Influence of headwater streams on downstream reaches in forested areas

Forest Science

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 148-168

  MacDonald, Lee H ^a   Coe, Drew ^b  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b Central Valley Regional Water Control Board   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive management; Cumulative watershed effects; Large woody debris; Sediment; Streamflow

Indexed keywords

CATCHMENTS; FORESTRY; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); SEDIMENTS; STREAM FLOW;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES; CUMULATIVE WATERSHED EFFECTS; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS;

RIVERS;

FOREST MANAGEMENT; RIVERS; SEDIMENTS; WATER SHEDS;

EID: 34147093198     PISSN: 0015749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. ABBE, T.B., AND D.R. MONTGOMERY. 2003. Patterns and processes of wood debris accumulation in the Queets river basin, Washington. Geomorphology 51:81-107.
2. ALEXANDER, R.B., R.A. SMITH, AND G.E. SCHWARZ. 2000. Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico. Nature 403:758-761.
3. ASHWORTH, P.J., AND R.I. FERGUSON. 1989. Size-selective entrainment of bedload in gravel bed streams. Water Resour. Res. 25:627-634.
4. AUSTIN, S.A. 1999. Streamflow response to forest management: An analysis using published data and flow duration curves. MSc thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 121 p.
5. BEECHIE, T. 2001. Empirical predictors of annual bed load travel distance, and implications for salmonid habitat restoration and protection. Earth Surf. Proc. and Landforms 26(9):1025-1034.
6. BENAVIDES-SOLORIO, J., AND L.H. MACDONALD. 2005. Measurement and prediction of post-fire erosion at the hillslope scale, Colorado Front Range. Int. J. Wildland Fire 14:1-18.
7. BENDA, L. 1990. The influence of debris flows on channel and valley floors of the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. Earth Surf. Proc. and Landforms 15:457-466.
8. BENDA, L.E., K. ANDRAS, D. MILLER, AND P. BIGELOW. 2004a. Confluence effects in rivers: Interactions of basin scale, network geometry, and disturbance regimes. Water Resour. Res. 40:W05402, doi:10.1029/2003WR002583.
9. BENDA, L.E., P. BIGELOW, AND T.M. WORSLEY. 2002. Recruitment of wood to streams in old-growth and second-growth redwood forests, northern California, U.S.A. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 32:1460-1477.
10. BENDA, L., AND T. CUNDY. 1990. Predicting deposition of debris flows in mountain channels. Can. Geotech. J. 27:409-417.
11. BENDA, L., AND T. DUNNE. 1987. Sediment routing by debris flows. Int. Assoc. Hydro. Sci. Pub. 165:213-223.
12. BENDA, L., AND T. DUNNE. 1997a. Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to channel networks from landsliding and debris flows. Water Resour. Res. 33(12):2849-2863.
13. BENDA, L., AND T. DUNNE. 1997b. Stochastic forcing of sediment routing and storage in channel networks. Water Resour. Res. 33(12):2865-2880.
14. BENDA, L., M.A. HASSAN, M. CHURCH, AND C.L. MAY. 2005. Geomorphology of steepland headwaters: The transition from hillslopes to channel. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41(4):835-851.
15. BENDA, L., N.L. POFF, D. MILLER, T. DUNNE, G. REEVES, G. PESS, AND M. POLLOCK. 2004b. The network dynamics hypothesis: How channel networks structure riverine habitats. Bioscience 54(5):413-427.
16. BESCHTA, R.L., M.R. PYLES, A.E. SKAUGSET, AND C.G. SURFLEET. 2000. Peakflow responses to forest practices in the western Cascades of Oregon, USA. J. Hydrol. 233:102-120.
17. BESCHTA, R.L., AND R.L. TAYLOR. 1988. Stream temperature increases and land use in a forested Oregon watershed. Water Resour. Bull. 24(1):19-25.
18. BILBY, R.E. 1988. Interactions between aquatic and terrestrial systems. P. 13-30 in Streamside management: Riparian, wildlife, and forestry interactions, Raedeke, K.J. (ed.). University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution No. 59, Seattle, Washington.
19. BILBY, R.E., AND P.A. BISSON. 1992. Relative contribution of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter to the trophic support of fish populations in clear-cut and old-growth forested headwater streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:540-551.
20. BILBY, R.E., AND P.A. BISSON. 1998. Function and distribution of large woody debris. P. 324-346 in River ecology and management, Naiman, R.J. and R.E. Bilby (eds.). Springer, New York.
21. BILBY, R.E., AND G.E. LIKENS. 1980. Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Ecology 61:1107-1113.
22. BISSON, P.A. 1982. Annual fertilization and water quality - Final report. Weyerhaeuser Company Technology Center, Technical Report 050-5411-02, Centralia, WA. 32 p.
23. BRARDINONI, F., O. SLAYMAKER, AND M.A. HASSAN. 2003. Landslide inventory in a rugged forested watershed: a comparison between air-photo and field survey data. Geomorphology 54:179-196.
24. BRAUDRICK, C.A., G.E. GRANT, Y. ISHIKAWA, AND H. IKEDA. 1997. Dynamics of wood transport in streams: A flume experiment. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 22:669-683.
25. BROWN, G.W., AND J.T. KRYGIER. 1970. Effects of clear-cutting on stream temperature. Water Resour. Res. 6(4):1133-1139.
26. BROWN, G.W., AND J.T. KRYGIER. 1971. Clear-cut logging and sediment production in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resour. Res. 7:1189-1198.
27. BRUMMER, C.J., AND D.R. MONTGOMERY. 2003. Downstream coarsening in headwater channels. Water Resour. Res. 39(10):1294, doi:10.1029/2003WR001981.
28. BRUMMER, C.J., AND D.R. MONTGOMERY. 2006. Influence of coarse lag formation on the mechanics of sediment pulse dispersion in a mountain stream, Squire Creek, North Cascades, Washington, United States. Water Resour. Res. 42:W07412, doi:10.1029/2005WR004776.
29. BUNN, J.T., AND D.R. MONTGOMERY. 2004. Patterns of wood and sediment storage along debris-flow impacted headwater channels in old-growth and industrial forests of the western Olympic Mountains, Washington. P. 99-112 in Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphology: Hydraulic, hydrologic, and geotechnical interactions. Bennett, S.J., and A. Simon (eds.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
30. BUNTE, K., AND L.H. MACDONALD. 1999. Scale considerations and the detectability of cumulative watershed effects. Technical Bulletin No. 776, National Council of Air and Stream Improvement, Research Triangle Park, NC. 327 p.
31. BUNTE, K., AND L.H. MACDONALD. 2002. Predicting the mean annual travel distance of streambed particles: A meta-analysis of published data. EOS Trans. AGU 83(47), Fall Meeting Suppl., Abstract H21G-05.
32. CARLING, P.A., AND N.A. READER. 1982. Structure, composition, and bulk properties of upland stream gravels. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 7:349-365.
33. CARPENTER, S.R., N.F. CARACO, D.L. CORRELL, R.W. HOWARTH, A.N. SHARPLEY, AND V.H. SMITH. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol. Appl. 8(3):559-568.
34. CEQ. 1997. Considering cumulative environmental impacts under the National Environmental Policy Act. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, DC. 64 p.
35. CHESNEY, C. 2000. Functions of wood in small, steep streams in eastern Washington: Summary of results for project activity in the Ahtanum, Cowiche, and Tieton basins. TFW Effectiveness Monitoring Report. TFW-MAG1-00-002. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA.
36. CHURCH, M., AND O. SLAYMAKER. 1989. Holocene disequilibrium of sediment yield in British Columbia. Nature 327:452-454.
37. COE, D. 2006. Sediment production and delivery from forest roads in the Sierra Nevada, California. MSc thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 110 p.
38. COVER, M., V. RESH, C. MAY, AND W. DIETRICH. 2006. Quantitative linkages between sediment supply, streambed fine sediment, and benthic macroinvertebrates in streams of the Klamath National Forest. Report prepared for the United States Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, and Klamath National Forest. 32 p.
39. CROKE, J., AND S. MOCKLER. 2001. Gully initiation and road-to-stream linkage in a forested catchment, southeastern Australia. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 26:205-217.
40. CURRAN, J.H., AND E.E. WOHL. 2003. Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington. Geomorphology 51:141-157.
41. DEBANO, L.F., D.G. NEARY, P.F. FFOLLIOTT. 1998. Fire's effects on ecosystems. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 333 p.
42. DIETRICH, W.E., AND T. DUNNE. 1978. Sediment budget for a small catchment in mountainous terrain. Zeitsch. Geomorph. (Suppl. 29):191-206.
43. DIETRICH, W.E., AND T. DUNNE. 1993. The channel head. P. 175-219 in Channel network hydrology, Beven, K., and M.J. Kirkby (eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
44. DIETRICH, W.E., T. DUNNE, N.F. HUMPHREY, AND L.M. REID. 1982. Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins. P. 5-23 in Sediment budgets and routing in forested drainage basins, F.J. Swanson, R.J. Janda, T. Dunne, and D.N. Swanston (eds.). U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-141, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR.
45. DUNCAN, S.H., R.E. BILBY, J.V. WARD, AND J.T. HEFFNER. 1987. Transport of road-surface sediment through ephemeral stream channels. Water Resour. Bull. 23(1):114-119.
46. DUNNE, T. 1976. Field studies of hillslope flow processes. P. 227-293 in Hillslope hydrology, M.J. Kirkby (ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
47. DUNNE, T., AND L.B. LEOPOLD. 1978. Water in environmental planning. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 818 p.
48. EPA. 1997. Monitoring guidance for determining the effectiveness of nonpoint source controls. EPA/841-B-96-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
49. EVEREST, F.H., R.L. BESCHTA, J.C. SCRIVENER, K.V. KOSKI, J.R. SEDELL, AND C.J. CEDERHOLM. 1987. Fine sediment and salmonid production: A paradox. P. 98-142 in Streamside management: Forestry and fishery interactions, Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Contr. No. 57, Inst. Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
50. FAUSTINI, J.M., AND P.R. KAUFMANN. 2003. Regional, basin, and local factors influencing the use of synoptic survey data to assess anthropogenic changes in streambed stability and fine sediment. Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H42E-1125.
51. FELLER, M.C 2005. Forest harvesting and streamwater inorganic chemistry in western North America: A review. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41(4):785-811.
52. FERRIER, K.L., J.W. KIRCHNER, AND R.C. FINKEL. 2005. Erosion rates over millennial and decadal timescales at Caspar Creek and Redwood Creek, Northern California Coast Ranges. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 30:1025-1038.
53. FISHER, S.G., AND G.E. LIKENS. 1973. Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: An integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism. Ecol. Mon. 43:421-439.
54. GOLDMAN, C.R., E.R. MARZOLF, AND J.J. ELSER. 1990. Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwaters of North America: A review and critique of experimental enrichments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47(4):1468-1477.
55. GOMI, T., AND R.C. SIDLE. 2003. Bedload transport in managed steep-gradient headwater streams of southeastern Alaska. Water Resour. Res. 39(12):1336, doi:10.1029/2003WR002440.
56. GOMI, T., R.C. SIDLE, AND J.S. RICHARDSON. 2002. Understanding processes and downstream linkages of headwater systems. Bioscience 52(10):905-916.
57. GRANT, G.E., F.J. SWANSON, AND M.G. WOLMAN. 1990. Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology in high gradient streams, western Cascades, Oregon. Geo. Soc. Am. Bull. 102:340-352.
58. GRAY, A.N. 2000. Adaptive ecosystem management in the Pacific Northwest: A case study from Coastal Oregon. Conserv. Ecol. 4(2):6. Available online at www.consecol.org/vol4/iss2/art6.
59. GRESSWELL, R.E. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 128:193-221.
60. GUTHRIE, R.H. 2002. The effects of logging on frequency and distribution of landslides in three watershed on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geomorphology 43:273-292.
61. HALWAS, K.L., AND M. CHURCH. 2002. Channel units in small, high gradient streams on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geomorphology 43:243-256.
62. HARR, R.D., AND F.M. MCCORISON. 1979. Initial effects of clearcut logging on size and timing of peak flows in a small watershed in western Oregon. Water Resour. Res. 15(1):90-94.
63. HASSAN, M.A., M. CHURCH, T.E. LISLE, F. BRARDINONI, L. BENDA, AND G.E. GRANT. 2005a. Sediment transport and channel morphology of small, forested streams. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41(4):853-876.
64. HASSAN, M.A., D.L. HOGAN, S.A. BIRD, C.L. MAY, T. GOMI, AND D. CAMPBELL. 2005b. Spatial and temporal dynamics of wood in small streams. J. Am. Water Resourc. Assoc. 41:899-919.
65. HELVEY, J.D. 1980. Effects of a north-central Washington wildfire on runoff and sediment production. Water Resour. Bull. 16:627-634.
66. HEM, J.D. 1970. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473, Washington, DC. 363 p.
67. HERRON, N., AND C.J. WILSON. 1999. A water balance approach to assessing the hydrologic buffering potential of an alluvial fan. Water Resour. Res. 37(2):341-351.
68. HEWLETT, J.D., AND W.L. NUTTER. 1970. The varying source area of streamflow from upland basins. P. 65-83 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Interdisciplinary Aspects of Watershed Management. Bozeman, MT, August 3-6, 1970. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
69. HUNTER, M.A., T. QUINN, AND M.P. HAYES. 2005. Low flow spatial characteristics in forested headwater channels of southwest Washington. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41(3):503-516.
70. ISTANBULLUOGLU, E., D.G. TARBOTON, R.T. PACK, AND C.H. LUCE. 2004. Modeling of the interactions between forest vegetation, disturbance, and sediment yields. J. Geol. Res. 109:F01009, doi:10.1029/2003JF000041.
71. JACKSON, C.R., AND C.A. STURM. 2002. Woody debris and channel morphology in first- and second-order forested channels in Washington's coast ranges. Water Resour. Res. 38:1177, doi:10.1029/2001WR001138.
72. JACKSON, C.R., C.A. STURM, AND J.M. WARD. 2001. Timber harvest impacts on small headwater stream channels in the coast ranges of Washington. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 37(6):1533-1550.
73. JAWRA. 2005. Special issue on headwater streams. J. Am. Water Resourc. Assoc. 41(4):753-947.
74. JOHNSON, S.L., AND J.A. JONES. 2000. Stream temperature responses to forest harvest and debris flows in western Cascades, Oregon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57(2):30-39.
75. JONES, J.A. 2000. Hydrologic processes and peak discharge response to forest removal, regrowth, and roads in 10 small experimental basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resour. Res. 36(9):2621-2642.
76. JONES, J.A., AND G.E. GRANT. 1996. Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resour. Res. 32:959-974.
77. KELLER, E.A., AND F.J. SWANSON. 1979. Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial processes. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 4:361-380.
78. KELSEY, H.M. 1978. Earthflows in Franciscan melange, Van Duzen River Basin, California. Geology 6:361-364.
79. KING, J.G. 1989. Streamflow responses to road building and harvesting: A comparison with the equivalent clearcut area procedure. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-401.
80. KIRCHNER, J.W., R.C. FINKEL, C.S. RIEBE, D.E. GRANGER, J.L. CLAYTON, J.G. KING, AND W.F. MEGAHAN. 2001. Mountain erosion over 10 yr, 10 k.y., and 10 m.y. time scales. Geology 29(7):591-594.
81. KNIGHTON, D. 1998. Fluvial forms and processes. Arnold, London, United Kingdom. 383 p.
82. LANCASTER, S.T., S.K. HAYES, AND G.E. GRANT. 2001. Modeling sediment and wood storage and dynamics in small mountainous watersheds. P. 85-102 in Geomorphic processes and riverine habitat, Dorava, J.M., D.R. Montgomery, B.B. Palcsak, and F.A. Fitzpatrick (eds.). Water Science and Application Volume 4, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
83. LANCASTER, S.T., S.K. HAYES, AND G.E. GRANT. 2003. Effects of wood on debris flow runout in small mountain watersheds. Water Resour. Res. 39(6), doi:10.1029/2001WR001227.
84. LEWIS, J.L., S.R. MORI, E.T. KEPPELER, AND R.R. ZIEMER. 2001. Impacts of logging on storm peak flows, flow volumes and suspended sediment loads in Caspar Creek, California. P. 85-125 in Land use and watersheds: Human influences on hydrology and geomorphology in urban and forest areas, Wigmosta, M.S., and S.J. Burges (eds.). Water Science and Application Volume 2, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
85. LIBOHOVA, Z. 2004. Effects of thinning and a wildfire on sediment production rates, channel morphology, and water quality in the Upper South Platte watershed. MSc thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 103 p.
86. LISLE, T.E., Y. CUI, G. PARKER, J.E. PIZZUTO, AND A.M. DODD. 2001. The dominance of dispersion in the evolution of bed material waves in gravel bed rivers. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 26:1409-1420.
87. LISLE, T.E., AND S. HILTON. 1999. Fine bed material in pools of natural gravel bed channels. Water Resour. Res. 35(4):1291-1304.
88. LISLE, T.E., J.M. NELSON, J. PITLICK, M.E. MADEJ, AND B.L. BARKETT. 2000. Variability in bed mobility in natural, gravel-bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales. Water Resour. Res. 36(12):3743-3755.
89. LOFTIS, J.C., L.H. MACDONALD, S. STREETT, H.K. IYER, AND K. BUNTE. 2001. Detecting cumulative watershed effects: The statistical power of pairing. J. Hydrol. 251:49-64.
90. LUCE, C.H., AND T.A. BLACK. 1999. Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon. Water Resour. Res. 35(8):2561-2570.
91. MACDONALD, L.H. 2000. Evaluating and managing cumulative effects: Process and constraints. Environ. Manag. 26(3):299-315.
92. MACDONALD, L.H., D. COE, AND S. LITSCHERT. 2004. Assessing cumulative watershed effects in the Central Sierra Nevada: Hillslope measurements and catchment-scale modeling. P. 149-157 in Proc. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium: Science for Management and Conservation. PSW-GTR-193.
93. MACDONALD, L.H., A. SMART, AND R.C. WISSMAR. 1991. Monitoring guidelines to evaluate effects of forestry activities on streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. EPA/910/9-91-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, Seattle, WA. 166 p.
94. MACDONALD, L.H., AND J.D. STEDNICK. 2003. Forests and water: A state-of-the-art review for Colorado. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute Report No. 196. 65 p.
95. MACDONALD, L.H., E.E. WOHL, AND S.W. MADSEN. 1997. Validation of water yield thresholds on the Kootenai National Forest. Report submitted to the Kootenai National Forest by Colorado State University. 197 p.
96. MACFARLANE, W.A., AND E. WOHL. 2003. Influence of step composition on step geometry and flow resistance in step-pool streams of the Washington Cascades. Water Resour. Res. 39(2), doi:10.1029/2001WR001238.
97. MADEJ, M.A., AND V. OZAKI. 1996. Channel response to sediment wave propagation and movement, Redwood Creek, California, U.S.A. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 21:911-927.
98. MADSEN, S.W. 1994. Channel response associated with predicted water and sediment yield increases in northwest Montana. MSc thesis, Dept. of Earth Resources, Colorado State University. 203 p.
99. MARTIN, D., AND L. BENDA. 2001. Patterns of instream wood recruitment and transport at the watershed scale. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 130:940-958.
100. MASSONG, T.M., AND D.R. MONTGOMERY. 2000. Influence of sediment supply, lithology, and woody debris on the distribution of bedrock and alluvial channels. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 112(5):591-599.
101. MAY, C.L. 2002. Debris flows through different forest age classes in the central Oregon Coast Range. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 38(4):1097-1113.
102. MAY, C.L., AND R.E. GRESSWELL. 2003a. Large wood recruitment and redistribution in headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. Can. J. For. Res. 33:1352-1362.
103. MAY, C.L., AND R.E. GRESSWELL. 2003b. Processes and rates of sediment and wood accumulation in headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms. 28:409-424.
104. MAY, C.L., AND R.E. GRESSWELL. 2004. Spatial and temporal patterns of debris flow deposition in the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. Geomorphology 57:135-149.
105. MAY, C.L., AND D.C LEE. 2004. The relationships among in-channel sediment storage, pool depth, and summer survival of juvenile salmonids in Oregon Coast Range Streams. North Am. J. Fish. Manag. 24:761-774.
106. MCGLYNN, B.L., AND J.J. MCDONNELL. 2003. Quantifying the relative contributions of riparian and hillslope zones to catchment runoff and composition. Water Resour. Res. doi:10.1029/2003WR002091.
107. MCGLYNN, B.L., J.J. MCDONNELL, J. SEIBERT, AND C. KENDALL. 2004. Scale effects on headwater catchment runoff timing, flow sources, and groundwater-streamflow relations. Water Resour. Res. doi:10.1029/2003WR002494.
108. MCGURK, B.J., AND D.R. FONG. 1995. Equivalent roaded area as a measure of cumulative effect of logging. Environ. Manag. 19(4):609-621.
109. MCNAMARA, J.P., D.G. CHANDLER, M. SEYFRIED, AND S. ACHET. 2005. Soil moisture states, lateral flow, and streamflow generation in a semi-arid, snowmelt-driven catchment. Hydrol. Process. 19:4023-4038.
110. MCSWAIN, M.D. 1987. Summer temperatures and channel characteristics of a Southwestern Oregon coastal stream. MSc thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 99 p.
111. MEGAHAN, W.F. 1982. Channel sediment storage behind obstructions in forested drainage basins draining the granitic bedrock of the Idaho Batholith. P. 114-121 in Sediment budgets and routing in forested draining basins, Swanson, F.J., F.J. Janda, T. Dunne, and D.N. Swanston (eds.). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-141, Portland, OR.
112. MEGAHAN, W.F., AND J. HORNBECK. 2000. Lessons learned in watershed management: A retrospective view. P. 177-188 in Land stewardship in the 21st century: The contributions of watershed management. USDA For. Serv. RMRS-P-13, Fort Collins, CO.
113. MEGAHAN, W.F., AND W.J. KIDD. 1972. Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain. J. For. 70(3):136-141.
114. MEYER, J.L., AND J.B. WALLACE. 2001. Lost linkages and lotic ecology: Rediscovering small streams. P. 295-317 in Ecology: achievement and challenge, M.C Huntly and N.J. Levin (eds.). Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
115. MILLER, D., AND L. BENDA. 2000. Effects of punctuated sediment supply on valley-floor landforms and sediment transport. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 112(12):1814-1824.
116. MONTGOMERY, D.R., AND J.M. BUFFINGTON. 1997. Channel reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109:596-611.
117. MONTGOMERY, D.R., AND W.E. DIETRICH. 1989. Source areas, drainage density, and channel initiation. Water Resour. Res. 25(8):1907-1918.
118. MONTGOMERY, D.R., AND E. FOUFOULA- GEORGIOU. 1993. Channel network source representation using digital elevation models. Water Resour. Res. 29:3925-3934.
119. MONTGOMERY, D.A., AND L.H. MACDONALD. 2002. Diagnostic approach to stream channel assessment and monitoring. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 38(1):1-16.
120. MONTGOMERY, D.R., T.M. MASSONG, AND S.C.S. HAWLEY. 2003. Influence of debris flows and log jams on the location of pools and alluvial channel reaches, Oregon Coast Range. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115(1):78-88.
121. MONTGOMERY, D.R., K.M. SCHMIDT, H.M. GREENBERG, AND W.E. DIETRICH. 2000. Forest clearing and landsliding. Geology 28(4):311-314.
122. MOODY, J.A., AND D.A. MARTIN. 2001. Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms. 26(10):1049-1070.
123. MOORE, R.D., D.L. SPITTLEHOUSE, AND A. STORY. 2005. Riparian microclimate and stream temperature response to forest harvesting: A review. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41(4):813-834.
124. MOORE, R.D., AND S.M. WONDZELL. 2005. Physical hydrology in the Pacific Northwest and the effects of forest harvesting - A review. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41:753-784.
125. NEARY, D.G., K.C RYAN, AND L.F. DEB ANO (eds.). 2005. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on soil and water. USDA For. Serv. General Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42, vol. 4, Rocky Mountain Res. Stn., Fort Collins, CO.
126. NEWBOLD, J.D., J.W. ELWOOD, R.V. O'NEILL, AND A.L. SHELDON. 1983. Phosphorus dynamics in a woodland stream ecosystem: A study of nutrient spiraling. Ecology 64:1249-1265.
127. NIELSEN, J.L., T.E. LISLE, AND V. OZAKI. 1994. Thermally stratified pools and their use by steelhead in northern California streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123:613-626.
128. NOVOTNY, V., AND H. OLEM. 1994. Water quality: Prevention, identification, and management of diffuse pollution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1054 p.
129. PAULSON, K.M. 1997. Estimating changes in sediment supply due to forest practices: A sediment budget approach applied to the Skagit River Basin in northwestern Washington. MSc thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 156 p.
130. PETERSON, B.J., W.M. WOLLHEIM, P.J. MULHOLLAND, J.R. WEBSTER, J.L. MEYER, J.L. TANK, E. MARTI, W.B. BOWDEN, H.M. VALETT, A.E. HERSHEY, W.H. MCDOWELL, W.K. DODDS, S.K. HAMILTON, S. GREGORY, AND D.D. MORRALL. 2001. Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams. Science 292:86-90.
131. PICCOLO, J.J., AND M.S. WIPFLI. 2002. Does red alder (Alnus rubra) in upland riparian forests elevate macroinvertebrate and detritus export from headwater streams to downstream habitats in southeastern Alaska? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:503-513.
132. PIETRASZEK, J.H. 2006. Controls on post-fire erosion at the hill-slope scale, Colorado Front Range. MSc thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 207 p.
133. POOLE, G.C., AND C.H. BERMAN. 2004. An ecological perspective on in-stream temperature: Natural heat dynamics and mechanisms of human-caused thermal degradation. Environ. Manag. 27(6):787-802.
134. RAINES, M.A. 1991. Sediment budget for the Grouse Creek basin, Humboldt County, California. MSc thesis, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA.
135. RAMOS-SCHARRON, C.E., AND L.H. MACDONALD. 2005. Measurement and prediction of sediment production from unpaved roads, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 30:1283-1304.
136. REID, L.M., AND T. DUNNE. 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resour. Res. 20(11):1753-1761.
137. REID, L.M., AND T. DUNNE. 1996. Rapid evaluation of sediment budgets. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany. 164 p.
138. RENEAU, S.L., AND W.E. DIETRICH. 1991. Erosion rates in the southern Oregon Coast Range: Evidence for an equilibrium between hillslope erosion and sediment yield. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 16:307-322.
139. RICE, R.M., F.B. TILLEY, AND P.A. DATZMAN. 1979. A watershed's response to logging and roads: South Fork of Caspar Creek, California, 1967-1976. USDA Forest Service Research Publication PSW-146, Pac. Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta., U.S. Dept. of Agric., Berkeley, CA.
140. RICHARDSON, J.S., R.J. NAIMAN, F.J. SWANSON, AND D.E. HIBBS. 2005. Riparian communities associated with Pacific Northwest headwater streams: Assemblages, processes, and uniqueness. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 41:935-947.
141. ROBERTS, R.G., AND M. CHURCH. 1986. The sediment budget in severely disturbed watersheds, Queen Charlotte Ranges, British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 16:1092-1106.
142. ROBICHAUD, P.R., J.L. BEYERS, AND D.G. NEARY. 2000. Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-63, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
143. ROBINSON, J.S., M. SIVAPALAN, AND J.D. SNELL. 1995. On the relative roles of hillslope processes, channel routing, and network geomorphology in the hydrological response of natural catchments. Water Resour. Res. 31(12):3089-3101.
144. ROBISON, E.G., K.A. MILLS, J. PAUL, L. DENT, AND A. SKAUGSET. 1999. Oregon Department of Forestry Storm Impacts and Landslides of 1996: Final report. Oregon Department of Forestry, Forest Practices Technical Report 4. 145 p.
145. SCHNACKENBERG, E.S., AND L.H. MACD ONALD. 1998. Detecting cumulative effects in headwater streams on the Routt National Forest, Colorado. J. of Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 34(5):1163-1177.
146. SCHUMM, S.A. 1956. Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 67:597-646.
147. SCHUSTER, P.F., D.P. KRABBENHOFT, D.L. NAFTZ, L.D. CECIL, M.L. OLSON, J.F. DEWILD, D.D. SUSONG, J.R. GREEN, AND M.L. ABBOT. 2002. Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: A glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources. Env. Sci. Tech. 36:2303-2310.
148. SHREVE, R.W. 1969. Stream lengths and basin areas in topologi-cally random channel networks. J. Geology 77:397-414.
149. SIDLE, R.C., S. SASAKI, M. OTSUKI, S. NOGUCHI, AND A.R. NIK. 2004. Sediment pathways in a tropical forest: Effects of logging roads and skid trails. Hydrol. Process. 18:703-720.
150. SIDLE, R.C., Y. TSUBOYAMA, S. NOGUCHI, I. HOSODA, M. FUJIEDA, AND T. SHIMIZU. 2000. Streamflow generation in steep headwaters: A linked hydro-geomorphic paradigm. Hydrol. Process. 14:369-385.
151. STEDNICK, J.D., C.A. TROENDLE, AND G.G. ICE. 2004. Lessons for watershed research in the future. P. 277-287 in A century of forest and wildland watershed lessons, Ice, G.G., and J.D. Stednick (eds.). Soc. of Am. Foresters, Bethesda, MD.
152. STOCK, J., AND W.E. DIETRICH. 2003. Valley incision by debris flows: Evidence of a topographic signature. Water Resour. Res. 39(4):1089, doi:10.1029/2001WR001057.
153. STORY, A., R.D. MOORE, AND J.S. MACDONALD. 2003. Stream temperature in two shaded reaches below cutblocks and logging roads: Downstream cooling linked to subsurface hydrology. Can. J. For. Res. 33(8):1383-1396.
154. SUTHERLAND, D.G., M.H. BALL, S.J. HILTON, AND T.E. LISLE. 2002. Evolution of a landslide-induced sediment wave in the Navarro River, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 114(8):1036-1048.
155. SUTTLE, K.B., M.E. POWER., J.M. LEVINE, AND C. MCNEELY. 2004. How fine sediment in riverbeds impairs growth and survival of juvenile salmonids. Ecol. Appl. 14:969-974.
156. SWANSON, F.J., AND C.T. DYRNESS. 1975. Impact of clear-cutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Geology 3(7):393-396.
157. SWANSON, F.J., R.L. FREDRICKSON, AND F.M. MCCORISON. 1982. Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed. P. 233-266 in Analysis of coniferous forest ecosystems in the western United States, Edmonds, R.L. (ed.). Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, PA.
158. THOMAS, R.B., AND W.F. MEGAHAN. 1998. Peak flow response to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basin, western Cascades, Oregon: A second opinion. Water Resour. Res. 34(12):3393-3403.
159. TOMAN, E.M. 2004. Forest road hydrology: The influence of forest roads on streamflow at stream crossings. MSc thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 78 p.
160. TROENDLE, C.A., AND R.M. KING. 1987. Effect of partial and clearcutting on streamflow at Deadhorse Creek, Colorado. J. Hydrol. 90(1/2):145-157.
161. TROENDLE, C.A., M.S. WILCOX, G.S. BEVENGER, AND L.S. PORTH. 2001. The Coon Creek water yield implementation project: Implementation of timber harvesting technology to increase streamflow. For. Ecol. Manag. 143:179-187.
162. TROMBULAK, S.C., AND C.A. FRISSELL. 2000. Review of the ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conserv. Biol. 14:18-30.
163. TROMP-VAN MEERVELD, H.J., AND J.J. MCDONNELL. 2006. Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow 2. The fill and spill hypothesis: An explanation for observed threshold behavior in subsurface stormflow. Water Resour. Res. doi:10.1029/2004WR003800.
164. VANNOTE, R.L., G.W. MINSHALL, K.W. CUMMINS, J.R. SEDELL, AND C.E. CUSHINGS. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:130-137.
165. VITOUSEK, P.M., J.R. GOSZ, C.C. GRIER, J.M. MILILLO, W.A. REINERS, AND R.L. TODD. 1979. Nitrate losses from disturbed ecosystems. Science 204:469-474.
166. WALTERS, C.J. 1986. Adaptive management of renewable resources. Macmillan, New York.
167. WATERS, T.F. 1995. Sediment in streams: Sources, biological effects, and control. Monograph 7, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
168. WEILER, M., J.J. MCDONNELL, H.J. TROMP-VAN MEERVELD, AND T. UCHIDA. 2005. Subsurface stormflow. P. 1719-1732 in Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences, Anderson, M.G. (ed.). Wiley and Sons, New York.
169. WEMPLE, B.C., J.A. JONES, AND G.E. GRANT. 1996. Channel network extension by logging roads in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resour. Bull. 32:1195-1207.
170. WHITING, P.J., AND J.B. BRADLEY. 1993. A process-based classification system for headwater streams. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 18:603-612.
171. WIGMOSTA, M.S., AND W.A. PERKINS. 2001. Simulating the effects of forest roads on watershed hydrology. P. 127-143 in Land use and watersheds: human influence on hydrology and geomorphology in urban and forest areas, Wigmosta, M.S., and S.J. Burgess (eds.). AGU Water Science and Application, vol. 2. Washington., DC.
172. WONDZELL, S.M., AND J.G. KING. 2003. Post-fire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. For. Ecol. Manag. 178:75-87.
173. WOODS, R., M. SIVAPALAN, AND M. DUNCAN. 1995. Investigating the representative elementary area concept: An approach based on field data. Hydrol. Process. 9:291-312.
174. WOODS, S.W., L.H. MACDONALD, AND C.J. WESTBROOK. 2006. Hydrologic interactions between an alluvial fan and a