메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 377-385

Persistence of lamivudine-sensitive HIV-1 quasispecies in the presence of lamivudine in vitro and in vivo

Author keywords

Allele specific real time polymerase chain reaction; HIV 1; M184I; M184V; Minority quasispecies; Persistence

Indexed keywords

LAMIVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

EID: 34147162897     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31803104c0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 2642709177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
    • Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853-860.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 853-860
    • Palella Jr, F.J.1    Delaney, K.M.2    Moorman, A.C.3
  • 2
    • 0033550965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: A prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study
    • Ledergerber B, Egger M, Opravil M, et al. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet. 1999;353:863-868.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 863-868
    • Ledergerber, B.1    Egger, M.2    Opravil, M.3
  • 3
    • 23044496716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: A prospective cohort study
    • Sterne JA, Hernan MA, Ledergerber B, et al. Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005;366:378-384.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 378-384
    • Sterne, J.A.1    Hernan, M.A.2    Ledergerber, B.3
  • 4
    • 0028874048 scopus 로고
    • Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection
    • Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:123-126.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 123-126
    • Ho, D.D.1    Neumann, A.U.2    Perelson, A.S.3
  • 5
    • 0028811974 scopus 로고
    • Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:117-122.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 117-122
    • Wei, X.1    Ghosh, S.K.2    Taylor, M.E.3
  • 6
    • 0028952146 scopus 로고
    • HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy
    • Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science. 1995;267:483-489.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 483-489
    • Coffin, J.M.1
  • 7
    • 14444273439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Finzi D, Hermankova M, Pierson T, et al. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science. 1997;278:1295-1300.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1295-1300
    • Finzi, D.1    Hermankova, M.2    Pierson, T.3
  • 8
    • 0030712305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia
    • Wong JK, Hezareh M, Gunthard HF, et al. Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science. 1997;278:1291-1295.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1291-1295
    • Wong, J.K.1    Hezareh, M.2    Gunthard, H.F.3
  • 9
    • 0032555117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells during primary HIV-1 infection
    • Chun TW, Engel D, Berrey MM, et al. Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:8869-8873.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 8869-8873
    • Chun, T.W.1    Engel, D.2    Berrey, M.M.3
  • 10
    • 20244376915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment, during primary infection, on establishment and clearance of cellular reservoirs of HIV-1
    • Strain MC, Little SJ, Daar ES, et al. Effect of treatment, during primary infection, on establishment and clearance of cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1410-1418.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.191 , pp. 1410-1418
    • Strain, M.C.1    Little, S.J.2    Daar, E.S.3
  • 11
    • 0032953920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy
    • Finzi D, Blankson J, Siliciano JD, et al. Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy. Nat Med. 1999;5:512-517.
    • (1999) Nat Med , vol.5 , pp. 512-517
    • Finzi, D.1    Blankson, J.2    Siliciano, J.D.3
  • 12
    • 0033609373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy
    • Zhang L, Ramratnam B, Tenner-Racz K, et al. Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1605-1613.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 1605-1613
    • Zhang, L.1    Ramratnam, B.2    Tenner-Racz, K.3
  • 13
    • 0038579210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T cells
    • Siliciano JD, Kajdas J, Finzi D, et al. Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T cells. Nat Med. 2003;9:727-728.
    • (2003) Nat Med , vol.9 , pp. 727-728
    • Siliciano, J.D.1    Kajdas, J.2    Finzi, D.3
  • 14
    • 12944335238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiretroviral resistance during successful therapy of HIV type 1 infection
    • Martinez-Picado J, DePasquale MP, Kartsonis N, et al. Antiretroviral resistance during successful therapy of HIV type 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:10948-10953.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.97 , pp. 10948-10953
    • Martinez-Picado, J.1    DePasquale, M.P.2    Kartsonis, N.3
  • 15
    • 0242629783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of envelope sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cellular reservoirs in the setting of potent antiviral therapy
    • Gunthard HF, Frost SD, Leigh-Brown AJ, et al. Evolution of envelope sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cellular reservoirs in the setting of potent antiviral therapy. J Virol. 1999;73:9404-9412.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 9404-9412
    • Gunthard, H.F.1    Frost, S.D.2    Leigh-Brown, A.J.3
  • 16
    • 0034943570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and predictive value of intermittent viremia with combination HIV therapy
    • Havlir DV, Bassett R, Levitan D, et al. Prevalence and predictive value of intermittent viremia with combination HIV therapy. JAMA. 2001;286:171-179.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 171-179
    • Havlir, D.V.1    Bassett, R.2    Levitan, D.3
  • 17
    • 0036176509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection
    • Blankson JN, Persaud D, Siliciano RF. The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection. Annu Rev Med. 2002;53:557-593.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Med , vol.53 , pp. 557-593
    • Blankson, J.N.1    Persaud, D.2    Siliciano, R.F.3
  • 18
    • 0036616965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residual cell-associated unspliced HIV-1 RNA in peripheral blood of patients on potent antiretroviral therapy represents intracellular transcripts
    • Fischer M, Wong JK, Russenberger D, et al. Residual cell-associated unspliced HIV-1 RNA in peripheral blood of patients on potent antiretroviral therapy represents intracellular transcripts. Antivir Ther. 2002;7:91-103.
    • (2002) Antivir Ther , vol.7 , pp. 91-103
    • Fischer, M.1    Wong, J.K.2    Russenberger, D.3
  • 19
    • 0037452711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression and viral production in latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells in viremic versus aviremic HIV-infected individuals
    • Chun TW, Justement JS, Lempicki RA, et al. Gene expression and viral production in latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells in viremic versus aviremic HIV-infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:1908-1913.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 1908-1913
    • Chun, T.W.1    Justement, J.S.2    Lempicki, R.A.3
  • 20
    • 0242300180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral blip dynamics during highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Di Mascio M, Markowitz M, Louie M, et al. Viral blip dynamics during highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 2003;77:12165-12172.
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , pp. 12165-12172
    • Di Mascio, M.1    Markowitz, M.2    Louie, M.3
  • 21
    • 0242584383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous clearance rates of long-lived lymphocytes infected with HIV: Intrinsic stability predicts lifelong persistence
    • Strain MC, Gunthard HF, Havlir DV, et al. Heterogeneous clearance rates of long-lived lymphocytes infected with HIV: intrinsic stability predicts lifelong persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:4819-4824.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 4819-4824
    • Strain, M.C.1    Gunthard, H.F.2    Havlir, D.V.3
  • 22
    • 0742324942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuated and nonproductive viral transcription in the lymphatic tissue of HIV-1-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy
    • Fischer M, Joos B, Wong JK, et al. Attenuated and nonproductive viral transcription in the lymphatic tissue of HIV-1-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:273-285.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.189 , pp. 273-285
    • Fischer, M.1    Joos, B.2    Wong, J.K.3
  • 23
    • 9444285887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular viral rebound after cessation of potent antiretroviral therapy predicted by levels of multiply spliced HIV-1 RNA encoding nef
    • Fischer M, Joos B, Hirschel B, et al. Cellular viral rebound after cessation of potent antiretroviral therapy predicted by levels of multiply spliced HIV-1 RNA encoding nef. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1979-1988.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.190 , pp. 1979-1988
    • Fischer, M.1    Joos, B.2    Hirschel, B.3
  • 24
    • 13844274980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent HIV-1 viremia (blips) and drug resistance in patients receiving HAART
    • Nettles RE, Kieffer TL, Kwon P, et al. Intermittent HIV-1 viremia (blips) and drug resistance in patients receiving HAART. JAMA. 2005;293:817-829.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 817-829
    • Nettles, R.E.1    Kieffer, T.L.2    Kwon, P.3
  • 25
    • 18144433531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of early antiretroviral treatment on HIV-1 RNA in blood and lymphoid tissue: A randomized trial of double versus triple therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study
    • Opravil M, Cone RW, Fischer M, et al. Effects of early antiretroviral treatment on HIV-1 RNA in blood and lymphoid tissue: a randomized trial of double versus triple therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;23:17-25.
    • (2000) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.23 , pp. 17-25
    • Opravil, M.1    Cone, R.W.2    Fischer, M.3
  • 26
    • 4644247968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complementation in cells cotransfected with a mixture of wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the replication capacities and phenotypes of mutant variants in a single-cycle HIV resistance assay
    • Mo H, Lu L, Pithawalla R, et al. Complementation in cells cotransfected with a mixture of wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the replication capacities and phenotypes of mutant variants in a single-cycle HIV resistance assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4169-4174.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 4169-4174
    • Mo, H.1    Lu, L.2    Pithawalla, R.3
  • 27
    • 1842614352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes have a distinct long terminal repeat that determines the replication rate in a host-cell-specific manner
    • van Opijnen T, Jeeninga RE, Boerlijst MC, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes have a distinct long terminal repeat that determines the replication rate in a host-cell-specific manner. J Virol. 2004;78:3675-3683.
    • (2004) J Virol , vol.78 , pp. 3675-3683
    • van Opijnen, T.1    Jeeninga, R.E.2    Boerlijst, M.C.3
  • 28
    • 27144455019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time
    • Arien KK, Troyer RM, Gali Y, et al. Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time. AIDS. 2005;19:1555-1564.
    • (2005) AIDS , vol.19 , pp. 1555-1564
    • Arien, K.K.1    Troyer, R.M.2    Gali, Y.3
  • 29
    • 0035330599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel recombinant marker virus assay for comparing the relative fitness of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase variants
    • Lu J, Kuritzkes DR. A novel recombinant marker virus assay for comparing the relative fitness of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase variants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:7-13.
    • (2001) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.27 , pp. 7-13
    • Lu, J.1    Kuritzkes, D.R.2
  • 30
    • 33644762278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of HIV fitness to the evolution pattern of reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance
    • Paintsil E, Margolis A, Collins JA, et al. The contribution of HIV fitness to the evolution pattern of reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance. J Med Virol. 2006;78:425-430.
    • (2006) J Med Virol , vol.78 , pp. 425-430
    • Paintsil, E.1    Margolis, A.2    Collins, J.A.3
  • 31
    • 0033803642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dual infection/competition assay shows a correlation between ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and disease progression
    • Quinones-Mateu ME, Ball SC, Marozsan AJ, et al. A dual infection/competition assay shows a correlation between ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and disease progression. J Virol. 2000;74:9222-9233.
    • (2000) J Virol , vol.74 , pp. 9222-9233
    • Quinones-Mateu, M.E.1    Ball, S.C.2    Marozsan, A.J.3
  • 32
    • 33645319712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel real-time PCR assay to determine relative replication capacity for HIV-1 protease variants and/or reverse transcriptase variants
    • van Maarseveen NM, Huigen MC, De JD, et al. A novel real-time PCR assay to determine relative replication capacity for HIV-1 protease variants and/or reverse transcriptase variants. J Virol Methods. 2006;133:185-194.
    • (2006) J Virol Methods , vol.133 , pp. 185-194
    • van Maarseveen, N.M.1    Huigen, M.C.2    De, J.D.3
  • 33
    • 0027373308 scopus 로고
    • High-level resistance to (-) enantiomeric 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine in vitro is due to one amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase
    • Boucher CA, Cammack N, Schipper P, et al. High-level resistance to (-) enantiomeric 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine in vitro is due to one amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:2231-2234.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 2231-2234
    • Boucher, C.A.1    Cammack, N.2    Schipper, P.3
  • 34
    • 0027409698 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of human immunodeficiency viruses resistant to oxathiolane-cytosine nucleosides
    • Schinazi RF, Lloyd RM Jr, Nguyen MH, et al. Characterization of human immunodeficiency viruses resistant to oxathiolane-cytosine nucleosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:875-881.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 875-881
    • Schinazi, R.F.1    Lloyd Jr, R.M.2    Nguyen, M.H.3
  • 35
    • 0029024089 scopus 로고
    • Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and appearance of drug-resistant virus populations in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC)
    • Schuurman R, Nijhuis M, van Leeuwen R, et al. Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and appearance of drug-resistant virus populations in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC). J Infect Dis. 1995;171:1411-1419.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.171 , pp. 1411-1419
    • Schuurman, R.1    Nijhuis, M.2    van Leeuwen, R.3
  • 36
    • 10744223424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of minor populations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 carrying the M184V and L90M mutations in subjects undergoing structured treatment interruptions
    • Metzner KJ, Bonhoeffer S, Fischer M, et al. Emergence of minor populations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 carrying the M184V and L90M mutations in subjects undergoing structured treatment interruptions. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1433-1443.
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.188 , pp. 1433-1443
    • Metzner, K.J.1    Bonhoeffer, S.2    Fischer, M.3
  • 37
    • 27544452984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of minor populations of drug-resistant HIV-1 in acute seroconverters
    • Metzner KJ, Rauch P, Walter H, et al. Detection of minor populations of drug-resistant HIV-1 in acute seroconverters. AIDS. 2005;19:1819-1825.
    • (2005) AIDS , vol.19 , pp. 1819-1825
    • Metzner, K.J.1    Rauch, P.2    Walter, H.3
  • 39
    • 0032928123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly sensitive methods for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA from plasma, cells, and tissues
    • Fischer M, Huber W, Kallivroussis A, et al. Highly sensitive methods for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA from plasma, cells, and tissues. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1260-1264.
    • (1999) J Clin Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 1260-1264
    • Fischer, M.1    Huber, W.2    Kallivroussis, A.3
  • 40
    • 29044449691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of drug-resistant HIV-1 by RNA interference
    • Huelsmann PM, Rauch P, Allers K, et al. Inhibition of drug-resistant HIV-1 by RNA interference. Antiviral Res. 2006;69:1-8.
    • (2006) Antiviral Res , vol.69 , pp. 1-8
    • Huelsmann, P.M.1    Rauch, P.2    Allers, K.3
  • 41
    • 0033780046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 spinoculation enhances infection through virus binding
    • O'Doherty U, Swiggard WJ, Malim MH. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 spinoculation enhances infection through virus binding. J Virol. 2000;74:10074-10080.
    • (2000) J Virol , vol.74 , pp. 10074-10080
    • O'Doherty, U.1    Swiggard, W.J.2    Malim, M.H.3
  • 42
    • 0034608653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of in vivo CD8(+) T cell depletion on virus replication in rhesus macaques immunized with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine
    • Metzner KJ, Jin X, Lee FV, et al. Effects of in vivo CD8(+) T cell depletion on virus replication in rhesus macaques immunized with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine. J Exp Med. 2000;191:1921-1931.
    • (2000) J Exp Med , vol.191 , pp. 1921-1931
    • Metzner, K.J.1    Jin, X.2    Lee, F.V.3
  • 43
    • 0030011523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus fitness in vivo: Calculations based on a single zidovudine resistance mutation at codon 215 of reverse transcriptase
    • Goudsmit J, de Ronde A, Ho DD, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus fitness in vivo: calculations based on a single zidovudine resistance mutation at codon 215 of reverse transcriptase. J Virol. 1996;70:5662-5664.
    • (1996) J Virol , vol.70 , pp. 5662-5664
    • Goudsmit, J.1    de Ronde, A.2    Ho, D.D.3
  • 44
    • 0029885139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide substitution patterns can predict the requirements for drug-resistance of HIV-1 proteins
    • Keulen W, Boucher C, Berkhout B. Nucleotide substitution patterns can predict the requirements for drug-resistance of HIV-1 proteins. Antiviral Res. 1996;31:45-57.
    • (1996) Antiviral Res , vol.31 , pp. 45-57
    • Keulen, W.1    Boucher, C.2    Berkhout, B.3
  • 45
    • 0347995130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antiretroviral-drug-resistant HIV-1 infection
    • Deeks SG. Treatment of antiretroviral-drug-resistant HIV-1 infection. Lancet. 2003;362:2002-2011.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 2002-2011
    • Deeks, S.G.1
  • 46
    • 3142686772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical implications of reduced viral fitness
    • Barbour JD, Grant RM. The clinical implications of reduced viral fitness. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2004;6:151-158.
    • (2004) Curr Infect Dis Rep , vol.6 , pp. 151-158
    • Barbour, J.D.1    Grant, R.M.2
  • 47
    • 0029757751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced replication of 3TC-resistant HIV-1 variants in primary cells due to a processivity defect of the reverse transcriptase enzyme
    • Back NK, Nijhuis M, Keulen W, et al. Reduced replication of 3TC-resistant HIV-1 variants in primary cells due to a processivity defect of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. EMBO J. 1996;15:4040-4049.
    • (1996) EMBO J , vol.15 , pp. 4040-4049
    • Back, N.K.1    Nijhuis, M.2    Keulen, W.3
  • 48
    • 0033946764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of lamivudine resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: The relative roles of drift and selection
    • Frost SD, Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, et al. Evolution of lamivudine resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: the relative roles of drift and selection. J Virol. 2000;74:6262-6268.
    • (2000) J Virol , vol.74 , pp. 6262-6268
    • Frost, S.D.1    Nijhuis, M.2    Schuurman, R.3
  • 49
    • 31144465690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population
    • Vignuzzi M, Stone JK, Arnold JJ, et al. Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population. Nature. 2006;439:344-348.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 344-348
    • Vignuzzi, M.1    Stone, J.K.2    Arnold, J.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.