Emotion Regulation in Two-Year-Olds: Strategies and Emotional Expression in Four Contexts

Child Development

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 928-941

  Grolnick, Wendy S ^a   Bridges, Lisa J ^b   Connell, James P ^c  

^a CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Inst for Res and Reform in Educ

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONTROL; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EMOTION; FEMALE; FRUSTRATION; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SOCIALIZATION;

CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; FRUSTRATION; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 0030163575     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01774.x     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Wittig, M. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 111-136). London: Methuen.
2. Berk, L. E. (in press). Children's private speech: An overview of theory and the status of research. In R. M. Diaz & L. E. Berk (Eds.), Private speech: Interaction to self-regulation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Braungart, J. M., & Stifter, C. A. (1991). Regulation of negative reactivity during the strange situation: Temperament and attachment in 12-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 349-364.
5. Bridges, L. J., & Connell, J. P. (1991). Consistency and inconsistency in infant emotional and social interactive behavior across contexts and caregivers. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 471-487.
6. Bridges, L. J., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). The development of emotional self-regulation in infancy and early childhood. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 15). New York: Sage.
7. Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245-276.
8. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46.
9. Cole, P. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (1989). Interactional and cognitive strategies for affect regulation: Developmental perspectives on childhood depression. In L. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression (pp. 310-343). New York: Guilford.
10. Connell, J. P., & Thompson, R. A. (1986). Emotion and social interaction in the Strange Situation: Consistencies and asymmetric influences in the second year. Child Development, 57, 733-745.
11. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament, journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 958-966.
12. Field, T. (1987). Interaction and attachment in normal and atypical infants. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 853-859.
13. Flavell, J. (1966). Le langage privé (Private language). Bulletin de Psychologie, 19, 698-701.
14. Fox, N. (1989). Psychophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity in the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 25, 364-372.
15. Frodi, A., & Thompson, R. (1985). Infants' affective responses in the Strange Situation: Effects of prematurity and quality of attachment. Child Development, 56, 1280-1290.
16. Gaensbauer, T. J., Connell, J. P., & Schultz, L. A. (1983). Emotion and attachment: Interrelationships in a structured laboratory paradigm. Developmental Psychology, 19, 815-831.
17. Gianino, A., & Tronick, E. Z. (1988). The mutual regulation model: The infant's self and interactive regulation coping and defense. In T. Field, P. McCabe, & N. Schneiderman (Eds.), Stress and coping. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Goldberg, S., & Lewis, M. (1969). Play behavior in the year-old infant: Early sex differences. Child Development, 41, 21-31.
19. Golden, M., Montare, A., & Bridger, W. H. (1977). Verbal control of delay behavior in two-year-old boys as a function of social class. Child Development, 48, 1107-1111.
20. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four-Factor Index of Social Status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.
21. Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2d ed.). New York: Wiley.
22. Klackenberg, G. (1949). Thumbsucking: Frequency and etiology. Pediatrics, 4, 418-424.
23. Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199-214.
24. Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25, 343-354.
25. Malatesta, C. Z., & Haviland, J. M. (1982). Learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy. Child Development, 53, 991-1003.
26. Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychology Review, 80, 252-283.
27. Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 3, pp. 249-292). New York: Academic.
28. Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 329-337.
29. Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E. B., & Zeiss, A. (1972). Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 204-218.
30. Passman, R. H., & Weisberg, P. (1975). Mothers and blankets as agents for promoting play and exploration by young children in a novel environment: The effects of social and nonsocial attachment objects. Developmental Psychology, 11, 170-177.
31. Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.
32. Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic.
33. Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton.
34. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1980). The development of attentional mechanisms. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 28, 1-52.
35. Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569-578.
36. Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (1985). Temperament and the development of self-regulation. In L. C. Hartlage & C. F. Telzrow (Eds.), The neuropsychology of individual differences (pp. 93-123). New York: Plenum.
38. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial No. 240).
39. Thompson, R. A., Connell, J. P., & Bridges, L. J. (1988). Temperament, emotion, and social interactive behavior in the Strange Situation: A component process analysis of attachment system functioning. Child Development, 59, 1102-1110.
40. Thompson, R. A., & Lamb, M. E. (1984). Assessing qualitative dimensions of emotional responsiveness in infants: Separation reactions in the strange situation. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 423-445.
41. Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44, 112-119.
42. Vaughn, B. E., Kopp, C. G., & Krakow, J. B. (1984). The emergence and consolidation of self-control from 18 to 30 months of age: Normative trends and individual differences. Child Development, 55, 990-1004.
43. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. (2d ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Originally published 1934)