Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data

Journal of Family Psychology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 243-268

  Gottman, John M ^a   Katz, Lynn Fainsilber ^b   Hooven, Carole ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030495909     PISSN: 08933200     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and Teacher Version of the Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1971). Individual differences in the strange situation behavior of one-year-olds. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), The origins of human social relations (pp. 17-57). London: Academic Press.
3. Alcroft, B. (Producer), & Mitton, D. (Director). (1984). Daisy [film]. Strand Home Video.
4. Allen, B. A., & Armour, T. E. (1993). Construct validation of metacognition. Journal of Psychology, 127, 203-211.
5. Asher, S. R., & Coie, J. D. (Eds.). (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. Asher, S. R., & Gottman, J. M. (1981). The development of children's friendships. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Barbara, H. (Producer), Nicolas, C. A., & Takamoto. I. (Directors). (1973). Charlotte's web [film]. Paramount.
8. Bates, J. E. (1980). The concept of difficult temperament. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 26, 299-319.
9. Bates, J. E. (1987). Temperament in infancy. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 1101-1149). New York: Wiley.
10. Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding 3 patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.
11. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1, Pt. 2), 1-103.
12. Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In M. L. Hoffman & L. W. Hoffman (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 1, pp. 169-208). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
13. Bentler, P. M. (1992). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.
14. Bulloch, K., & Moore, R. Y. (1981). Innervation of the thymus gland by brain stem and spinal cord in mouse and rat. American Journal of Anatomy, 162, 157-66.
15. Bulloch K., & Pomerantz, W. (1984). Autonomie nervous system innervation of thymic-related lymphoid tissue in wildtype and nude mice. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 228, 57-68.
16. Bvinelli, D. J. (1993). Reconstructing the evolution of mind. American Psychologist, 48, 493-509.
17. Casey, R. J., & Fuller, L. J. (1994). Maternal regulation of children's emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18, 57-89.
18. Cassidy, J., Parke, R. D., & Butkovsky, C. (1992). Family correlates of childhood peer relations. Child Development, 63, 603-618.
19. Choi, S. (1993). Mothers' and older siblings' scaffolding of preschool children's pretend play. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(7-A), 2234-2235.
20. Cohn, D. A., Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., & Pearson, J. (1992). Mothers' and fathers' working models of childhood attachment relationships, parenting styles, and child behavior. Development & Psychopathology, 4, 417-431.
21. Corsaro, W. (1979). We're friends, right?: Children's use of access rituals in a nursery school. Language in Society, 8, 315-336.
22. Corsaro, W. (1981). Friendship in the nursery school: Social organization in the peer environment. In S. Asher & J. M. Gottman (Eds.), The development of children's friendships. New York: Cambridge University.
23. Costenbader, V. K., & Adams, J. W. (1991). A review of the psychometric and administrative features of the PIAT-R: Implications for the practitioner. Journal of School Psychology, 29, 219-228.
24. Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (1992). When parents become partners. New York: Basic Books.
25. Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1987, April). Couple's relationships, parenting styles and the child's development at three. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, MD.
26. Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1990). Becoming a family: Research and intervention. In I. Sigel & A. Brody (Eds.), Methods of family research (pp. 1-51). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1994). Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute resolution. New York: Guilford Press.
28. Davidson, R. J. (1994). Temperament, affective style, and frontal lobe asymmetry. In G. Dawson & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Human behavior and the developing brain (pp. 518-536). New York: Guilford Press.
29. Davidson, R. J., Ekman, P., Saron, C. D., Senulis, J. A., & Friesen, W. (1990). Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 330-341.
30. Davidson, R. J., & Fox, N. A. (1982). Asymmetrical brain activity discriminates between positive and negative affective stimuli in human infants. Science, 218, 1235-1237.
31. Davidson, R. J., Schaffer, C. E., & Saron, C. (1985). Effects of lateralized presentations of faces on self-reports of emotion and EEG asymmetry in depressed and non-depressed subjects. Psychophysiology, 22, 353-364.
32. Davidson, R. J., & Tomarken, A. J. (1990). Laterality and emotion: An electrophysiological approach. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol 3, pp. 419-441). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
33. Denham, S. A., Renwick, D. S., & Hewes, S. (1994). Emotional communication between mothers and preschoolers: Relations with emotional competence. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 40, 488-508.
34. Denham, S. A., Zoller, D., & Couchoud, E. A. (1994). Socialization of preschoolers' emotional and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 928-936.
35. DiPietro, J. A., & Porges, S. W. (1991). Relations between neonatal states and 8-month developmental outcome in preterm infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 14, 441-450.
36. DiPietro, J. A., Porges, S. W., & Uhly, B. (1992). Reactivity and developmental competence in preterm and full-term infants. Developmental Psychology, 28, 831-841.
37. Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 77-125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. Dunn, J. (1977). Distress and comfort. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Dunn, J., & Brown, J. (1994). Affect expression in the family, children's understanding of emotions, and their interactions with others. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 40, 120-137.
40. Eisenberg, N. A., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131-149.
41. Eisenberg, N. A., & Strayer, J. (Eds.). (1987). Empathy and its development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
42. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Simons, R. C. (1985). Is the startle reaction an emotion? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1416-1426.
43. Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.
44. Fodor, J. A. (1992). A theory of the child's theory of mind. Cognition, 44, 283-296.
45. Fox, N. A. (1989). The psychophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity during the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 25, 364-372.
46. Fox, N. A. (Ed.). (1994). The development of emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial No. 240).
47. Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1987). Electroencephalogram asymmetry in response to the approach of a stranger and maternal separation in 10-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 233-240.
48. Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1988). Patterns of brain electrical activity during facial signs of emotion in 10-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 24, 230-236.
49. Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.). (1991). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
50. Ginott, H. G. (1965). Between parent and child. New York: Avon Books.
51. Ginott, H. G. (1971). Between parent and teenager. New York: Avon Books.
52. Ginott, H. G. (1975). Teacher and child. New York: Avon Books.
53. Goldsmith, H. H., & Campos, J. J. (1982). Toward a theory of infant temperament. In R. N. Emde & R. Harmon (Eds.), The development of attachment and affiliative systems (pp. 161-193). New York: Plenum.
54. Goldstone, J. (Producer). & Gillian, T. (Director). (1983). Meaning of life [film]. Universal.
55. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
56. Gottman, J. M. (1983). How children become friends. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48(2, Serial No. 201).
57. Gottman, J. M. (1993). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, or avoidance in marital interaction: A longitudinal view of five types of couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 6-15.
58. Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Gottman, J. M. (in press). Meta-emotion: The measures. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
60. Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (1989). The effects of marital discord on young children's peer interaction and health. Developmental Psychology, 25, 373-381.
61. Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 47-52.
62. Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 221-233.
63. Gottman, J. M., & Parker, J. (Eds.). (1986). Conversations of friends. New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Guralnick, M. J. (1981). Peer influences on the development of communciative competence. In P. Strain (Ed.), The utilization of classroom peers as behavior change agents (pp. 31-68). New York: Plenum.
65. Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young children's understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(1, Serial No. 231).
66. Hofheimer, J. A., & Lawson, (1988). Neurophysiological correlates of interactive behavior in preterm newborns. Infant Behavior and Development, 11, 143.
67. Hooven, C. (1994). The meta-emotion coding system. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington, Seattle.
68. Huffman, L. C., Bryan, Y. E., Pederson, F. A., & Porges, S. W. (1988). Infant temperament: Relationships with heart rate variability. Unpublished manuscript, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD.
69. Huffman, L. C., Bryan, Y. E., Pederson, F. A., & Porges, S. W. (1992). Autonomic correlates of reactivity and self-regulation at twelve weeks of age. Unpublished manuscript, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD.
70. Izard, C. (1982). Measuring emotions in human development. In C. Izard (Ed.), Measuring emotions in infants and children (pp. 3-20). New York: Cambridge University Press.
71. Izard, C. E., Porges, S. W., Simons, R. F., & Haynes, O. M. (1991). Infant cardiac activity: Developmental changes and relations with attachment. Developmental Psychology, 27, 432-439.
72. Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1986). The metaemotion interview. Unpublished manual, University of Washington, Department of Psychology.
73. Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 29, 940-950.
74. Kirchner, D. M. (1991). Using verbal scaffolding to facilitate conversational participation and language acquisition in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 14, 81-98.
75. Krokoff, L. (1984). Anatomy of negative affect in working class marriages. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 7A. (University Microfilms No. 84-22109)
76. Leroy, M. (Producer), & Flemming, V. (Director). (1939). Wizard of Oz [film]. MGM.
77. Linnemeyer, S. A., & Porges, S. W. (1986). Recognition memory and cardiac vagal tone in 6-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 43-56.
78. Loehlin, J. C. (1992). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
79. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4, Socialization, personality (pp. 1-102). New York: Wiley.
80. Magni, F., Bruschi, F., & Kasti, M. (1987). The afferent innervation of the thymus gland in the rat. Brain Research, 424, 379-385.
81. Nance, D. M., Hopkins, D. A., & Bieger, D. (1987). Re-investigation of the innervation of the thymus gland in mice and rats. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 1, 134-47.
82. Olson, D. R., & Astington, J. W. (1993). Thinking about thinking: Learning how to take statements and hold beliefs. Educational Psychologist, 28, 7-23.
83. Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 357-389.
84. Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
85. Porges, S. W. (1984). Heart rate oscillation: An index of neural mediation. In M. G. H. Coles, J. R. Jennings, & J. A. Stern (Eds.), Psychophysiological perspectives: Festschrift for Beatrice and John Lacey (pp. 229-241). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
86. Porges, S. W. (1992). Autonomic regulation and attention. In B. A. Campbell, H. Hayne, & R. Richardson (Eds.), Attention and information processing in infants and adults (pp. 201-223). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
87. Porges, S. W., & Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A. (in press). The psychophysiology of temperament. In J. D. Noshpitz (Ed.), Handbook of child and adolescent psychology. New York: Wiley Press.
88. Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., & Portales, L. A. (1992). Difficultness and cardiac vagal tone: Stable indices of temperament in infants and toddlers. Unpublished manuscript.
89. Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., Portales, L. A., & Suers, P. E. (1994). Cardiac vagal tone: Stability and relation to difficulties in infants and 3 year olds. Developmental Psychobiology, 27, 289-300.
90. Porges, S. W., Walter, G. F., Korb, R. J., & Sprague, R. L. (1975). The influence of methylphenidate on heart rate and behavioral measures of attention in hyperactive children. Child Development, 46, 727-733.
91. Porter, F. L., Porges, S. W., & Marshall, R. E. (1988). Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: Parallel changes in response to circumcision. Child Development, 59, 495-505.
92. Pratt M. W., Kerig, P., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1988). Mothers and fathers teaching 3-year-olds: Authoritative parenting and adult scaffolding of young children's learning. Developmental Psychology, 24, 832-839.
93. Putallaz, M., & Gottman, J. M. (1981). An interactional model of children's entry into peer groups. Child Development, 52, 986-994.
94. Redl, F. (1966). When we deal with children. New York: Free Press.
95. Richards, J. E. (1985). The development of sustained visual attention in infants from 14 to 26 weeks of age. Psychophysiology, 22, 409-416.
96. Richards, J. E. (1987). Infant visual sustained attention and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Child Development, 58, 488-496.
97. Saarni, C. (1993). The socialization of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 435-446). New York: Guilford Press.
98. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211.
99. Schaefer, E. S. (1959). A circumplex model for maternal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 226-235.
100. Stifter, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (1990). Infant reactivity: Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Developmental Psychology, 26, 582-588.
101. Stifter, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Porges, S. W. (1989). Facial expressivity and vagal tone in 5- and 10-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 12, 127-137.
102. Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional behavior. Educational Psychology Review, 3, 269-307.
103. Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky (R. W. Rieber & A. S. Corton, Eds.), New York: Plenum.
104. Walden, T. A. (1988). A developmental approach to social behavior. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 67-84.
105. Wechsler, D. (1974). Selected papers of David Wechsler. New York: Academic Press.
106. Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., Simons, R. L., & Conger, R. D. (1992). Intergenerational continuity of parental rejection and depressed affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1036-1045.