Sediment transport and channel morphology of small, forested streams

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 853-876

  Hassan, Marwan A ^a   Church, Michael ^a   Lisle, Thomas E ^b   Brardinoni, Francesco ^a   Benda, Lee ^c   Grant, Gordon E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

^c Earth Systems Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Fluvial processes; Geomorphology; Sediment transport; Streams

Indexed keywords

CHANNEL FLOW; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HYDRAULICS; MORPHOLOGY; STREAM FLOW; WATER RESOURCES;

CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; CHANNEL STABILITY; FLUVIAL PROCESSES; HEADWATER CHANNELS;

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT;

CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; FORESTED CATCHMENT; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT;

NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 23944475538     PISSN: 1093474X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03774.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (199)

1. Abrahams, A.D., G.Li, and J.F. Atkinson, 1995. Step-Pool Streams: Adjustment to Maximum Flow Resistance. Water Resources Research 31:2593-2602.
2. Adenlof, K.A. and E.E. Wohl, 1994. Controls on Bedload Movement in a Subalpine Stream of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 26:77-85.
3. Andrews, E.D., 1979. Scour and Fill in a Stream Channel East Fork River, Western Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1117, Washington, B.C., 49 pp.
4. Andrews, E.D., 1983. Entrainment of Gravel From Naturally Sorted River Bed Material. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94:1225-1231.
5. Andrews, E.D., 1984. Bed Material Entrainment and Hydraulic Geometry of Gravel Bed Rivers in Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95:371-378.
6. Ashworth, P.J. and R.I. Ferguson, 1989. Size-Selective Entrainment of Bedload in Gravel Bed Streams. Water Resources Research 25:627-634.
7. Bagnold, R.A., 1956. The Flow of Cohesionless Grains in Fluids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 249:235-297.
8. Bathurst, J.C., W.T. Graf, and H.H. Cao, 1987. Bed Load Discharge Equations for Steep Mountain Rivers. In: Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed River, C.R. Thorne, J.C. Bathurst, and R.D. Hey (Editors). Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 453-491.
9. Benda, L., 1990. The Influence of Debris Flows on Channels and Valley Floors in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15:457-466.
10. Benda, L. and T. Dunne, 1987. Sediment Routing by Debris Flow. In: Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim. International Association of Hydrological Science Publication 165:213-223.
11. Benda, L. and T. Dunne, 1997a. Stochastic Forcing of Sediment Supply to Channel Networks From Land Sliding and Debris Flow. Water Resources Research 33:2849-2863.
12. Benda, L. and T. Dunne, 1997b. Stochastic Forcing of Sediment Routing and Storage in Channel Networks. Water Resources Research 33:2865-2880.
13. Benda, L.E., D.J. Miller, T. Dunne, G.H. Reeves, and J.K. Agee, 1998. Dynamic Landscape Systems. In: River Ecology and Management: Lesson From the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion, R.J. Naiman, and R.E. Bilby, (Editors). Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, pp. 261-288.
14. Bettess, R., 1984. Initiation of Sediment Transport in Gravel Streams. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 77, Part 2, Tech. Note 407, pp. 79-88.
15. Bilby, R.E., 1981. Role of Organic Debris Dams in Regulating the Export of Dissolved and Particulate Matter From Forested Watershed. Ecology 62:1234-1243.
16. Bilby, R.E. and P.A. Bisson, 1998. Function and Distribution of Large Woody Debris. In: River Ecology and Management: Lesson from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion, R.J. Naiman and R.E. Bilby, (Editors). Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, pp. 324-346.
17. Bilby, R.E. and J.W. Ward, 1989. Changes in Characteristics and Function of Woody Debris With Increasing Size of Streams in Western Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:368-378.
18. Bisson, P.A., J.L. Neilsen, R.A. Palmason, and L.E. Grove, 1981. A System of Naming Habitat Types in Small Streams With Examples of Habitat Utilization by Salmonids During Low Stream Flow. In: Acquisition and Utilisation of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, N.B. Armantrout (Editor). American Fisheries Society Western Division, The Hague Publishing, Billings, Montana, pp. 62-73.
19. Blizard, C.R. and E.E. Wohl, 1998. Relationship Between Hydraulic Variables and Bedload Transport in a Subalpine Channel, Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Geomorphology 22:359-371.
20. Bovis, M.J. and B.R. Dagg, 1988. A Model for Debris Accumulation and Mobilization in Steep Mountain Streams. Hydrological Sciences Journal 33:589-604.
21. Bovis, M.J., T.H. Millard, and M.E. Oden, 1998. Gully Processes in Coastal British Columbia: The Role of Woody Debris. In: Proceeding of Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Islands Fish/Forestry Workshop: Applying 20 Years of Coast Research to Management Solutions, D.L. Hogan, P.J. Tschaplinski, and S. Chatwin (Editors.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests Research Program, Victoria, B.C., Canada, pp. 49-75.
22. Brardinoni, F., O. Slaymaker, and M.A. Hassan, 2003. Landslide Inventory in a Rugged Forested Watershed: A Comparison Between Air-Photo and Field Survey Data. Geomorphology 54:179-196
23. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 1996a. Channel Assessment Procedure Guidebook. Ministry of Forests and British Columbia Environment, Victoria, British Columbia, 37 pp.
24. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 1996b. Channel Assessment Procedure: Field Guidebook. Ministry of Forests and British Columbia Environment, Victoria, British Columbia, 95 pp.
25. Brown, G.W. and J.T. Krygier, 1971. Clear-Cut Logging and Sediment Production in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research 7:1189-1198.
26. Buffington, J.M. and D.R. Montgomery, 1997. A Systematic Analysis of Eight Decades of Incipient Motion Studies, With Special Reference to Gravel-Bedded Rivers. Water Resources Research 33:1993-2029.
27. Buffington, J.M. and D.R. Montgomery, 1999. Effects of Supply on Surface Textures of Gravel-Bed Rivers. Water Resources Research 35:3523-3530.
28. Bunte, K., 1996. Analyses of the Temporal Variation of Coarse Bedload Transport and Its Grain Size Distribution. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, General Technical Report RM-GTR-288, 123 pp.
29. Chin, A., 1989. Step Pools in Stream Channels. Progress in Physical Geography 13:391-407.
30. Chin, A., 1999. On the Stability of Step-Pool Mountain Streams. Geophysical Research Letters 26:231-234.
31. Church, M., 1978. Palaeohydraulic Reconstructions From a Holocene Valley Fill. In: Fluvial Sedimentology, A.D. Miall (Editor). Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Mem. 5, Calgary, Canada, pp. 743-772.
32. Church, M., 1992. Channel Morphology and Topology. In: The Rivers Handbook, C. Calow and G. Petts (Editors). Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2:126-143.
33. Church, M., 2002. Geomorphic Thresholds in Riverine Landscapes. Freshwater Biology 47:541-557.
34. Church, M. and M.A. Hassan, 2002. Mobility of Bed Material in Harris Creek. Water Resources Research 38, doi: 10.1029/2001WR000753:19-1-19-12.
35. Church, M., M.A. Hassan and J.F. Wolcott, 1998. Stabilizing Self-Organized Structures in Gravel-Bed Stream Channels: Field and Experimental Observations. Water Resources Research 34:3169-3179.
36. Church, M. and J.M. Ryder, 2001. Watershed Processes in the Southern Interior of British Columbia: Background to Land Management. In: Watershed Assessment in the Southern Interior of British Columbia: Workshop Proceeding, D.A.A. Toews, and S. Chatwin (Editors). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Working Paper 57, Victoria, B.C., Canada, pp. 1-16.
37. Costa, J.E., 1984. Physical Geomorphology of Debris Flows. In: Developments and Applications of Geomorphology, J.E. Costa and P.J. Fleisher (Editors). Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp.268-317.
38. Costa, J.E., 1988. Rheologic, Geomorphic, and Sedimentological Differentiation of Water Floods, Hyperconcentrated Flows, and Debris Flows. In: Flood Geomorphology, V.R. Baker, R.R.C. Kochel and P.C. Patton (Editors). John Wiley, New York, New York, pp. 113-122.
39. D'Agostino, V. and M.A. Lenzi, 1999. Bedload Transport in the Instrumented Catchment of Rio Cordon, Part II: Analysis of Bedload Rate. Catena 36:191-204.
40. DeJong, C., 1995. Temporal and Spatial Interactions Between River Bed Roughness, Geometry, Bedload Transport and Flow Hydraulics in Mountain Streams - Examples From Squaw Creek (Montana, USA) and Lainbach/Schmiedlaine (Upper Bavaria, Germany). Department of Geography. Free University Berlin, Heft 59, 229 pp.
41. DeVries, P.E., 1997. Riverine Salmonid Egg Burial Depths: Review of Published Data and Implications for Scour Studies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:1685-1698.
42. DeVries, P.E., S.J. Burges and J. Daigneau, 2001. Measurements of the Temporal Progression of Scour in a Pool-Riffle Sequence in a Gravel Bed Stream Using an Electronic Scour Monitor. Water Resources Research 37:2805-2816.
43. Dietrich, W.E., J.W. Kirchner, H. Ikeda and F. Iseya, 1989. Sediment Supply and the Development of the Coarse Surface Layer in Gravel-Bedded Rivers. Nature 340:215-217.
44. Dunne, T., 2001. Introduction to Section 2: Problems in Measuring and Modeling the Influence of Forest Management on Hydrologic and Geomorphic Processes. In: Land Use and Watersheds: Human Influence on Hydrology and Geomorphology in Urban Forest Areas, M.S. Wigmosta and S.J. Burges (Editors). American Geophysical Union, Water Science and Application 2, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 77-83.
45. Dyrness, C.T., 1970. Stabilization of Newly Constructed Road Backslopes by Mulch and Grass-Legume Treatment. USDA, Forest Service Research Note PNW-123, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, Portland, Oregon.
46. Emmett, W.W., 1980. A Field Calibration of the Sediment Trapping Characteristics of the Helley-Smith Bedload Sampler. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1139, Washington, D.C., 44 pp.
47. Emmett, W.W. and M.G. Wolman, 2001. Effective Discharge and Gravel-Bed Rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:1369-1380.
48. Ergenzinger, P. and S.G. Custer, 1983. Determination of Bedload Transport Using Naturally Magnetic Tracers: First Experiences at Squaw Creek, Gallatin County, Montana. Water Resources Research 19:187-193.
49. Fannin, R.J. and T.P. Rollerson, 1993. Debris Flows: Some Physical Characteristics and Behaviour. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30:71-81.
50. Ferguson, R.I., 1994. Critical Discharge for Entrainment of Poorly Sorted Gravel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19:179-186.
51. Fransen, P.J.B., C.J. Phillips, and B.D. Fahey, 2001. Forest Road Erosion in New Zealand: Overview. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:165-174.
52. Gintz, D., M.A. Hassan, and K.H. Schmidt, 1996. Frequency and Magnitude of Bedload Transport in a Mountain River. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21:433-446.
53. Gomi, T., 2002. Dynamics of Sediment and Woody Debris in Headwater Streams, Southeast Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 200 pp.
54. Gomi, T., R.D. Moore, and M.A. Hassan, 2005, Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Small Forest Streams on the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 41(4):877-898.
55. Gomi, T., R.C. Sidle, R.D. Woodsmith, and M.D. Bryant, 2003. Characteristics of Channel Steps and Reach Morphology in Headwater Streams, Southeast Alaska. Geomorphology 51:225-242.
56. Gottesfeld, A.S., 1998. Bedload Transport During Sockeye Redd Excavation and by Floods in the Stuart-Takla Experimental Watersheds, British Columbia. In: Proceeding of Forest-Fish Conference, Land Management Practices Affecting Aquatic Ecosystems, M.K. Brewin and D.M.A. Monita (Editors). Natural Resources Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 249-258.
57. Graf, W.H., 1971. Hydraulics of Sediment Transport. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, New York.
58. Grant, G.E., 1994. Hydraulics and Sediment Transport Dynamics Controlling Step-Pool Formation in High Gradient Streams: A Flume Experiment. In: Dynamics and Geomorphology of Mountain Rivers: Pre-Symposium Publication, K.H. Schmidt and P. Ergenzinger, (Editors). Springer-Verlag, Beneditbeuern, Germany, pp. 241-250.
59. Grant, G.E., M.J. Crozier, and F.J. Swanson, 1984. An Approach to the Evaluating Off-Site Effects of Timber Harvest Activities on Channel Morphology. In: Proceeding, Symposium on the Effects of Forest Land Use on Erosion and Slope Stability. Environment and Policy Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 177-186.
60. Grant, G.E., F.J. Swanson, and M.G. Wolman, 1990. Pattern and Origin of Stepped-Bed Morphology in High Gradient Streams, Western Cascades, Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin 102:340-352.
61. Grant, G.E. and A.L. Wolff, 1991. Long-Term Patterns of Sediment Transport After Timber Harvest, Western Cascade Mountains, Oregon, USA. In: Sediment and Stream Water Quality in a Changing Environment: Trends and Explanation. IAHS Publication No. 203, pp. 31-40.
62. Halwas, K.L. and M. Church, 2002. Channel Units in Small, High Gradient Streams on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geomorphology 43:243-256.
63. Haschenburger, J.K., 1999. A Probability Model of Scour and Fill Depths in Gravel-Bed Channels. Water Resources Research 35:2857-2869.
64. Haschenburger, J.K. and M. Church, 1998. Bed Material Transport Estimated From the Virtual Velocity of Sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23:791-808.
65. Hassan, M.A., 1990. Scour, Fill, and Burial Depth of Coarse Material in Gravel Bed Streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15:341-356.
66. Hassan, M.A. and M. Church, 1992. The Movement of Individual Grains on the Streambed. In: Dynamics of Gravel Bed Rivers, P Billi, R.E. Hey, C.R. Thorne and P. Tacconi (Editors). Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 159-175.
67. Hassan, M.A. and M. Church, 1994. Vertical Mixing of Coarse Particles in Gravel Bed Rivers: A Kinematic Model. Water Resources Research 30:1173-1185.
68. Hassan M.A. and M. Church, 2000. Experiments on Surface Structure and Partial Sediment Transport on a Gravel Bed. Water Resources Research 36:1885-1895.
69. Hassan, M.A. and M. Church, 2001. Rating Bedload Transport in Harris Creek: Seasonal and Spatial Variation Over a Cobble-Gravel Bed. Water Resources Research 37:813-825.
70. Hassan, M.A. and P. Ergenzinger, 2003. Tracers in Fluvial Geomorphology. In: Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology, G.M. Kondolf and H. Piegay (Editors). John Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 397-423.
71. Hassan, M.A. and I. Reid, 1990. The Influence of Microform Bed Roughness Elements on Flow and Sediment Transport in Gravel Bed Rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15:739-750.
72. Hassan, M.A. and R. Woodsmith, 2004. Bedload Transport in an Obstructed-Formed Pool in a Forested Gravel-Bed Stream. Geomorphology 58:203-221.
73. Hayward, J.A., 1980. Hydrology and Stream Sediments in a Mountain Catchment. Special Publication 17, Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institutes, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand, 236 pp.
74. Hawkins, C.P., J.L. Kershner, P.A. Bisson, M. Bryant, L. Decker, S.V. Gregory, D.A. McCullough, K. Overton, G. Reeves, R. Steedman, and M. Young, 1993. A Hierarchical Approach to Classifying Stream Habitat Features. Fisheries 18(6):3-12.
75. Helley, E.J. and W. Smith, 1971. The Development and Calibration of a Pressure Difference Bed Load Sampler. U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report, Washington, D.C., 18 pp.
76. Hickin, E.J., 1984. Vegetation and River Channel Dynamics. Canadian Geographer 2:111-126.
77. Hogan, D.L., 1986. Stream Channel Morphology: Comparison of Logged and Unlogged Watersheds in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Master's Thesis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 220 pp.
78. Hogan, D.L. and S.A. Bird, 1998. Classification and Assessment of Small Coastal Stream Channels. In: Proceeding of Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Islands Fish/Forestry Workshop: Applying 20 Years of Coast Research to Management Solutions, D.L. Hogan, P.J. Tschaplinski, and S. Chatwin (Editors). British Columbia Ministry of Forests Research Program, Victoria, B.C., Canada, pp. 189-200.
79. Hogan, D.L., S.A. Bird, and M.A. Hassan, 1998. Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Small Coastal Gravel-Bed Streams: The Influence of Forest Management on Channel Morphology and Fish Habitat. In: Gravel-Bed Rivers in the Environment, P.C. Klingeman, R.L. Beschta, P.D. Komar, and J.B. Bradley (Editors). Water Resources Publications, LLC, Highland Ranch, Colorado, pp. 365-392.
80. Hubbell, D.W., H.H. Stevens, J.V. Skinner, and J.P. Beverage, 1985. New Approach to Calibrating Bed Load Samplers. American Society of Civil Engineering. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 111:677-694.
81. Hughes, R.M. and B. James, 1989. A Hydrological Regionalization of Streams in Victoria, Australia, With Implications for Stream Ecology. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 40:303-326.
82. Hungr, O., G.C. Morgan, and R. Kellerhals, 1984. Quantitative Analysis of Debris Torrent Hazards for Design of Remedial Measures. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22:663-677.
83. Ikeda, H., 1975. On the Bed Configuration in Alluvial Channels: Their Types and Condition of Formation With Reference to Bars. Geographical Review of Japan 48:712-730.
84. Jackson, W.L. and R.L. Beschta, 1982. A Model of Two-Phase Bedload Transport in an Oregon Coast Range Stream. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7:517-527.
85. Jaeggi, M.N.R., 1995. Sediment Transport in Mountain Rivers - A Review. In: International Conference on Erosion Control. The Sabo Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (Keynote Address), 13 pp.
86. Jakob, M. and P. Jordan, 2001. Design Flood Estimates in Mountain Streams - The Need for a Geomorphic Approach. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28:425-439.
87. Janda, R.J., K.M. Nolan, D.R. Harden, S.M. Colman, 1975. Watershed Conditions in the Drainage Basin of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California as of 1973. USGS, Open File Report 75-568, Washington, D.C.
88. Jones, H.R. and J.C. Peters, 1977. Physical and Biological Typing of Unpolluted Rivers. Technical Report TR 41, Medmenham Laboratory, Medmenham, United Kingdom.
89. Judd, H.E. and D.F. Peterson, 1969. Hydraulics of Large Bed Element Channels. Report Number PRWG 17-6, Utah Water Resources Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 115 pp.
90. Keller, E.A., 1971. Areal Sorting of Bedload Material: A Hypothesis of Velocity Reversal. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82:753-756.
91. Keller, E.A. A. MacDonald, and T. Tally, 1981. Streams in the Coastal Redwood Environment: The Role of the Large Organic Debris. In: Proceedings, Symposium on Watershed Rehabilitation in Redwood National Park and Other Coastal Areas, Binghamton, New York, R.N. Coates (Editor). Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 161-176.
92. Keller, E.A. and F.J. Swanson, 1979. Effects of Large Organic Material on Channel Form and Fluvial Processes. Earth Surface Processes 4:361-380.
93. Klingeman, P.C. and W.W. Emmett, 1982. Gravel Bedload Transport Processes. In: Gravel-Bed Rivers: Fluvial Processes, Engineering and Management, R.D. Hey, J.C. Bathurst, and C.R. Thornes (Editors). John Wiley, New York, New York, pp. 141-169.
94. Knighton, D., 1998. Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective. Arnold, New York, New York.
95. Komar, P.D. and M.Z. Li, 1988. Application of Grain Pivoting and Sliding Analyses to Selective Entrainment of Gravel and to Flow Competence Evaluations. Sedimentology 35:681-695.
96. Kuhnle, R.A., 1992. Bedload Transport During Rising and Falling Stages on Two Small Streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 17:191-197.
97. Lancaster, S.T., S.K. Hayes, and G.E. Grant, 2001. Modelling Sediment and Wood Storage and Dynamics in Small Mountainous Watersheds. In: Geomorphic Processes and Riverine Habitat, J.M. Dorava, D.R. Montgomery, B.B. Palcsak, and F.A. Fitzpatrick (Editors). American Geophysical Union, Water Science and Application 4, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 85-102.
98. Lauffer, H. and N. Sommer, 1982. Studies on Sediment Transport in Mountain Streams of the Eastern Alps. In: Proc., International Commission on Large Dams, 14th Congress, Rio de Janiero. International Association for Hydraulic Research, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 431-453.
99. Lenzi, M.A., V. D'Agostino, and P. Billi, 1999. Bedload Transport in the Instrumented Catchment of Rio Cordon, Part I: Analysis of Bedload Records, Conditions and Threshold of Bedload Entrainment. Catena 36:171-190.
100. Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman, and J.P. Miller, 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, California, 522 pp.
101. Likens, G.E. and R.E. Bilby, 1982. Development, Maintenance and Role of Organic Debris Dams in New England Streams. In: Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins, F.E. Swanson, R.J. Janda, T. Dunne, and D.N. Swanston (Editors). USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-141, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon, pp. 122-128.
102. Lisle, T.E., 1986. Stabilization of a Gravel Channel by Large Streamside Obstructions and Bedrock Bends, Jacoby Creek, Northwestern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 97:999-1011.
103. Lisle, T. E., 1989. Sediment Transport and Resulting Deposition in Spawning Gravels, North Coastal California. Water Resources Research 25:1303-1319.
104. Lisle, T.E., 1995. Particle Size Variation Between Bedload and Bed Material in Natural Gravel Bed Channels. Water Resources Research 31:1107-1118.
105. Lisle, T.E., Y. Cui, G. Parker, J.E. Pizzuto, and A.M. Dodd, 2001. The Dominance of Dispersion in the Evolution of Bed Material Waves in Gravel Bed Rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:1409-1420.
106. Lisle, T.E. and S. Hilton, 1992. The Volume of Fine Sediment in Pools: An Index of Sediment Supply in Gravel Bed Streams. Water Resources Bulletin 28:371-383.
107. Lisle, T.E., J.E. Pizzuto, H. Ikeda, F. Iseya, and Y. Kodama, 1997. Evolution of a Sediment Wave in an Experimental Channel. Water Resources Research 33:1971-1981.
108. Luce, C.H. and T.A. Black, 2001. Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Erosion From Forest Roads. In: Land Use and Watersheds: Human Influence on Hydrology and Geomorphology in Urban Forest Areas, M.S. Wigmosta and S.J. Burges (Editors). American Geophysical Union, Water Science and Application 2, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 165-178.
109. Madej, M.A., 2001. Erosion and Sediment Delivery Following Removal of Forest Roads. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:175-190.
110. Madej, M.A. and V. Ozaki, 1996. Channel Response to Sediment Wave Propagation and Movement, Redwood Creek, California, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21:911-927.
111. Madsen, S.W., 1995. Channel Response Associated With Predicted Water and Sediment Yield Increases in Northwest Montana. MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 230 pp.
112. Massong, T.M. and D.R. Montgomery, 2000. Influence of Sediment Supply, Lithology, and Wood Debris on the Distribution of Bedrock and Alluvial Channels. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112:591-599.
113. Meade, R.H., 1985. Wavelike Movement of Bedload Sediment, East Fork River, Wyoming. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 7:215-255.
114. Megahan, W.F., 1982. Channel Sediment Storage Behind Obstructions in Forested Drainage Basins Draining the Granitic Bedrock of the Idaho batholith. In: Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States, R.L. Edmonds, (Editor). Hutchinson Ross, Pennsylvania, pp. 114-121.
115. Megahan, W.F. and G.L. Ketcheson, 1996. Predicting Downslope Travel of Grantic Sediments From Forest Roads in Idaho. Water Resources Bulletin 32:371-382.
116. Megahan, W.F. and W.J. Kidd, 1972. Impacts of Logging and Logging Roads on Erosion and Sediment Deposition in Steep Terrain. Journal of Forestry 7:136-141.
117. Megahan, W.F., K.A. Seyedbagheri, and P.C. Dodson, 1983. Long-Term Erosion on Granitic Roadcuts Based on Exposed Tree Roots. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8:19-28.
118. Meyer-Peter, E. and R. Muller, 1948. Formulas for Bedload Transport. In: Proc., Second Meeting, International Association for Hydraulic Structures Research, Stockholm, Sweden, Appendix 2, pp. 39-64.
119. Miles, M.J. and R. Kellerhals, 1981. Some Engineering Aspects of Debris Torrents. Proceedings, Fifth Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Fredericton, New Brunswick. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, pp. 395-420.
120. Milhous, R.T., 1973. Sediment Transport in a Gravel-Bottomed Stream. PhD Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 232 pp.
121. Miller, D.J. and L.E. Benda, 2000. Effects of Punctuated Sediment Supply on Valley-Floor Landforms and Sediment Transport. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112:1814-1824.
122. Mizuyama, T., 1977. Bedload Transport in Steep Channels. Ph.D. Thesis, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 118 pp.
123. Montgomery, D., 1994. Road Surface Drainage, Channel Initiation, and Slope Instability, Water Resources Research 30:1925-1932.
124. Montgomery, D.R., T.B. Abbe, J.M. Buffington, N.P. Peterson, K.M. Schmidt, and J.D. Stock, 1996b. Distribution of Bedrock and Alluvial Channels in Forested Mountain Drainage Basins. Nature 381:587-589.
125. Montgomery, D.R. and J.M. Buffington, 1993. Channel Classification, Prediction of Channel Response, and Assessment of Channel Conditions. Report TFW-SH10-93-002, Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington, 84 pp.
126. Montgomery, D.R. and J.M. Buffington, 1997. Channel Reach Morphology in Mountain Drainage Basins. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109:596-611.
127. Montgomery, D.R. and J.M. Buffington, 1998. Channel Processes, Classification, and Response. In: River Ecology and Management: Lesson From the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion, R.J. Naiman, and R.E. Bilby (Editors). Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, pp. 13-42.
128. Montgomery, D.R., J.M. Buffington, N.P. Peterson, D. Schuett-Hames, and T.P. Quinn, 1996a. Stream-Bed Scour, Egg Burial Depth, and the Influence of Salmonid Spawning on Bed Surface Mobility and Embryo Survival. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:1061-1070.
129. Montgomery, D.R., J.M. Buffington, R.D. Smith, K.M. Schmidt, and G. Pess, 1995. Pool Spacing in Forest Channels. Water Resources Research 31:1097-1105.
130. Montgomery, D.R. and W.E. Dietrich, 1988. Where Do Channels Begin? Nature 336:232-234.
131. Moog, D.B. and P.J. Whiting, 1998. Annual Hysteresis in Bedload Rating Curves. Water Resources Research 34:2393-2399.
132. Meyer, G.A., S.G. Wells, R.C. Balling, Jr., and A.J.T. Jull, 1992. Response of Alluvial Systems to Fire and Climate Change in Yellowstone National Park. Nature 357:147-150.
133. Myers, T. and S. Swanson, 1997. Variability of Pool Characteristics With Pool Type and Formative Feature on Small Great Basin Rangeland Streams. Journal of Hydrology 201:62-81.
134. Nakamura, F., F.J. Swanson, and S.M. Wondzell, 2000. Disturbance Regimes of Stream and Riparian Systems - A Disturbance-Cascade Perspective. Hydrological Processes 14:2849-2860.
135. Nanson, G. C., 1974. Bedload and Suspended-Load in a Small, Steep Mountainstream. American Journal of Science 274:471-486.
136. O'Connor, M.D., 1994. Sediment Transport in Steep Tributary Streams and the Influence of Large Organic Debris. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 257 pp.
137. O'Loughlin, C.L., 1972. An Investigation of the Slope Stability of the Steepland Forest Soils in the Coast Mountains, Southwest British Columbia. PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, 147 pp.
138. O'Loughlin, C.L., L.K. Rowe, and A.J. Pearce, 1978. Sediment Yields From Small Forested Catchments, North Westland-Nelson, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 17:1-15.
139. Parker, G., S. Dhamotharan, and S. Stefan, 1982. Model Experiments on Mobile, Paved Gravel Bed Stream. Water Resources Research 18:1395-1408.
140. Parker, G. and P.C. Klingeman, 1982. On Why Gravel Bed Streams are Paved. Water Resources Research 18:1409-1423.
141. Paustian, S.J. and R.L. Beschta, 1979. The Suspended Sediment Regime of Oregon Coast Range Stream. Water Resources Bulletin 15:144-154.
142. Pearce A.J. and A. Watson, 1983. Medium-Term Effects of Two Landsliding Episodes on Channel Storage of Sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8:29-39.
143. Poff, N.L. and J.V. Ward, 1989. Implications of Streamflow Variability and Predictability for Lotic Community Structure: A Regional Analysis of Streamflow Patterns. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1805-1818.
144. Reid, I., A.C. Brayshaw, and L.E. Frostick, 1984. An Electromagnetic Device For Automatic Detection of Bedload Motion and Its Field Applications. Sedimentology 31:269-276.
145. Reid, I., L.E. Frostick, and J.L. Lyman, 1985. The Incidence and Nature of Bedload Transport During Flood Flows in Coarse-Grained Alluvial Channels. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 10:33-44.
146. Reid, I. and J.B. Laronne, 1995. Bedload Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Stream and a Comparison With Seasonal and Perennial Counterparts. Water Resources Research 31:773-781.
147. Reid, I., J.T. Layman, and L.E. Frostick, 1980. The Continuous Measurement of Bedload Discharge. Journal of Hydraulic Research 18:243-249.
148. Reid, L.M. and T. Dunne, 1984. Sediment Production From Forest Road Surfaces. Water Resources Research 20:1753-1761.
149. Reid, L.M., T. Dunne, and C.J. Cederholm, 1981. Application of Sediment Budget Studies to the Evaluation of Logging Road Impact. Journal of Hydrology 20:49-62.
150. Rice, S. and M. Church, 1996. Bed Material Texture in Low Order Streams on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21:1-18.
151. Rickenmann, D., 1990. Bedload Capacity of Slurry Flows at Steep Slopes. In: Mitteilung der Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau. Hydrologie und Glaziologie, Rep. 103, Eidg. Tech. Hochsch, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 249 pp.
152. Rickenmann, D., 1992. Hyperconcentrated Flow and Sediment Transport at Steep Slopes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 117:1419-1439.
153. Rickenmann, D., 2001. Comparison of Bedload Transport in Torrents and Gravel Bed Streams. Water Resources Research 37:3295-3305.
154. Riley, S.J., 1988. Soil Loss From Road Batters in the Karuah State Forest, Eastern Australia. Soil Technology 1:313-332.
155. Roberts, R.J. and M. Church, 1986. The Sediment Budget in Severely Disturbed Watersheds, Queen Charlotte Ranges, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16:1092-1106.
156. Rollerson, T.P., 1992. Relationships Between Landscape Attributes and Landslide Frequencies After Logging: Skidegate Plateau, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, 11 pp.
157. Rood, K. M., 1984. An Aerial Photograph Inventory of the Frequency and Yield of Masswasting on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Land Management Report No.34, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, 55 pp.
158. Rood, K.M., 1990. Site Characteristics and Landsliding in Forested and Clearcut Terrain, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Land Management Report No. 64, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, 46 pp.
159. Rosgen, D.L., 1994. A Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena 22:169-199.
160. Ryan, S.E., 1994. Bedload Transport Pattern in Pool-Riffle and Step-Pool Stream Systems. In: Effects of Human-Induced Changes on Hydrologic Systems, Richard A. Marston and Victor Hasfurther (Editors). American Water Resources Association, TPS-94-3, pp. 669-678.
161. Ryan, S.E., 1997. Morphologic Response of Subalpine Streams to Transbasin Flow Diversion. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 33(4):839-854.
162. Ryan, S.E., 2001. The Influence of Sediment Supply on Rates of Bed Load Transport: A Case Study of Three Streams on the San Juan National Forest. Proceeding of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, Nevada. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C., pp. III-48-III-54.
163. Ryan, S.E. and W.W. Emmett, 2002. The Nature of Flow and Sediment Movement in Little Granite Creek Near Bondurant, Wyoming. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-90, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, 48 pp.
164. Ryan, S.E. and C.A. Troendle, 1996. Bed Load Transport Patterns in Coarse-Grained Channels Under Varying Conditions of Flows. In: Sedimentation Technologies for Management of Natural Resources in the 21st Century. Proceeding of the Sixth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada. Water Resources Council, Vol. 2, pp. VI-22-VI-27.
165. Ryan, S.E. and C.A. Troendle, 1997. Measuring Bedload in Coarse-Grained Mountain Channels Procedures, Problems, and Recommendations. In: Water Resources Education, Training, and Practice: Opportunities for the Next Century, J.J. Warwick (Editor). American Water Resources Association, TPS-97-1, pp. 949-958.
166. Sauder, E.A., R.K. Krag, and G.V. Wellburn, 1987. Logging and Mass Wasting in the Pacific Northwest With Application to the Queen Charlotte
167. Sawada, T., K. Ashida, and T. Takahashi, 1983. Relationship Between Channel Pattern and Sediment Transport in a Steep Gravel Bed River. Z. Geomorph, N.F. Suppl. Bd. 16, pp. 55-66.
168. Schoklitsch, A., 1962. Handbuch des Wasserbaues (Third Edition). Springer-Verlag, Vienna, Austria.
169. Schwab, J.W., 1983. Mass Wasting: October-November 1978 Storm, Rennell Sound, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Land Management Report No. 91, British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Lands, Victoria, British Columbia, 23 pp.
170. Shields, A., 1936. Andwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geschiebebewegung. (Application of the Theory of Similarity and Turbulence Research to the Bedload Movement: translated by Q.M. Saleh). Mitteilungen der Preussischen Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau, 26, Berlin, Germany.
171. Sidle, R.C., 1988. Bedload Transport Regime of a Small Forested Stream. Water Resources Research 24:207-218.
172. Sidle, R.C., A.J. Pearce, and C.L. O'Loughlin, 1985. Hillslope Stability and Landuse. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., Water Resources Monographs 11, 140 pp.
173. Slaymaker, O., 1993. The Sediment Budget of the Lillooet River Basin, British Columbia. Physical Geography 14:304-320.
174. Slaymaker, O., 2000. Assessment of the Geomorphic Impacts of Forestry in British Columbia. Ambio 29:381-387.
175. Smart, G.M. and M.N.R. Jaeggi, 1983. Sediment Transport on Steep Slopes. Mitteilung der Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zurich, Nr. 64. 191 pp.
176. Smith, R.D., R.C. Sidle, and P.E. Porter, 1993a. Effects on Bedload Transport of Experimental Removal of Woody Debris From a Forest Gravel-Bed Stream. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18:455-468.
177. Smith, R.D., R.C. Sidle, P.E. Porter, and J.R. Noel, 1993b. Effects of Experimental Removal of Woody Debris on the Channel Morphology of a Forest, Gravel Bed Stream. Journal of Hydrology 152:153-178.
178. Solari, L. and G. Parker, 2000. The Curious Case of Mobility Reversal in Sediment Mixtures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 126:185-197.
179. Sterling, S. and M. Church, 2002. Sediment Trapping Characteristics of a Pit Trap and a Helley-Smith Sampler in a Cobble-Gravel Bed River. Water Resources Research 38(8):19-1-19-11, doi: 10.1029/2000 WR000052.
180. Sullivan, K., 1986. Hydraulics and Fish Habitat in Relation to Channel Morphology. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 407 pp.
181. Sutherland, D.G., M.H. Ball, S.J. Hilton, and T.E. Lisle, 2002. Evolution of a Landslide-Induced Sediment Wave in the Navarro River, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114:1036-1048.
182. Swanson, F.J., 1981. Fire and Geomorphic Processes. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report WO26, Washington, D.C., pp. 401-420.
183. Swanson, F.J., S.V. Gregory, J.R. Sedell, and A.G. Campbell, 1982c. Land-Water Interactions: The Riparian Zone. In: Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States, R.L. Edmonds (Editor). Hutchinson Ross, Pennsylvania, pp. 267-291.
184. Swanson, F.J., R.J. Janda, and T. Dunne, 1982b. Summary: Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins. In: Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins, F.J. Swanson, R.J. Janda, T. Dunne, and D.N. Swanston (Editors). U.S. Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report Number PNW-141, Portland, Oregon, pp. 157-165.
185. Swanson, F.J., R.J. Janda, T. Dunne, and D.N. Swanston (Editors), 1982a. Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report PNW-141, Portland, Oregon, 165 pp.
186. Swanston, D.N. and F.J. Swanson, 1976. Timber Harvesting, Mass Erosion and Steepland Forest Geomorphology in the Pacific Northwest. In: Geomorphology and Engineering, D.R. Coates (Editor). Allen and Unwin, New York, New York, pp.199-221.
187. Tinkler, K.J. and E.E. Wohl (Editors), 1998. Rivers Over Rock. Geophysical Monograph, 107, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 323 pp.
188. Troendle, C.A., J.M. Nankervis, and S.E. Ryan, 1996. Sediment Transport From Small, Steep-Gradient Watersheds in Colorado and Wyoming. In: Sedimentation Technologies for Management of Natural Resources in the 21st Century. Proceeding of the Sixth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada. Water Resources Council, Vol. 2, pp. IX-39-IX-45.
189. Tunnicliffe, J., A.S. Gottesfeld, and M. Mohamed, 2000. High Resolution Measurement of Bedload Transport. Hydrological Processes 14:2631-2643.
190. Warburton, J., 1992. Observation of Bedload Transport and Channel Bed Changes in a Proglacial Mountain Stream. Arctic and Alpine Research 24:195-203.
191. Wemple, B.C., F.J. Swanson, and J.A. Jones, 2001. Forest Roads and Geomorphic Process Interactions, Cascade Range, Oregon. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:191-204.
192. Whiting, P.J. and J.B. Bradley, 1993. A Process Based Classification System for Headwater Streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18:603-612.
193. Whittaker, J.G., 1987. Sediment Transport in Step-Pool Streams. In: Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers, C.R. Thorne, J.C. Bathurst, and R.D. Hey (Editors). Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 545-579.
194. Wilcock, P.R. and B.W. McArdell, 1993. Surface-Based Fractional Transport Rates: Mobilization Thresholds and Partial Transport of a Sand-Gravel Sediment. Water Resources Research 29:1297-1312.
195. Wilcock, P.R. and B.W. McArdell, 1997. Partial Transport of a Sand/Gravel Sediment. Water Resources Research 33:235-245.
196. Williams, G.P., 1989. Sediment Concentration Versus Water Discharge During Single Hydrologic Events in Rivers. Journal of Hydrology 111:89-106.
197. Wohl, E.E., 2000. Mountain Rivers. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., Water Resources Monographs 14, 320 pp.
198. Wohl, E.E., K.R. Vincent, and D.J. Merritts, 1993. Pool and Riffle Characteristics in Relations to Channel Gradient. Geomorphology 6:99-110.
199. Zimmerman, A. and M. Church, 2001. Channel Morphology, Gradient Profiles and Bed Stresses During Spring Runoff in a Step-Pool Channel. Geomorphology 40:311-328.