Intra-arterial drug delivery: A concise review

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 111-119

  Joshi, Shailendra ^a   Emala, Charles W ^a   Pile Spellman, John ^a  

^a College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Drug delivery; Intra arterial; Intracarotid

Indexed keywords

6 (3 DIMETHYLAMINOPROPIONYL)FORSKOLIN; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADENOSINE; AMOBARBITAL; AMRINONE; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIDOTE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBOPLATIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CLOPIDOGREL; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; LOBRADIMIL; MANNITOL; METHOHEXITAL; METHOTREXATE; NICARDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; NIMUSTINE; NITROSOUREA DERIVATIVE; PAPAVERINE; PROPOFOL; THIOSULFATE; TICLOPIDINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

BALLOON CATHETER; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN TUMOR; BRAIN VASOSPASM; CATHETERIZATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SOLUBILITY; ELECTROLYTE BLOOD LEVEL; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; GENE THERAPY; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INFECTION; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANESTHETICS; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BRAIN MAPPING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRA-ARTERIAL; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; VASODILATOR AGENTS; VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL;

EID: 34247169879     PISSN: 08984921     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e318033da41     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. DelZoppo GJ. Why do all drugs work in animals but none in stroke patients? 1. Drugs promoting cerebral blood flow [Review]. J Intern Med. 1995;237:79-88.
2. Pardridge WM. Drug delivery to the brain [Review Article]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1997;17:713-731.
3. Jolliet-Riant P, Tillement JP. Drug transfer across the blood-brain barrier and improvement of brain delivery. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1999;13:16-26.
4. Huwyler J, Cerletti A, Fricker G, et al. By-passing of P-glycoprotein using immunoliposomes. J Drug Target. 2002;10:73-79.
5. Gobin YP, Cloughesy TF, Chow KL, et al. Intraarterial chemotherapy for brain tumors by using a spatial dose fractionation algorithm and pulsatile delivery. Radiology. 2001;218:724-732.
6. Doolittle ND, Petrillo A, Bell S, et al. Blood-brain barrier disruption for the treatment of malignant brain tumors: the National Program. J Neurosci Nurs. 1998;30:81-90.
7. Morris P. Interventional neuroradiology in the treatment of brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1999;9:767-778.
8. Madajewicz S, Chowhan N, Tfayli A, et al. Therapy for patients with high grade astrocytoma using intraarterial chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Cancer. 2000;88:2350-2356.
9. Haines SJ. Moving targets and ghosts of the past: outcome measurement in brain tumour therapy. J Clin Neurosci. 2002;9:109-112.
10. Silvani A, Eoli M, Salmaggi A, et al. Intra-arterial ACNU and carboplatin versus intravenous chemotherapy with cisplatin and BCNU in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma. Neurol Sci. 2002;23:219-224.
11. Cengelli F, Maysinger D, Tschuddi-Monnet F, et al. Interaction of functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with brain structures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318:108-116.
12. Mishra V, Mahor S, Rawat A, et al. Targeted brain delivery of AZT via transferrin anchored pegylated albumin nanoparticles. J Drug Target. 2006;14:45-53.
13. Gao K, Jiang X. Influence of particle size on transport of methotrexate across blood brain barrier by polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2006;310:213-219.
14. Noble CO, Krauze MT, Drummond DC, et al. Novel nanoliposomal CPT-11 infused by convection-enhanced delivery in intracranial tumors: pharmacology and efficacy. Cancer Res. 2006;66:2801-2806.
15. Michaelis K, Hoffmann MM, Dreis S, et al. Covalent linkage of apolipoprotein E to albumin-nanoparticles strongly enhances drug transport into the brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;317:1246-1253.
16. Chen Y, Dalwadi G, Benson HA. Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Curr Drug Deliv. 2004;1:361-376.
17. Tiwari SB, Amiji MM. A review of nanocarrier-based CNS delivery systems. Curr Drug Deliv. 2006;3:219-232.
18. Huynh GH, Deen DF, Szoka FC Jr. Barriers to carrier mediated drug and gene delivery to brain tumors. J Control Release. 2006;110:236-259.
19. Ishida T, Takanashi Y, Kiwada H. Safe and efficient drug delivery system with liposomes for intrathecal application of an antivasospastic drug, fasudil. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29:397-402.
20. de Lima MC, da Cruz MT, Cardoso AL, et al. Liposomal and viral vectors for gene therapy of the central nervous system. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2005;4:453-465.
21. Schnyder A, Huwyler J. Drug transport to brain with targeted liposomes. NeuroRx. 2005;2:99-107.
22. Vail DM, Amantea MA, Colbern GT, et al. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: proof of principle using preclinical animal models and pharmacokinetic studies. Semin Oncol. 2004;31:16-35.
23. Rainov NG, Ren H. Gene therapy for human malignant brain tumors. Cancer J. 2003;9:180-188.
24. Breedveld P, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Use of P-glycoprotein and BCRP inhibitors to improve oral bioavailability and CNS penetration of anticancer drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006;27:17-24.
25. Kerb R. Implications of genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters for pharmacotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2006;234:4-33.
26. Dietz GP, Bahr M. Peptide-enhanced cellular internalization of proteins in neuroscience. Brain Res Bull. 2005;68:103-114.
27. Pardridge WM. Brain drug targeting and gene technologies. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2001;87:97-103.
28. Dedrick RL. Arterial drug infusion: pharmacokinetic problems and pitfalls. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80:84-89.
29. Jones DR, Hall SD, Jackson EK, et al. Brain uptake of benzodiazepines: effects of lipophilicity and plasma protein binding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;245:816-822.
30. Fenstermacher J, Gazendam J. Intra-arterial infusions of drugs and hyperosmotic solutions as ways of enhancing CNS chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1981;65:27-37.
31. Oldfield EH, Clark WC, Dedrick RL, et al. Reduced systemic drug exposure by combining intraarterial cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) with hemodialysis of regional venous drainage. Cancer Res. 1987;47:1962-1967.
32. Wada DR, Harashima H, Ebling WF, et al. Effects of thiopental on regional blood flows in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:596-604.
33. Fitzsimmons BF, Marshall RS, Pile-Spellman J, et al. Neurobehavioral differences in superselective Wada testing with amobarbital versus lidocaine. AJNR. 2003;24:1456-1460.
34. Fenstermacher JD, Cowles AL. Theoretic limitations of intracarotid infusions in brain tumor chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61:519-526.
35. Saris SC, Wright DC, Oldfield EH, et al. Intravascular streaming and variable delivery to brain following carotid artery infusions in the Sprague-Dawley rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:116-120.
36. Saris SC, Blasberg RG, Carson RE, et al. Intravascular streaming during carotid artery infusions. Demonstration in humans and reduction using diastole-phased pulsatile administration. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:763-772.
37. Blacklock JB, Wright DC, Dedrick RL, et al. Drug streaming during intra-arterial chemotherapy. J Neurosurg. 1986;64:284-291.
38. Lutz RJ, Dedrick RL, Boretos JW, et al. Mixing studies during intracarotid artery infusions in an in vitro model. J Neurosurg. 1986;64:277-283.
39. Neuwelt EA, Glasberg M, Frenkel E, et al. Neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents after blood-brain barrier modification: neuropathological studies. Ann Neurol. 1983;14:316-324.
40. Neuwelt EA, Frenkel EP, Diehl JT, et al. Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption: a new means of increasing chemotherapeutic agent delivery. Transac Am Neurol Assoc. 1979;104:256-260.
41. Black KL, Cloughesy T, Huang SC, et al. Intracarotid infusion of RMP-7, a bradykinin analog, and transport of gallium-68 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid into human gliomas. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:603-609.
42. Rapoport SI. Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier: principles, mechanism, and therapeutic applications. Cellular Mole Neurobiol. 2000;20:217-230.
43. Bhattacharjee AK, Nagashima T, Kondoh T, et al. The effects of the Na(+)/Ca(++) exchange blocker on osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption. Brain Res. 2001;900:157-162.
44. Cloughesy TF, Black KL, Gobin YP, et al. Intra-arterial Cereport (RMP-7) and carboplatin: a dose escalation study for recurrent malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:270-278. Discussion 278-279.
45. Lee HJ, Zhang Y, Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier disruption following the internal carotid arterial perfusion of alkyl glycerols. J Drug Target. 2002;10:463-467.
46. Pile-Spellman J, Young WL. Materials and methods for interventional neuroradiology (INR) (Chapter 18.2). In: Taveras JM, ed. Neuroradiology. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:1047-1073.
47. Kallmes DF, McGraw JK, Evans AJ, et al. Thrombogenicity of hydrophilic and nonhydrophilic microcatheters and guiding catheters. AJNR. 1997;18:1243-1251.
48. Bendszus M, Koltzenburg M, Bartsch AJ, et al. Heparin and air filters reduce embolic events caused by intra-arterial cerebral angiography: a prospective, randomized trial. Circulation. 2004;110:2210-2215.
49. Bendszus M, Stoll G. Silent cerebral ischaemia: hidden fingerprints of invasive medical procedures. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:364-372.
50. Young WL, Pile-Spellman J. Anesthetic considerations for interventional neuroradiology (Review). Anesthesiology. 1994;80:427-456.
51. Aviv RI, O'Neill R, Patel MC, Colquhoun IR. Abciximab in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. AJNR. 2005;26:1744-1750.
52. Cloughesy TF, Gobin YP, Black KL, et al. Intra-arterial carboplatin chemotherapy for brain tumors: a dose escalation study based on cerebral blood flow. J Neurooncol. 1997;35:121-131.
53. Joshi S, Wang M, Etu JJ, et al. Cerebral blood flow affects dose requirements of intracarotid propofol for electrocerebral silence. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:290-298.
54. Joshi S, Wang M, Etu JJ, Pile-Spellman J. Bolus configuration affects dose requirements of intracarotid propofol for electroence-phalographic silence. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1816-1822.
55. Lazar RM. Neuropsychological function and brain arteriovenous malformations: redefining eloquence as a risk for treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11:e4.
56. Wada J, Rassmussen T. Intracarotid injection of sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance: experimental and clinical observations. J Neurosurg. 1960;17:266-282.
57. Coubes P, Baldy-Moulinier M, Zanca M, et al. Monitoring sodium methohexital distribution with [99 mTc]HMPAO with single photon emission computed tomography during Wada test. Epilepsia. 1995;36:1041-1049.
58. Bazin JE, Picard P, Gabrillargues J, et al. Propofol administered via the carotid artery to achieve a Wada test. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:707-708.
59. Bacia T, Bendarzewska-Nawrocka B, Szymanska O, et al. A comparison of Wada test for cerebral speech dominance by use of amytal or brietal. Neurol Neurochir Polska. 1998; 32(suppl 2):247-261.
60. Takayama M, Miyamoto S, Ikeda A, et al. Intracarotid propofol test for speech and memory dominance in man. Neurology. 2004;63:510-515.
61. Grote CL, Wierenga C, Smith MC, et al. Wada difference a day makes: interpretive cautions regarding same-day injections. Neurology. 1999;52:1577-1582.
62. Doolittle ND, Miner ME, Hall WA, et al. Safety and efficacy of a multicenter study using intraarterial chemotherapy in conjunction with osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier for the treatment of patients with malignant brain tumors. Cancer. 2000;88:637-647.
63. Shibui S. Treatment for malignant glioma. No To Shinkei. 2005;57:1027-1033.
64. Weller M, Muller B, Koch R, et al. Neuro-Oncology Working Group 01 trial of nimustine plus teniposide versus nimustine plus cytarabine chemotherapy in addition to involved-field radiotherapy in the first-line treatment of malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3276-3284.
65. Kuratsu J, Ushio Y. Chemotherapy of brain tumors. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994;21(suppl 3):377-383.
66. Doolittle ND, Abrey LE, Ferrari N, et al. Targeted delivery in primary and metastatic brain tumors: summary report of the seventh annual meeting of the Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Consortium. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:1702-1709.
67. Oldfield EH, Dedrick RL, Chatterji DC, et al. Arterial drug infusion with extracorporeal removal. II. Internal carotid carmustine in the rhesus monkey. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985;69:293-303.
68. Dedrick RL, Oldfield EH, Collins JM. Arterial drug infusion with extracorporeal removal. I. Theoretic basis with particular reference to the brain. Cancer Treat Rep. 1984;68:373-380.
69. Vance RB, Pittisapu J, Kapp JP. Experiences with sodium thiosulfate after intracarotid infusion of cisplatin and BCNU for malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol. 1986;4:151-154.
70. Kovacs AF. Maximized combined modality treatment of an unselected population of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients. Final results of a pilot study compared with a treatment-dependent prognosis index. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006;34:74-84.
71. Stewart DJ, Grahovac Z, Hugenholtz H, et al. Feasibility study of intraarterial vs intravenous cisplatin, BCNU, and teniposide combined with systemic cisplatin, teniposide, cytosine arabinoside, glycerol and mannitol in the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors. J Neuro-Oncol. 1993;17:71-79.
72. Tonn JC, Roosen K, Schachenmayr W. Brain necroses after intraarterial chemotherapy and irradiation of malignant gliomas - a complication of both ACNU and BCNU? J Neurooncol. 1991;11:241-242.
73. Suzuki S, Ito O, Savama T, et al. Intraarterial injection of cloforsin daropate hydrochloride for treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary report of two cases. Neuroradiology. 2006;48:50-53.
74. Feng L, Fitzsimmons BF, Young WL, et al. Intraarterially administered verapamil as adjunct therapy for cerebral vasospasm: safety and 2-year experience. AJNR. 2002;23:1284-1290.
75. Fortin D, Osztie E, Neuwelt EA. Iatrogenic arterial spasm relieved by intraarterial mannitol infusion. AJNR. 2000;21:968-970.
76. Yoshida K, Watanabe H, Nakamura S. Intraarterial injection of amrinone for vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR. 1997;18:492-496.
77. Kaku Y, Yonekawa Y, Tsukahara T, et al. Superselective intraarterial infusion of papaverine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:842-847.
78. Kassell NF, Helm G, Simmons N, et al. Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with intra-arterial papaverine. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:848-852.
79. Boker DK, Solymosi L, Wassmann H. Immediate postangiographic intraarterial treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage with nimodipine. Report on 3 cases. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1985;28(suppl 1):118-120.
80. Origitano TC, Wascher TM, Reichman OH, et al. Sustained increased cerebral blood flow with prophylactic hypertensive hypervolemic hemodilution ("Triple-H" therapy) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:729-740.
81. Sollevi A. Cardiovascular effects of adenosine in man; possible clinical implications. Prog Neurobiol. 1986;27:319-349.
82. Joshi S, Young WL, Pile-Spellman J, et al. The feasibility of intracarotid adenosine for the manipulation of human cerebrovascular resistance. Anesth Analgesia. 1998;87:1291-1298.
83. Fogarty-Mack P, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein-Bey L, et al. Superselective intraarterial papaverine administration: effect on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:395-402.
84. Oskouian RJ Jr, Martin NA, Lee JH, et al. Multimodal quantitation of the effects of endovascular therapy for vasospasm on cerebral blood flow, transcranial Doppler ultrasonographic velocities, and cerebral artery diameters. Neurosurgery. 2002;51:30-41. Discussion 41-43.
85. Smith WS, Dowd CF, Johnston SC, et al. Neurotoxicity of intraarterial papaverine preserved with chlorobutanol used for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:2518-2522.
86. Cross DT III, Moran CJ, Angtuaco EE, et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring during intraarterial papaverine infusion for cerebral vasospasm. AJNR. 1998;19:1319-1323.
87. Jahan R. Hyperacute therapy of acute ischemic stroke: intraarterial thrombolysis and mechanical revascularization strategies. Tech Vascular Interven Radiol. 2005;8:87-91.
88. Keris V, Rudnicka S, Vorona V, et al. Combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. AJNR. 2001;22:352-358.
89. Mielke O, Wardlaw J, Liu M. Thrombolysis (different doses, routes of administration and agents) for acute ischaemic stroke [update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000514; PMID: 10796381]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD000514.
90. Khatri P, Neff J, Broderick JP, et al. Revascularization end points in stroke interventional trials: recanalization versus reperfusion in IMS-I. Stroke. 2005;36:2400-2403.
91. Abou-Chebl A, Bajzer CT, Krieger DW, et al. Multimodal therapy for the treatment of severe ischemic stroke combining GPIIb/IIIa antagonists and angioplasty after failure of thrombolysis. Stroke. 2005;36:2286-2288.
92. Sorimachi T, Fujii Y, Tsuchiya N, et al. Blood pressure in the artery distal to an intraarterial embolus during thrombolytic therapy for occlusion of a major artery: a predictor of cerebral infarction following good recanalization. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:870-878.
93. Zaidat OO, Suarez JI, Sunshine JL, et al. Thrombolytic therapy of acute ischemic stroke: correlation of angiographic recanalization with clinical outcome. AJNR. 2005;26:880-884.
94. Bourekas EC, Slivka AP, Shah R, et al. Intraarterial thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours of the onset of stroke. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:39-44. Discussion 44-46.
95. Li SM, Miao ZR, Zhu FS, et al. Combined intraarterial thrombolysis and intra-cerebral stent for acute ischemic stroke institute of brain vascular diseases. Chung-Hua i Hsueh Tsa Chih [Chin Med J]. 2003;83:9-12.
96. Lee DH, Jo KD, Kim HG, et al. Local intraarterial urokinase thrombolysis of acute ischemic stroke with or without intravenous abciximab: a pilot study. J Vascular Interven Radiol. 2002;13:769-774.
97. Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EF, Nichols DA. Complete recovery after early intraarterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis of carotid T occlusion. AJNR. 2002;23:1596-1599.
98. Fukuda I, Gomi S, Meguro K, et al. Impact of immediate cerebral angiography for in-hospital cerebral thromboembolism after cardiovascular surgery. Jpn J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;49:282-286.
99. Kase CS, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, et al. Cerebral hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke: the PROACT II trial. Neurology. 2001;57:1603-1610.
100. Moazami N, Smedira NG, McCarthy PM, et al. Safety and efficacy of intraarterial thrombolysis for perioperative stroke after cardiac operation. Ann Thoracic Surg. 2001;72:1933-1937. Discussion 1937-1939.
101. Sylaja PN, Kuruttukulam G, Joseph S, et al. Selective intra arterial thrombolysis in acute carotid territory stroke. Neurol India. 2001;49:153-157.
102. Suwanwela NC, Phanthumchinda K, Suwanwela N, et al. Thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke: a 2 year-experience at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. J Med Assoc Thailand. 2001;84(suppl 1):S428-S436.
103. Endo S, Kuwayama N, Hirashima Y, et al. Results of urgent thrombolysis in patients with major stroke and atherothrombotic occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery. AJNR. 1998;19:1169-1175.
104. Jahan R, Duckwiler GR, Kidwell CS, et al. Intraarterial thrombolysis for treatment of acute stroke: experience in 26 patients with long-term follow-up [see comments]. AJNR. 1999;20:1291-1299.
105. Barr JD, Mathis JM, Wildenhain SL, et al. Acute stroke intervention with intraarterial urokinase infusion. J Vascular Interven Radiol. 1994;5:705-713.
106. Casto L, Moschini L, Camerlingo M, et al. Local intraarterial thrombolysis for acute stroke in the carotid artery territories. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;86:308-311.
107. Mahon BR, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL, et al. North American clinical experience with the EKOS MicroLysUS infusion catheter for the treatment of embolic stroke. AJNR. 2003;24:534-538.
108. Nesbit GM, Clark WM, O'Neill OR, et al. Intracranial intraarterial thrombolysis facilitated by microcatheter navigation through an occluded cervical internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:387-392.
109. Lutsep HL, Clark WM, Nesbit GM, et al. Intraarterial suction thrombectomy in acute stroke. AJNR. 2002;23:783-786.
110. Behrens S, Spengos K, Daffertshofer M, et al. Potential use of therapeutic ultrasound in ischemic stroke treatment. Echocardiography. 2001;18:259-263.
111. Kerber CW, Barr JD, Berger RM, et al. Snare retrieval of intracranial thrombus in patients with acute stroke. J Vascular Interven Radiol. 2002;13:1269-1274.
112. Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1432-1438.
113. Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, et al. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. JAMA. 1999;282:2019-2026.
114. Group Nr-PS. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-1587.
115. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thrombo-embolism. JAMA. 1999;282:2003-2011.
116. Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA, et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke. 1999;30:2598-2605.
117. Domanskaia IA, Kukushkin AA, Mazurok II, et al. Regionarnoe primenenie antibiotikov pri lechenii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy i gnoinykh oslozhnenii. Vestnik Khirurgii Imeni i-i-Grekova. 1993;150:53-56.
118. Perkins BA, Strausbaugh LJ. Effect of mannitol infusions into the internal carotid artery on entry of two antibiotics into the cerebrospinal fluid and brains of normal rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983;24:339-342.
119. Kudriavtsev AE, Shikov VG. Primenenie karotidnoi infuzii lekarstvennykh veshchestv dlia lecheniia bol'nykh gnoinym meningitom. Sovetskaia Meditsina. 1976;5:55-57.
120. Draliuk NS, Draliuk MG. Dlitel'naia intrakarotidnaia infuziia v neirokhirurgii. Voprosy Neirokhirurgii. 1986;4:54-57.
121. Mozhaev SV, Zubkov Iu N, Ponomarev AM, et al. Nekotorye voprosy kliniki i kompleksnogo lecheniia septicheskikh trombozov kavernoznykh sinusov. Vestnik Khirurgii Imeni i-i-Grekova. 1980;125:43-50.
122. Yokota H, Nakabayashi M, Fuse A, et al. [Continuous intracarotid infusion of mannitol in severe head injury] [Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka [Neurol Surg]. 1993;21:205-211.
123. Willinsky RA, Taylor SM, TerBrugge K, et al. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of the literature. Radiology. 2003;227:522-528.
124. Leffers AM, Wagner A. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography. A retrospective study of complication rate and patient risk factors. Acta Radiol. 2000;41:204-210.
125. Heiserman JE, Dean BL, Hodak JA, et al. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography. AJNR. 1994;15:1401-1407. Discussion 1408-1411.
126. Bigio IJ, Mourant JR, Los G. Noninvasive, in-situ measurement of drug concentrations in tissue using optical spectroscopy. J Gravitat Physiol J Int Soc Gravitat Physiol. 1999;6:P173-P175.
127. Bigio IJ, Bown SG. Spectroscopic sensing of cancer and cancer therapy: current status of translational research. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004;3:259-267.
128. Wang X, Pang Y, Ku G, et al. Three-dimensional laser-induced photoacoustic tomography of mouse brain with the skin and skull intact. Opt Lett. 2003;28:1739-1741.
129. Ku G, Wang X, Xie X, et al. Imaging of tumor angiogenesis in rat brains in vivo by photoacoustic tomography. Appl Opt. 2005;44:770-775.
130. Vatov L, Kizner Z, Ruppin E, et al. Modeling brain energy metabolism and function: a multiparametric monitoring approach. Bull Math Biol. 2006;68:275-291.
131. Mayevsky A, Manor T, Pevzner E, et al. Tissue spectroscope: a novel in vivo approach to real time monitoring of tissue vitality. J Biomed Opt. 2004;9:1028-1045.
132. Rainov NG, Ikeda K, Qureshi NH, et al. Intraarterial delivery of adenovirus vectors and liposome-DNA complexes to experimental brain neoplasms. Hum Gene Ther. 1999;10:311-318.
133. Chauvet AE, Kesava PP, Goh CS, et al. Selective intraarterial gene delivery into a canine meningioma. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:870-873.
134. Barnett FH, Rainov NG, Ikeda K, et al. Selective delivery of herpes virus vectors to experimental brain tumors using RMP-7. Cancer Gene Ther. 1999;6:14-20.
135. Lu D, Li Y, Wang L, et al. Intraarterial administration of marrow stromal cells in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18:813-819.
136. Amar AP, Zlokovic BV, Apuzzo ML. Endovascular restorative neurosurgery: a novel concept for molecular and cellular therapy of the nervous system. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:402-412. Discussion 412-413.
137. Zlokovic BV, Apuzzo ML. Cellular and molecular neurosurgery: pathways from concept to reality - part II: vector systems and delivery methodologies for gene therapy of the central nervous system. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:805-812. Discussion 812-813.