Emotion-Related Regulation: The Construct and its Measurement

Handbook of Research Methods in Developmental Science

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 423-442

  Eisenberg, Nancy ^a   Morris, Amanda Sheffield ^a   Spinrad, Tracy L ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioral activation system (BAS); Behavioral inhibition system (BIS); Behavioral regulation; Emotion regulation; Psychology

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247574927     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470756676.ch21     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. Aspinwall, L. G. & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417-36.
2. Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., & Roosa, M. W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children's coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64, 923-58.
3. Band, E. B. & Weisz, J. R. (1988). How to feel better when it feels bad: Children's perspectives on coping with everyday stress. Developmental Psychology, 24, 247-53.
4. Beauchaine, T. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 183-214.
5. Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, S. V., Bolduc, E. A., Gersten, M., Meminger, S. R., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Reznick J. S. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 21-6.
6. Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839-55.
7. Calkins, S. D. & Dedmon, S. E. (2000). Physiological and behavioral regulation in two-year-old children with aggressive/destructive behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 103-18.
8. Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (ed.), The development of emotion regulation:Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 284-303.
9. Capaldi, D. M. & Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 153-73.
10. Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 1-10.
11. Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct:Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75(1), 313-14.
12. Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (serial no. 240), 73-100.
13. Cole, P. M., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Smith, K. D. (1994). Expressive control during a disappointment task: Variations related to preschoolers' behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 30, 835-46.
14. Compas, B. E., Connor, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. G. (1999). Getting specific about coping: Effortful and involuntary responses to stress in development. In M. Lewis, and D. Ramsay (eds.), Soothing and stress (pp. 229-56). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Compas, B. E., Connor, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87-127.
16. DeGangi, G., DiPietro, J., Porges, S. W., & Greenspan, S. (1991). Psychophysiological characteristics of the regulatory disordered infant. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 37-50.
17. DePue, R. A. & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491-599.
18. Derryberry, D. & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 225-36.
19. Derryberry, D. & Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 958-66.
20. Derryberry, D. & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 633-52.
21. Diamond, A. (1991). Neuropsychological insights into the meaning of object concept development. In S. Carey & R. Gelman (eds.), The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
22. Eisenberg, N. & Morris, A. S. (2002). Children's emotion-related regulation. In R. Kail (ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (vol. 30, pp. 190-229). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
23. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Bernzweig, J., Karbon, M., Poulin, R., & Hanish, L. (1993). The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers' social skills and sociometric status. Child Development, 64, 1418-38.
24. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, M., Maszk, P., Smith, M., & Karbon, M. (1995). The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 1239-61.
25. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Maszk, P., Holmgren, R., & Suh, K. (1996). The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 141-62.
26. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., Guthrie, I. K., Jones, S., Friedman, J., Poulin, R., & Maszk, P. (1997). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children's social functioning from regulation and emotionality. Child Development, 68, 642-64.
27. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S., Guthrie, I. K., Mazsk, P., Poulin, R., & Jones, S. (1999). Prediction of elementary school children's socially appropriate and problem behavior from anger reactions at age 4 to 6. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 119-42.
28. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000a). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 136-57.
29. Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S., Losoya, S., Murphy, B., Jones, S., Poulin, R., & Reiser, M. (2000b). Prediction of elementary school children's externalizing problem behaviors from attentional and behavioral regulation and negative emotionality. Child Development, 71, 1367-82.
30. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112-34.
31. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Shepard, S. A., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Cumberland, A. (2003). The relations of effortful control and ego control to children's resiliency and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39, 761-76.
32. Fowles, D. C. (1987). Application of a behavioral theory of motivation to the concepts of anxiety and impulsivity. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 417-35.
33. Gerardi-Caulton, G. (2000). Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24-36 months of age. Developmental Science, 3, 397-404.
34. Gilliom, M., Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A., & Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38, 222-35.
35. Goldsmith, H. H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218-35.
36. Goldsmith, H. H. & Rothbart, M. K. (1991). Contemporary instruments for assessing early temperament by questionnaire and in the laboratory. In A. Angleitner & J. Strelau (eds.), Explorations in temperament (pp. 249-72). New York: Plenum Press.
37. Goldsmith, H. H. & Rothbart, M. K. (1999). The Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (locomotor version, edition 3.1). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
38. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243-68.
39. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
40. Gray, J. A. (1975). Elements of a two-process theory of learning. New York: Academic Press.
41. Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspectives and anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 493-509.
42. Grolnick, W. S., Bridges, L. J., & Connell, J. P. (1996). Emotion regulation in two-year-olds:Strategies and emotional expression in four contexts. Child Development, 67, 928-41.
43. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion and emotion regulation. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd edn., pp. 525-52). New York: Guilford.
44. Huffman, L. C., Bryan, Y., del Carmen, R., Pedersen, F., Dussard-Roosevelt, J., & Porges, S. W. (1998). Infant temperament and cardiac vagal tone: Assessments at twelve weeks of age. Child Development, 69, 624-35.
45. Kagan, J. (1998). Biology and the child. In W. Damon (series ed.) and N. Eisenberg (vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology, vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 177-235). New York: John Wiley.
46. Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Zentner, M., & Person, E. (1999). Infant temperament and anxious symptoms in school age children. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 209-24.
47. Kindlon, D., Mezzacappa, E., & Earls, F. (1995). Psychometric properties of impulsivity measures:Temporal stability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 645-61.
48. Kliewer, W. (1991). Coping in middle childhood: Relations to competence, type A behavior, monitoring, blunting, and locus of control. Developmental Psychology, 27, 689-97.
49. Kochanska, G. (1991). Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 62, 1379-92.
50. Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1092-111.
51. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Coy, K. (1997). Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 68, 263-77.
52. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood:Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220-32.
53. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., Jacques, T. Y., Koenig, A. L., & Vandegeest, K. A. (1996). Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization. Child Development, 67, 490-507.
54. Kochanska, G., Tjebkes, T. L., & Forman, D. R. (1998). Children's emerging regulation of conduct: Restraint, compliance, and internalization from infancy to the second year. Child Development, 69, 1378-89.
55. Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Development Psychology, 18, 199-214.
56. Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25, 343-54.
57. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., White, J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Delay of gratification, psychopathology, and personality: Is low self-control specific to externalizing problems? Journal of Personality, 64, 107-29.
58. Kuczynski, L. & Kochanska, G. (1990). Development of children's noncompliance strategies from toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 26, 398-408.
59. Lin, C. C. H., Hsiao, C. K., & Chen, W. J. (1999). Development of sustained attention assessed using the continuous performance test among children 6-15 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 403-12.
60. Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997). Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science, 8, 60-64.
61. Lytton, H. (1977). Correlates of compliance and the rudiments of conscience in two-year-old boys. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 9, 242-51.
62. Maccoby, E. E., Dowley, E., Hagen, J., & Dergerman, R. (1965). Activity level and intellectual functioning in normal preschool children. Child Development, 36, 761-70.
63. MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107-23.
64. Metcalfe, J. & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3-19.
65. Mezzacappa, E., Kindlon, D., & Earls, F. (1999). Relations of age to cognitive and motivational elements of impulse control in boys with and without externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 473-83.
66. Mezzacappa, E., Kindlon, D., Saul, J. P., & Earls, F. (1998). Executive and motivational control of performance task behavior, and autonomic heart-rate regulation in children: Physiologic validation of two-factor solution inhibitory control. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 525-31.
67. Mezzacappa, E., Tremblay, R., Kindlon, D., Saul, J., Arseneault, L., Seguin, J., Pihl, R., & Earls, F. (1997). Anxiety, antisocial behavior, and heart rate regulation in adolescent males. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, 38, 457-69.
68. Miller, S. M. & Green, M. L. (1985). Coping with stress and frustration: Origins, nature and development. In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (eds.), The socialization of emotions (pp. 263-314). New York: Plenum Press.
69. Mirsky, A. F. (1996). Disorders of attention: A neuropsychological perspective. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 71-93). Baltimore, MD:Paul H. Brookes.
70. Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (vol. 3, pp. 249-92). New York: Academic Press.
71. Mischel, W. (2000). Attention control in the service of the self: Harnessing willpower in goal pursuit. Paper presented at the National Institute of Mental Health Self-Workshop, Bethesda, MD, June.
72. Mischel, W. & Baker, N. (1972). Cognitive appraisals and transformations in delay behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 254-61.
73. Mischel, W. & Ebbesen, E. B. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 329-37.
74. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 687-96.
75. Morales, M. & Bridges, L. J. (1996). Associations between nonparental care experience and preschooler's emotion regulation in the presence of the mother. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 17, 577-96.
76. Murphy, B. C., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S., & Guthrie, I. K. (1999). Consistency and change in children's emotionality and regulation: A longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 413-44.
77. Newman, J. P., Patterson, C. M., & Kosson, D. (1987). Response perseveration in psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 145-8.
78. Nigg, J. T. (1999). The ADHD response-inhibition deficit as measured by the Stop Task:Replication with DSM-IV combined type, extension, and qualification. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 393-402.
79. Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 26, 220-46.
80. O'Brien, B. S. & Frick, P. J. (1996). Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 223-39.
81. Olsen, S. L., Schilling, E. M., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Measurement of impulsivity: Construct coherence, longitudinal stability, and relationship with externalizing problems in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 151-65.
82. Oosterlaan, J. & Sergeant, J. A. (1996). Inhibition in ADHD, aggressive, and anxious children:A biologically based model of child psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 19-36.
83. Oosterlaan, J. & Sergeant, J. A. (1998). Effects of reward and response cost on response inhibition in ADHD, disruptive, anxious, and normal children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 161-74.
84. Patterson, C. M. & Newman, J. P. (1993). Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychological Review, 100, 716-36.
85. Pickering, A. D. & Gray, J. A. (1999). The neuroscience of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (eds.), Handbook of personality (pp. 277-99). San Francisco, CA: Guilford.
86. Pine, D., Wasserman, G., Miller, L., Coplan, J., Bagiella, E., Kovlenku, P., Myers, M., & Sloan, R. (1998). Heart period variability and psychopathology in urban boys at risk for delinquency. Psychophysiology, 35, 521-9.
87. Porges, S. W. (1991). Vagal tone: An autonomic mediator of affect. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (eds.), The development of emotional regulation and dysregulation (pp. 111-28). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
88. Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., & Maiti, A. K. (1994). Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion. In N. A. Fox (ed.), Emotion regulation: Behavioral and biological considerations, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3, serial no. 240), 167-86.
89. Porter, F. L., Porges, S. W., & Marshall, R. E. (1988). Newborn pain cries and vagal tone:Parallel changes in response to circumcision. Child Development, 59, 495-505.
90. Posner, M. I. & DiGirolamo, G. J. (2000). Cognitive neuroscience: Origins and promise. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 873-89.
91. Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1998). Attention, self-regulation, and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 353, 1915-27.
92. Reed, M. A., Pien, D. L., & Rothbart, M. K. (1984). Inhibitory self-control in preschool children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, 131-47.
93. Richards, J. E. (1987). Infant visual sustained attention and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Child Development, 58, 488-96.
94. Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569-78.
95. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21-39.
96. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394-1408.
97. Rothbart, M. K. & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (series ed.) and N. Eisenberg (vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology, vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105-76). New York: John Wiley.
98. Rothbart, M. K. & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (vol. 1, pp. 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
99. Saarni, C. (1984). An observational study of children's attempts to monitor their expressive behavior. Child Development, 55, 1504-13.
100. Saarni, C. (1997). Coping with aversive feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 45-63.
101. Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., & West, S. G. (1994). Coping, stress and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Child Development, 65, 1744-63.
102. Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., & Vondra, J. I. (1994). Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: Ages 1 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 30, 355-64.
103. Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions. Developmental Psychology, 26, 978-86.
104. Silverman, I. W. & Ragusa, D. M. (1992). A short-term longitudinal study of the early development of self-regulation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 415-35.
105. Spinrad, T. L., Losoya, S. H., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (1999). The relation of parental affect and encouragement to children's moral behavior. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 323-37.
106. Stifter, C. A. & Braungart, J. M. (1995). The regulation of negative reactivity in infancy:Function and development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 448-55.
107. Stifter, C. A. & Fox, N. A. (1990). Infant reactivity: Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Developmental Psychology, 26, 582-8.
108. Stifter, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Porges, S. W. (1989). Facial expressivity and vagal tone in 5- and 10-month old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 12, 127-37.
109. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotional regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3, serial no. 240), 25-52.
110. Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Fabes, R. A., Losoya, S., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (2003). The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children's externalizing problems: A longitudinal assessment. Journal of Personality, 71, 1179-1205.
111. Vaughn, B. E., Kopp, C. B., & Krakow, J. B. (1984). The emergence and consolidation of selfcontrol from eighteen to thirty months of age: Normative trends and individual differences. Child Development, 55, 990-1004.
112. White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Bartusch, D. J., Needles, D. J., Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 192-205.
113. Williams, B. R., Ponesse, J. S., Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (1999). Development of inhibitory control across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 35, 205-13.
114. Wilson, B. (2003). The role of attentional processes in children's prosocial behavior with peers:Attention shifting and emotion. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 313-29.
115. Windle, M. & Lerner, R. M. (1986). Reassessing the dimensions of temperamental individuality across the life span: The Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R). Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 213-30.