Complications of Parenteral Nutrition

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 23-46

  Ukleja, Andrew ^a   Romano, Michelle M ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF COLORECTAL SURGERY   (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; AMINO ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CLODRONIC ACID; ESTROGEN; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 2; HEPARIN; INSULIN; LIPID EMULSION; METHIONINE; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PHOSPHORUS; PHYTOSTEROL; SELENIUM; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; VITAMIN D;

AIR EMBOLISM; ATROPHY; BLOOD VESSEL PERFORATION; CALORIC INTAKE; CARNITINE DEFICIENCY; CATHETER INFECTION; CATHETERIZATION; CHOLECYSTITIS; CHOLESTASIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON OBSTRUCTION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; ENTERIC FEEDING; ENTEROPATHY; FATTY LIVER; FIBROSIS; GALLSTONE; HEMATOTHORAX; HEPATITIS; HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALNUTRITION; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; METABOLIC BONE DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PNEUMOTHORAX; PROPHYLAXIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REFEEDING SYNDROME; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SELENIUM DEFICIENCY; STOMACH PARESIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR ACCESS DEVICE; VEIN THROMBOSIS; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

BILIARY TRACT DISEASES; BONE DISEASES, METABOLIC; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; MANGANESE; METABOLIC DISEASES; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; TRACE ELEMENTS; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 34247550714     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2007.01.009     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Shils M.E., Wright W.L., Turnbull A., et al. Long-term parenteral nutrition through an external arteriovenous shunt. N Engl J Med 283 (1970) 341-344
2. Howard L., Ament M., Fleming C.R., et al. Current use and clinical outcome of home parenteral and enteral nutrition therapies in the United States. Gastroenterology 109 (1995) 355-365
3. Moreno J.M., Planas M., de Cos A.I., et al. The year 2003 national registry of home-based parenteral nutrition. Nutr Hosp 21 (2006) 127-131
4. Lewis C.A., Allen T.E., Burke D.R., et al. Quality improvement guidelines for central access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 8 (1997) 475-479
5. Ruesch S., Walder B., and Tramer M.R. Complications of central venous catheters: internal jugular versus subclavian access-a systematic review. Crit Care Med 30 2 (2002) 454-460
6. Cowl C.T., Weinstock J.V., Al-Jurf A., et al. Complications and cost associated with parenteral nutrition delivered to hospitalized patients through either subclavian or peripherally-inserted central catheters. Clin Nutr 19 (2000) 237-243
7. Tran H.S., Burrows B.J., Zang W.A., et al. Brachial arteriovenous fistula as a complication of placement of a peripherally inserted central venous catheter: a case report and review of the literature. Am Surg 72 9 (2006) 833-836
8. Merrer J., DeJonghe B., Golliot F., et al. Complications of femoral and subclavian venous catheterization in critically ill patients, a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286 (2001) 700-707
9. Steiger E., and HPEN Working Group. Consensus statements regarding optimal management of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) access. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 30 1 (2006) S94-S95
10. Andris D.A., Krzywda E.A., Schulte W., et al. Pinch-off syndrome: a rare etiology for central venous catheter occlusion. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18 (1994) 531-533
11. Mizra B., Vanek V., and Kupensky D.T. Pinch-off syndrome: care report and collective review of the literature. Am Surg 70 7 (2004) 635-644
12. O'Grady N.P., Alexander M., Dellinger E.P., et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 (2002) 1-29
13. Moretti E.W., Ofstead C.L., Kristy R.M., et al. Impact of central venous catheter type and methods on catheter-related colonization and bacteremia. J Hosp Infect 61 (2006) 139-145
14. NNIS System. National nosocomial infections surveillance (NNIS) system reports, data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003. Am J Infect Control 31 (2003) 481-498
15. Maki D.G., Kluger D.M., and Crnich C.J. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clin Proc 81 9 (2006) 1159-1171
16. Safdar N., and Make D.G. Risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with peripherally inserted central venous catheters used in hospitalized patients. Chest 128 (2005) 489-495
17. Dimick J.B., Swaboda S., Talamini M.A., et al. Risk of colonization of central venous catheters: catheters for total parenteral nutrition vs. other catheters. Am J Crit Care 12 (2003) 328-335
18. Ryder M. Evidence-based practice in the management of vascular access devices for home parenteral nutrition therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 30 (2006) S82-S93
19. Chaiyakunapurk N., Veenstra D., Lipsky B.A., et al. Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodines solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 136 (2002) 792-801
20. van de Wetering M.D., and van Woensel J.B.M. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing early enteral venous catheter gram positive infections in oncology patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2006)
21. Gilles D., O'Riordan L., Carr D., et al. Gauze and tape and transparent polyurethane dressings for central venous catheters. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2006)
22. Gilles D., O'Riordan L., Wallen M., et al. Optimal timing for intravenous administration set replacement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2006)
23. Moureau N., Poole S., Murdock, et al. Central venous catheters in home infusion care: outcomes analysis in 50,470 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 13 (2002) 1009-1016
24. Scolapio J.S., Fleming C.R., Kelly D., et al. Survival of home parenteral nutrition-treated patients: 20 years of experience at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 74 (1999) 217-222
25. Klerk C.P.W., Smorenburg S.M., and Buller H.R. Thrombosis prophylaxis in patient populations with a central venous catheter. Arch Intern Med 163 (2003) 1913-1921
26. Kjersem H., Hilsted J., Madsbad S., et al. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte dysfunction during short term metabolic changes from normo- to hyperglycemia in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients. Infection 16 (1988) 215-221
27. Pomposelli J.J., Baxter III J.K., Babineau T.J., et al. Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22 (1998) 77-81
28. Van den Berghe G., Wouters P.J., Bouillon R., et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 31 (2003) 359-366
29. Driscoll D.F. Clinical issues regarding the use of total nutrient admixtures. DICP 24 (1990) 296-303
30. Scribner B.H. Hypoglycemia and home parenteral nutrition. Mayo Clin Proc 61 (1986) 226
31. Fischer K.F., Lees J.A., and Newman J.H. Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients: causes and outcomes. N Engl J Med 315 (1986) 1245-1250
32. Krzywda E.A., Andris D.A., Whipple J.K., et al. Glucose response to abrupt initiation and discontinuation of total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17 (1993) 64-67
33. Nirula R., Yamada K., and Waxman K. The effect of abrupt cessation of total parenteral nutrition on serum glucose: a randomized trial. Am Surg 66 (2000) 866-869
34. Bendorf K., Friesen C.A., and Roberts C.C. Glucose response to discontinuation of parenteral nutrition in patients less than 3 years of age. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 20 (1996) 120-122
35. Jeejeebhoy K.N., Anderson G.H., Nakhooda A.F., et al. Metabolic studies in total parenteral nutrition with lipid in man: comparison with glucose. J Clin Invest 57 (1976) 125-136
36. Cameron J.L., Capuzzi D.M., Zuidema G.D., et al. Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipemia: the incidence of lipid abnormalities in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 177 (1973) 483-489
37. Iriyama K., Tsuchibashi T., Urata H., et al. Elimination of fat emulsion particles from plasma during glucose infusion. Br J Surg 83 (1996) 946-948
38. Jensen G.L., Mascioli E.A., Seidner D.L., et al. Parenteral infusion of long- and medium-chain triglycerides and reticuloendothelial system function in man. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14 (1990) 467-471
39. Mateu-de Antonio J., and Barrachina F. Propofol infusion and nutritional support. Am J Health Syst Pharm 54 (1997) 2515-2516
40. Hamilton C., Austin T., and Seidner D.L. Essential fatty acid deficiency in human adults during parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 21 (2006) 387-394
41. Liposky J.M., and Nelson L.D. Ventilatory response to high caloric loads in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 22 (1994) 796-802
42. Kraft M.D., Btaiche I.F., and Sacks G.S. Review of the refeeding syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 20 (2005) 625-633
43. Weinsier R.L., and Krumdieck C.L. Death resulting from overzealous total parenteral nutrition: the refeeding syndrome revisited. Am J Clin Nutr 34 (1981) 393-399
44. van Rij A.M., McKenzie J.M., Robinson M.F., et al. Selenium and total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 3 (1979) 235-239
45. Buchman A.L., Moukarzel A., and Ament M.E. Selenium renal homeostasis is impaired in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18 (1994) 231-233
46. Buchman A.L., Moukarzel A., Ament M.E., et al. Serious renal impairment is associated with long-term parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17 (1993) 438-444
47. Moukarzel A.A., Ament M.E., Buchman A.L., et al. Renal function of children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 119 (1991) 864-868
48. Moukarzel A.A., Song M.K., Buchman A.L., et al. Excessive chromium intake in children receiving total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 339 (1992) 385-388
49. Buchman A.L., Moukarzel A.A., and Ament M.E. Excessive urinary oxalate excretion occurs in long-term TPN patients both with and without ileostomies. Am Coll Nutr 14 (1995) 24-28
50. Illig K.A., Ryan C.K., Hardy D.J., et al. Total parenteral nutrition-induced changes in gut mucosal function: atrophy alone is not the issue. Surgery 112 (1992) 631-637
51. Buchman A.L., Moukarzel A.A., Bhuta S., et al. Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19 (1995) 453-460
52. Li J., Langkamp-Henken B., Suzuki K., et al. Glutamine prevents parenteral nutrition-induced increases in intestinal permeability. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18 (1994) 303-307
53. Casaubon P.R., Dahlstrom K.A., Vargas J., et al. Intravenous fat emulsion (intralipid) delays gastric emptying, but does not cause gastroesophageal reflux in healthy volunteers. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 13 (1989) 246-248
54. MacGregor I.L., Wiley Z.D., Lavigne M.E., et al. Slowed rate of gastric emptying of solid food in man by high caloric parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 138 (1979) 652-654
55. Bursztein-De Myttenaere S., Gil K.M., Heymsfield S.B., et al. Gastric emptying in humans: influence of different regimens of parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 60 (1994) 244-248
56. Peden V.H., Witzleben C.L., and Skelton M.A. Total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 78 (1971) 180-181
57. Kelly D.A. Liver complications of pediatric parenteral nutrition: epidemiology. Nutrition 14 (1998) 153-157
58. Leaseburge L.A., Winn N.J., and Schloerb P.R. Liver test alterations with total parenteral nutrition and nutritional status. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16 (1992) 348-352
59. Btaiche I.F., and Khalidi N. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver complications in children. Pharmacotherapy 22 (2002) 188-211
60. Craig R.M., Neumann T., Jeejeebhoy K.N., et al. Severe hepatocellular reaction resembling alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis after massive small bowel resection and prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 79 (1980) 131-137
61. Buzby G.P., Mullen J.L., Stein T.P., et al. Manipulation of TPN caloric substrate and fatty infiltration of liver. J Surg Res 31 (1981) 46-54
62. Chan S., McCowen K.C., Bistrian B.R., et al. Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition. Surgery 126 (1999) 28-34
63. Lowry S.F., and Brennan M.F. Abnormal liver function during parenteral nutrition: relation to infusion excess. J Surg Res 26 (1979) 300-307
64. Meguid M.M., Akahoshi M.P., Jeffers S., et al. Amelioration of metabolic complications of conventional total parenteral nutrition: a prospective randomized study. Arch Surg 119 (1984) 1294-1298
65. Zagara G., and Locati L. Role of total parenteral nutrition in determining liver insufficiency in patients with cranial injuries: glucose vs glucose + lipids. Minerva Anesthesiol 55 (1989) 509-512
66. Tulikoura I., and Huikuri K. Morphological fatty changes and function of the liver, serum free fatty acids, and triglycerides during parenteral nutrition. Scand J Gastroenterol 17 (1982) 177-185
67. Reif S., Tano M., Oliverio R., et al. Total parenteral nutrition-induced steatosis: reversal by parenteral lipid infusion. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15 (1991) 102-104
68. Heyman M.B., Storch S., and Ament M.E. The fat overload syndrome: report of a case and literature review. Am J Dis Child 135 (1981) 628-630
69. Cavicchi M., Beau P., Crenn P., et al. Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med 132 (2000) 525-532
70. Jobert A., Colomb B., Goulet O., et al. Cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition in children: role of lipid emulsions. [abstract]. Clin Nutr 16 (1997) S51
71. Krawinkel M.B. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: what do we know, what can we do?. Eur J Pediatr Surg 14 (2004) 230-234
72. Ng V.L., and Balistreri W.F. Treatment options for chronic cholestasis in infancy and childhood. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 8 (2005) 419-430
73. Schwenk R.A., Bauer K., and Versmold H. Parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis in the newborn. Klin Padiatr 210 (1998) 381-389
74. Lieber C.S. S-adenosyl-l-methionine: its role in the treatment of liver disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 1183S-1187S
75. Moss R.L., Haynes A.L., Pastuszyn A., et al. Methionine infusion reproduces liver injury of parenteral nutrition cholestasis. Pediatr Res 45 (1999) 664-668
76. Cooper A., Betts J.M., Pereira G.R., et al. Taurine deficiency in the severe hepatic dysfunction complicating total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg 19 (1984) 462-466
77. Bowyer B.A., Miles J.M., Haymond M.W., et al. l-Carnitine therapy in home parenteral nutrition patients with abnormal liver tests and low plasma carnitine concentrations. Gastroenterology 94 (1988) 434-438
78. Moukarzel A.A., Dahlstrom K.A., Buchman A.L., et al. Carnitine status of children receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition: a longitudinal prospective study. J Pediatr 120 (1992) 759-762
79. Bowyer B.A., Fleming C.R., Ilstrup D., et al. Plasma carnitine levels in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 43 (1986) 85-91
80. Buchman A.L., Dubin M.D., Moukarzel A.A., et al. Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. Hepatology 22 (1995) 1399-1403
81. Clayton P.T., Whitfield P., and Iyer K. The role of phytosterols in the pathogenesis of liver complications of pediatric parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 14 (1998) 158-164
82. Clayton P.T., Bowron A., Mills K.A., et al. Phytosterolemia in children with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 105 (1993) 1806-1813
83. Ellegard L., Sunesson A., and Bosaeus I. High serum phytosterol levels in short bowel patients on parenteral nutrition support. Clin Nutr 24 (2005) 415-420
84. Luman W., and Shaffer J.L. Prevalence, outcome and associated factors of deranged liver function tests in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 21 (2002) 337-343
85. Kumpf V.J. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in adult and pediatric patients. Nutr Clin Pract 21 (2006) 279-290
86. Beath S.V., Davies P., Papadopoulou A., et al. Parenteral nutrition-related cholestasis in postsurgical neonates: multivariate analysis of risk factors. J Pediatr Surg 31 (1996) 604-606
87. Spagnuolo M.I., Iorio R., Vegnente A., et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of cholestasis in children on long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. Gastroenterology 111 (1996) 716-719
88. Levine A., Maayan A., Shamir R., et al. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm neonates: evaluation of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 12 (1999) 549-553
89. Chen C.Y., Tsao P.N., Chen H.L., et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy in very-low-birth-weight infants with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. J Pediatr 145 (2004) 317-321
90. Lindor K.D., and Burnes J. Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of home parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: a case report. Gastroenterology 101 (1991) 250-253
91. Beau P., Labat-Labourdette J., Ingrand P., et al. Is ursodeoxycholic acid an effective therapy for total parenteral nutrition-related liver disease?. J Hepatol 20 (1994) 240-244
92. Teitelbaum D.H., Han-Markey T., and Schumacher R.E. Treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis with cholecystokinin-octapeptide. J Pediatr Surg 30 (1995) 1082-1085
93. Teitelbaum D.H., Han-Markey T., Drongowski R.A., et al. Use of cholecystokinin to prevent the development of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21 (1997) 100-103
94. Teitelbaum D.H., Tracy Jr. T.F., Aouthmany M.M., et al. Use of cholecystokinin-octapeptide for the prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Pediatrics 115 (2005) 1332-1340
95. Manji N., Bistrian B.R., Mascioli E.A., et al. Gallstone disease in patients with severe short bowel syndrome dependent on parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 13 (1989) 461-464
96. Roslyn J.J., Pitt H.A., Mann L.L., et al. Gallbladder disease in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 84 (1983) 148-154
97. Barie P.S., and Eachempati S.R. Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 5 (2003) 302-309
98. Messing B., Bories C., Kunstlinger F., et al. Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis?. Gastroenterology 84 (1983) 1012-1019
99. Muller E.L., Grace P.A., and Pitt H.A. The effect of parenteral nutrition on biliary calcium and bilirubin. J Surg Res 40 (1986) 55-62
100. Kaufman H.S., Magnuson T.H., Lillemoe K.D., et al. The role of bacteria in gallbladder and common duct stone formation. Ann Surg 209 (1989) 584-591
101. Sitzmann J.V., Pitt H.A., Steinborn P.A., et al. Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170 (1990) 25-31
102. Doty J.E., Pitt H.A., Porter-Fink V., et al. Cholecystokinin prophylaxis of parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease. Ann Surg 201 (1985) 76-80
103. Tsai S., Strouse P.J., Drongowski R.A., et al. Failure of cholecystokinin-octapeptide to prevent TPN-associated gallstone disease. J Pediatr Surg 40 (2005) 263-267
104. Tomida S., Abei M., Yamaguchi T., et al. Long-term ursodeoxycholic acid therapy is associated with reduced risk of biliary pain and acute cholecystitis in patients with gallbladder stones: a cohort analysis. Hepatology 30 (1999) 6-13
105. Kalfarentzos F., Vagenas C., Michail A., et al. Gallbladder contraction after administration of intravenous amino acids and long-chain triacylglycerols in humans. Nutrition 7 (1991) 347-349
106. Shirohara H., Tabaru A., and Otsuki M. Effects of intravenous infusion of amino acids on cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction in humans. J Gastroenterol 31 (1996) 572-577
107. Wu Z.S., Yu L., Lin Y.J., et al. Rapid intravenous administration of amino acids prevents biliary sludge induced by total parenteral nutrition in humans. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 7 5 (2000) 504-509
108. de Boer S.Y., Masclee A.A., Jebbink M.C., et al. Effect of intravenous fat on cholecystokinin secretion and gallbladder motility in man. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16 (1992) 16-19
109. Phelps S., Dykes E., and Pierro A. Bolus intravenous infusion of amino acids or lipids does not stimulate gallbladder contraction in neonates on total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg 33 (1998) 817-820
110. Fell J.M., Reynolds A.P., Meadows N., et al. Manganese toxicity in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. Lancet 347 (1996) 1218-1221
111. Dickerson R.N. Manganese intoxication and parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 17 (2001) 689-693
112. Alves G., Thiebot J., Tracqui A., et al. Neurologic disorders due to brain manganese deposition in a jaundiced patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21 (1997) 41-45
113. Fitzgerald K., Mikalunas V., Rubin H., et al. Hypermanganesemia in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 23 6 (1999) 333-336
114. Hambidge K.M., Sokol R.J., Fidanza S.J., et al. Plasma manganese concentrations in infants and children receiving parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 13 (1989) 168-171
115. Beath S.V., Gopalan S., and Booth I.W. Manganese toxicity and parenteral nutrition. Lancet 347 (1996) 1773-1774
116. Siepler J.K., Nishikawa R.A., Diamantidis T., et al. Asymptomatic hypermanganesemia in long-term home parenteral nutrition patients. Nutr Clin Pract 18 (2003) 370-373
117. Pironi L., Labate A.M., Pertkiewicz M., et al. Espen-Home Artificial Nutrition Working Group. Prevalence of bone disease in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 21 (2002) 289-296
118. Cohen-Solal M., Baudoin C., Joly F., et al. Osteoporosis in patients on long-term home parenteral nutrition: a longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res 18 (2003) 1989-1994
119. Haderslev K.V., Tjellesen L., Haderslev P.H., et al. Assessment of the longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 28 (2004) 289-294
120. Shike M., Harrison J.E., Sturtridge W.C., et al. Metabolic bone disease in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Ann Intern Med 92 (1980) 343-350
121. Klein G.L., Targoff C.M., Ament M.E., et al. Bone disease associated with total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 2 (1980) 1041-1044
122. Shike M., Shils M.E., Heller A., et al. Bone disease in prolonged parenteral nutrition: osteopenia without mineralization defect. Am J Clin Nutr 44 (1986) 89-98
123. Klein G.L., Horst R.L., Norman A.W., et al. Reduced serum levels of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during long-term total parenteral nutrition. Ann Intern Med 94 (1981) 638-643
124. Wood R.J., Bengoa J.M., Sitrin M.D., et al. Calciuretic effect of cyclic versus continuous total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 41 (1985) 614-619
125. Bengoa J.M., Sitrin M.D., Wood R.J., et al. Amino acid-induced hypercalciuria in patients on total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 38 (1983) 264-269
126. Berkelhammer C.H., Wood R.J., and Sitrin M.D. Acetate and hypercalciuria during total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 48 6 (1988) 1482-1489
127. Wood R.J., Sitrin M.D., Cusson G.J., et al. Reduction of total parenteral nutrition-induced urinary calcium loss by increasing the phosphorus in the total parenteral nutrition prescription. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 10 (1986) 188-190
128. Berkelhammer C., Wood R.J., and Sitrin M.D. Inorganic phosphorus reduces hypercalciuria during total parenteral nutrition by enhancing renal tubular calcium absorption. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22 (1998) 142-146
129. Ott S.M., Maloney N.A., Klein G.L., et al. Aluminum is associated with low bone formation in patients receiving chronic parenteral nutrition. Ann Intern Med 98 (1983) 910-914
130. Vargas J.H., Klein G.L., Ament M.E., et al. Metabolic bone disease of total parenteral nutrition: course after changing from casein to amino acids in parenteral solutions with reduced aluminum content. Am J Clin Nutr 48 (1988) 1070-1078
131. Rabinow B.E., Ericson S., and Shelborne T. Aluminum in parenteral products: analysis, reduction, and implications for pediatric TPN. J Parenter Sci Technol 43 (1989) 132-139
132. Shike M., Sturtridge W.C., Tam C.S., et al. A possible role of vitamin D in the genesis of parenteral-nutrition-induced metabolic bone disease. Ann Intern Med 95 (1981) 560-568
133. Verhage A.H., Cheong W.K., Allard J.P., et al. Increase in lumbar spine bone mineral content in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition without vitamin D supplementation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19 (1995) 431-436
134. Larchet M., Garabedian M., Bourdeau A., et al. Calcium metabolism in children during long-term total parenteral nutrition: the influence of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D intakes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 13 (1991) 367-375
135. Fitzgerald K.A., and MacKay M.W. Calcium and phosphate solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing TrophAmine. Am J Hosp Pharm 43 (1986) 88-93
136. de Vernejoul M.C., Messing B., Modrowski D., et al. Multifactorial low remodeling bone disease during cyclic total parenteral nutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 (1985) 109-113
137. Heller R.M., Kirchner S.G., O'Neill Jr. J.A., et al. Skeletal changes of copper deficiency in infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 92 (1978) 947-949
138. Haderslev K.V., Tjellesen L., Sorensen H.A., et al. Effect of cyclical intravenous clodronate therapy on bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 482-488
139. Wasmuth H.H., and Verhage C.C. Calcitonin treatment of metabolic bone disease induced by parenteral nutrition. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 113 (1993) 1987-1989
140. Tashjian Jr. A.H., and Gagel R.F. Teriparatide [human PTH(1-34)]: 2.5 years of experience on the use and safety of the drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 21 (2006) 354-365
141. Haderslev K.V., Jeppesen P.B., Hartmann B., et al. Short-term administration of glucagon-like peptide-2; effects on bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in short-bowel patients with no colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 37 (2002) 392-398