Ahmed and F. R. Jones, J. Mater. Sci. 25, 4933 (1990) and to the book by Erman and Mark (see Ref.).
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The understanding of viscoelastic properties of traditional polymer filled systems in terms of simple contributions has traditionally demanded the development of empirical relationships and theoretical models. One of the earliest models developed to describe the strength of filled polymers is that due to Guth and Gold, and later by Guth, i.e., E. Guth and O. Gold, Phys. Rev. 0031-899X 53, 322 (1938); E. Guth, J. Appl. Phys. 0021-8979 10.1063/1.1707495 16, 20 (1945); E. Guth, J. Appl. Phys. 0021-8979 16, 21 (1951). This model is based on an expression due to Einstein relating the viscosity of a fluid containing a dilute mixture of solid spheres to their volume fraction. The derivation assumed that the polymer was perfectly bonded to the surfaces of the spherical particles and that the average distance between the particles was large enough so that the stress fields around each particle did not influence one another. Moreover, it was assumed that the enhancement to the modulus was independent of the type of filler particle considered. For a review examining variations of this theory, the interested reader is referred to S. Ahmed and F. R. Jones, J. Mater. Sci. 25, 4933 (1990) and to the book by Erman and Mark (see Ref.).
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