Metabolic syndrome, or What you will: Definitions and epidemiology

Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 32-38

  Day, Caroline ^a  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Diabetes; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DECISION MAKING; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PREVALENCE;

EID: 34247518244     PISSN: 14791641     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.003     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2005;48:1684-99
2. and Diabetes Care 2005;28:2289-304.
3. Food and Drug Administration: Guidance for industry developing products for weight management, 14th February 2007. (http://www.fda. cov.cder/guidance/ 7544dft.pdf). Accessed February 2007.
4. Himsworth HP. Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types. Lancet 1936;Jan 18th:5864-8.
5. Hales CN, Randle PJ. Immunoassay of insulin with insulin-antibody precipitate. Biochem J 1963;88:137-46.
6. Marks V. An improved glucose-oxidase method for determining blood, CSF and urine glucose levels. Clin Chim Acta 1959;4:395-400.
7. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37:1595-607.
8. Reaven G. The metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome? Different names, different concepts, and different goals. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2004;33:283-303.
9. Kylin E. Studien über das Hypertonie-Hyperglyka "mie- Hyperurika" miesyndrom. Zentralblatt für Innere Medizin 1923;44:105-27.
10. Jarrett RJ. Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease: chicken, egg, or neither? Diabetologia 1984;26:99-102.
11. Stern MP. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the 'common soil' hypothesis. Diabetes 1995;44:369-74.
12. Lebovitz HE. Insulin resistance - a common link between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006;8:237-49.
13. Krentz AJ. Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: do they share common antecedents? Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2: 370-8.
14. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998;15:539-53.
15. WHO Consultation. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organisation, Geneva;1999. Report No. 99.2.(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_ NCS_99.2.pdf)
16. Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (ECIR). Diabet Med 1999;16:442-3.
17. Grundy SM, Brewer B Jr, Cleeman JI et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2004;109:433-8. (2004 guidelines at www.nhlbi. nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atglance.pdf). Accessed March 2007.
18. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003;9:237-52.
19. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. 2006. (http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/MetS_def_update2006.pdf) Accessed March 2007.
20. Diabetes Atlas, third edition. International Diabetes Federation 2006, Brussels.
21. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation 2005; 112:2735-52. (http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/112/17/2735) Accessed March 2007.
22. The DECODE Study Group, Qiao Q. Comparison of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome in relation to cardiovascular mortality in European men and women. Diabetologia 2006;49:2837-46.
23. Executive summary of the third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
24. Meigs JB, Wilson PW, Nathan DM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Williams K, Haffner SM. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 2003;52:2160-7.
25. The DECODE Study Group. Comparison of three different definitions for the metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic Europeans. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2005;5:161-8.
26. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-9.
27. Jorgensen ME, Bjerregaard P, Gynselberg F et al. Greenland Population Study. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among the Inuit in Greenland. A comparison between two proposed definitions. Diabet Med 2004;21:1237-42.
28. Rosenbaum P, Gimeno SG, Sanudo A et al. Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group. Analysis of criteria for metabolic syndrome in a population-based study of Japanese-Brazilians. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005;7: 352-9.
29. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Concordance between the 2005 International Diabetes Federation definition for diagnosing metabolic syndrome with the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the World Health Organization definitions. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2588-9.
30. Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the US. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2745-9.
31. Adams JR, Appleton S, Wilson DH et al. Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome. Implications of the new International Diabetes Federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2777-9.
32. Zimmet PZ, Alberti KG, Shaw JE. Mainstreaming the metabolic syndrome: a definitive definition. This new definition should assist both researchers and clinicians. Med J Aust 2005;183:175-6.
33. Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the National Cholesterol Education Program and International Diabetes Federation definitions. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1157-9.
34. Lu B, Yang Y, Song X et al. An evaluation of the International Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome in Chinese patients older than 30 years and diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2006;55:1088-96.
35. Ko GT, Cockram CS, Chow CC et al. Metabolic syndrome by the International Diabetes Federation definition in Hong Kong Chinese. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006;73:58-64.
36. He Y, Jiang B, Wang J et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to cardiovascular disease in an elderly Chinese population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1588-94.
37. Lao XQ, Thomas GN, Jiang CQ et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with vascular disease in an older Chinese population; Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:989-96.
38. Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A et al. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the elderly population according to IDF, WHO, and NCEP definitions and associations with C-reactive protein. Diabetes Care 2006;29:461.
39. Lorenzo C, Serrano Rios M, Martinez-Larrad et al. Geographic variations of the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome in nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2006;29:685-91.
40. Park HS, Lee SY, Kim SM et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Korean adults according to criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Care 2006;29:933-4.
41. Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Does the new International Diabetes Federation definition of the metabolic syndrome predict CHD any more strongly than older definitions? Findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Diabetologia 2006;4:41-8.
42. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:8-13.
43. Assman G, Guerra R, Fox G et al. Harmonizing the definition of the metabolic syndrome: Comparison of the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III and the International Diabetes Federation in United States American and European Populations. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:541-8.
44. Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Elisaf MS, Liberopoulos EN, Goudevenos IA, Karagiannis A; GREECE-METS Collaborative Group. Prevalence of vascular disease in metabolic syndrome using three proposed definitions. Int J Cardiol 2007;117:204-10. Epub 2006 Jul 18.
45. Lee J, Ma S, Heng D. Should central obesity be an optional or essential component of the metabolic syndrome? Ischemic heart disease risk in the Singapore Cardiovascular Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2007;30: 343-7.
46. Khoo CM, Liew CF, Chew SK, Tai ES. The impact of central obesity as a prerequisite for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2007; 15:262-9.
47. Sattar N, Tan CE, Han TS et al. Associations of indices of adioposity with atherogenic lipoprotein subtractions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:432-9.
48. Goodpaster BH, Krishnaswami S, Harris TB et al. Obesity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:777-83.
49. Paradisi G, Smith L, Burnter C et al. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry assessment of fat mass distribution and its association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1310-17.
50. Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Revs 2000;21:697-738.
51. Mills JD, Grant PE. Insulin resistance, haemostatic factors and cardiovascular risk. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2:19-26.
52. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Stern MP. Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 1991;34:416-22.
53. Kashyap SR, DeFronzo RA. The insulin resistance syndrome: physiological considerations. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2007;4:13-19.
54. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L et al. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003;163: 427-36.
55. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:379-84.
56. Palaniappan L, Carnethon MR, Wang Y et al. Predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in adults: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 2004;27:788-93.
57. St-Onge M-P, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Metabolic syndrome in North Americans. New definition of the metabolically obese, normal weight individual. Diabetes Care 2004;27;2222-8.
58. Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Nakamura T et al. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of visceral fat obesity. Obes Res 1995;3(suppl 2):187S-194S.
59. Qiao Q, Jousilahti P, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J. Predictive properties of impaired glucose tolerance for cardiovascular risk are not explained by the development of overt diabetes during follow-up. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2910-14.
60. National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults: United States, 2003-2004. (www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity). Accessed March 2007.
61. National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents: United States 2003-2004. (www.cdc.gov/ nccdphp/dnpa/obesity). Accessed March 2007.
62. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: time to act. International Diabetes Federation 2001, Brussels.
63. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2000;23:381-9.
64. An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Obesity, Insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in children. Circulation 2003;107:1448-53.
65. Joliffe CJ, Janssen I. Development of age-specific adolescent metabolic syndrome criteria that are linked to the Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49: 891-8.
66. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:403-14.
67. Herman WH, Smith PJ, Thompson TJ et al. A new and simple questionnaire to identify people at increased risk for undiagnosed diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18:382-7
68. Ruige JB, de Neeling JN, Kostense PJ et al. Performance of an NIDDM screening questionnaire based on symptoms and risk factors. Diabetes Care 1997;20:491-6
69. Framingham risk calculator. (http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/ calculator.asp?usertype=prof). Accessed March 2007.
70. UKPDS risk engine. (http://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/index.php?maindoc=/ riskengine). Accessed March 2007.
71. ADA Diabetes PHD. (https://www.diabetes.org/phd/profile/start.jsp). Accessed March 2007.
72. Savage G, Ewing P, Kirkwood H, Carter S. Are undiagnosed ICT/IFG and type 2 diabetes common in heart disease and hypertension? Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2003;6:414-16.
73. The Task Force on diabetes and cardiovascular disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2007;28:88-136.