메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 243-255

Pathophysiology of stroke rehabilitation: The natural course of clinical recovery, use-dependent plasticity and rehabilitative outcome

Author keywords

Neuronal plasticity; Stroke rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

BRAIN FUNCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONVALESCENCE; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; HUMAN; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLASTICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REHABILITATION CARE; REVIEW; STROKE; TRAINING; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33947247135     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000098323     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (102)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 30944439062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of stroke rehabilitation: Temporal aspects of neurofunctional recovery
    • Kreisel SH, Bäzner H, Hennerici MG: Pathophysiology of stroke rehabilitation: temporal aspects of neurofunctional recovery. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;21:6-17.
    • (2006) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.21 , pp. 6-17
    • Kreisel, S.H.1    Bäzner, H.2    Hennerici, M.G.3
  • 2
    • 0023748709 scopus 로고
    • The Lausanne Stroke Registry: Analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke
    • Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F: The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988;19:1083-1092.
    • (1988) Stroke , vol.19 , pp. 1083-1092
    • Bogousslavsky, J.1    Van Melle, G.2    Regli, F.3
  • 4
    • 0034953320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of adaptive plasticity in recovery of function after damage to motor cortex
    • Nudo RJ, Plautz EJ, Frost SB: Role of adaptive plasticity in recovery of function after damage to motor cortex. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:1000-1019.
    • (2001) Muscle Nerve , vol.24 , pp. 1000-1019
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Plautz, E.J.2    Frost, S.B.3
  • 7
    • 17744384532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiology of rehabilitation
    • Dobkin BH: Neurobiology of rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1038:148-170.
    • (2004) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1038 , pp. 148-170
    • Dobkin, B.H.1
  • 8
    • 0035828396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study
    • Scheidtmann K, Fries W, Müller F, König E: Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Lancet 2001;358:787-790.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 787-790
    • Scheidtmann, K.1    Fries, W.2    Müller, F.3    König, E.4
  • 9
    • 33644672633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function
    • Takeuchi N, Chuma T, Matsuo Y, Watanabe I, Ikoma K: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function. Stroke 2005;36:2681-2686.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , pp. 2681-2686
    • Takeuchi, N.1    Chuma, T.2    Matsuo, Y.3    Watanabe, I.4    Ikoma, K.5
  • 11
    • 1842610747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper and lower extremity robotic devices for rehabilitation and for studying motor control
    • Hesse S, Schmidt H, Werner C, Bardeleben A: Upper and lower extremity robotic devices for rehabilitation and for studying motor control. Curr Opin Neurol 2003;16:705-710.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.16 , pp. 705-710
    • Hesse, S.1    Schmidt, H.2    Werner, C.3    Bardeleben, A.4
  • 12
    • 23944493152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in the understanding and treatment of stroke impairment using robotic devices
    • Hidler J, Nichols D, Pelliccio M, Brady K: Advances in the understanding and treatment of stroke impairment using robotic devices. Top Stroke Rehabil 2005;12:22-35.
    • (2005) Top Stroke Rehabil , vol.12 , pp. 22-35
    • Hidler, J.1    Nichols, D.2    Pelliccio, M.3    Brady, K.4
  • 13
    • 4644327679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for stroke rehabilitation
    • Dobkin BH: Strategies for stroke rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:528-536.
    • (2004) Lancet Neurol , vol.3 , pp. 528-536
    • Dobkin, B.H.1
  • 14
    • 5044225418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of physiotherapy sessions from the patient's and therapist's perspective
    • Wohlin Wottrich A, Stenstrom CH, Engardt M, Tham K, von Koch L: Characteristics of physiotherapy sessions from the patient's and therapist's perspective. Disabil Rehabil 2004;26:1198-1205.
    • (2004) Disabil Rehabil , vol.26 , pp. 1198-1205
    • Wohlin Wottrich, A.1    Stenstrom, C.H.2    Engardt, M.3    Tham, K.4    von Koch, L.5
  • 15
    • 9944254165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of therapy activities across length of stay and impairment levels: Peering inside the 'black box' of inpatient stroke rehabilitation
    • Bode RK, Heinemann AW, Semik P, Mallinson T: Patterns of therapy activities across length of stay and impairment levels: peering inside the 'black box' of inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1901-1908.
    • (2004) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.85 , pp. 1901-1908
    • Bode, R.K.1    Heinemann, A.W.2    Semik, P.3    Mallinson, T.4
  • 16
    • 14744287378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical therapy interventions for patients with stroke in inpatient rehabilitation facilities
    • Jette DU, Latham NK, Smout RJ, Gassaway J, Slavin MD, Horn SD: Physical therapy interventions for patients with stroke in inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Phys Ther 2005;85:238-248.
    • (2005) Phys Ther , vol.85 , pp. 238-248
    • Jette, D.U.1    Latham, N.K.2    Smout, R.J.3    Gassaway, J.4    Slavin, M.D.5    Horn, S.D.6
  • 17
    • 0034531770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of physiotherapy treatment time in stroke rehabilitation - criterion-related validity
    • Wittwer JE, Goldie PA, Matyas TA, Galea MP: Quantification of physiotherapy treatment time in stroke rehabilitation - criterion-related validity. Aust J Physiother 2000;46:291-298.
    • (2000) Aust J Physiother , vol.46 , pp. 291-298
    • Wittwer, J.E.1    Goldie, P.A.2    Matyas, T.A.3    Galea, M.P.4
  • 18
    • 0030033443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys
    • Nudo RJ, Milliken GW, Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM: Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci 1996;16:785-807.
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 785-807
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Milliken, G.W.2    Jenkins, W.M.3    Merzenich, M.M.4
  • 19
    • 0029941372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent exaggeration of neuronal injury after unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions
    • Kozlowski DA, James DC, Schallert T: Use-dependent exaggeration of neuronal injury after unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions. J Neurosci 1996;16:4776-4786.
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 4776-4786
    • Kozlowski, D.A.1    James, D.C.2    Schallert, T.3
  • 20
    • 0033756434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience-associated structural events, subependymal cellular proliferative activity, and functional recovery after injury to the central nervous system
    • Schallert T, Leasure JL, Kolb B: Experience-associated structural events, subependymal cellular proliferative activity, and functional recovery after injury to the central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000;20:1513-1528.
    • (2000) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.20 , pp. 1513-1528
    • Schallert, T.1    Leasure, J.L.2    Kolb, B.3
  • 21
    • 0038652058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: A review
    • Calautti C, Baron JC: Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: a review. Stroke 2003;34:1553-1566.
    • (2003) Stroke , vol.34 , pp. 1553-1566
    • Calautti, C.1    Baron, J.C.2
  • 22
    • 0034751870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity of the human motor cortex and recovery from stroke
    • Hallett M: Plasticity of the human motor cortex and recovery from stroke. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001;36:169-174.
    • (2001) Brain Res Brain Res Rev , vol.36 , pp. 169-174
    • Hallett, M.1
  • 23
    • 0033958424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. The Willis lecture
    • Johansson BB: Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. The Willis lecture. Stroke 2000;31:223-230.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 223-230
    • Johansson, B.B.1
  • 25
    • 2942607522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke
    • Schaechter JD: Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2004;73:61-72.
    • (2004) Prog Neurobiol , vol.73 , pp. 61-72
    • Schaechter, J.D.1
  • 26
    • 7944230999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: Facts and theories
    • Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Lindeman E: Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2004;22:281-299.
    • (2004) Restor Neurol Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 281-299
    • Kwakkel, G.1    Kollen, B.2    Lindeman, E.3
  • 27
    • 0034769756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke
    • Counsell C, Dennis M: Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;12:159-170.
    • (2001) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.12 , pp. 159-170
    • Counsell, C.1    Dennis, M.2
  • 28
    • 0344299275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST)
    • Adams HP Jr, Davis PH, Leira EC, Chang KC, Bendixen BH, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Hansen MD: Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: a report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology 1999;53:126-131.
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 126-131
    • Adams Jr, H.P.1    Davis, P.H.2    Leira, E.C.3    Chang, K.C.4    Bendixen, B.H.5    Clarke, W.R.6    Woolson, R.F.7    Hansen, M.D.8
  • 29
    • 0034063955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relating MRI changes to motor deficit after ischemic stroke by segmentation of functional motor pathways
    • Pineiro R, Pendlebury ST, Smith S, Flitney D, Blamire AM, Styles P, Matthews PM: Relating MRI changes to motor deficit after ischemic stroke by segmentation of functional motor pathways. Stroke 2000;31:672-679.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 672-679
    • Pineiro, R.1    Pendlebury, S.T.2    Smith, S.3    Flitney, D.4    Blamire, A.M.5    Styles, P.6    Matthews, P.M.7
  • 30
    • 0028273120 scopus 로고
    • The influence of age on stroke outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study
    • Nakayama H, Jorgensen HS, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS: The influence of age on stroke outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1994;25:808-813.
    • (1994) Stroke , vol.25 , pp. 808-813
    • Nakayama, H.1    Jorgensen, H.S.2    Raaschou, H.O.3    Olsen, T.S.4
  • 31
    • 0029925409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional outcome in patients with lacunar infarction
    • Samuelsson M, Soderfeldt B, Olsson GB: Functional outcome in patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke 1996;27:842-846.
    • (1996) Stroke , vol.27 , pp. 842-846
    • Samuelsson, M.1    Soderfeldt, B.2    Olsson, G.B.3
  • 32
    • 0026633059 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of motor recovery after stroke. Outcome assessment and sample size requirements
    • Duncan PW, Goldstein LB, Matchar D, Divine GW, Feussner J: Measurement of motor recovery after stroke. Outcome assessment and sample size requirements. Stroke 1992;23:1084-1089.
    • (1992) Stroke , vol.23 , pp. 1084-1089
    • Duncan, P.W.1    Goldstein, L.B.2    Matchar, D.3    Divine, G.W.4    Feussner, J.5
  • 35
    • 0028258117 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study
    • Nakayama H, Jorgensen HS, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS: Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:394-398.
    • (1994) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.75 , pp. 394-398
    • Nakayama, H.1    Jorgensen, H.S.2    Raaschou, H.O.3    Olsen, T.S.4
  • 37
    • 0034119091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome measures in acute stroke trials: A systematic review and some recommendations to improve practice
    • Duncan PW, Jorgensen HS, Wade DT: Outcome measures in acute stroke trials: a systematic review and some recommendations to improve practice. Stroke 2000;31:1429-1438.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 1429-1438
    • Duncan, P.W.1    Jorgensen, H.S.2    Wade, D.T.3
  • 39
    • 0000538225 scopus 로고
    • The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man
    • Twitchell TE: The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain 1951;74:443-480.
    • (1951) Brain , vol.74 , pp. 443-480
    • Twitchell, T.E.1
  • 41
    • 0032762208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of fast corticospinal input to the voluntary activation of proximal muscles in normal subjects and in stroke patients
    • Turton A, Lemon RN: The contribution of fast corticospinal input to the voluntary activation of proximal muscles in normal subjects and in stroke patients. Exp Brain Res 1999;129:559-572.
    • (1999) Exp Brain Res , vol.129 , pp. 559-572
    • Turton, A.1    Lemon, R.N.2
  • 43
    • 0019904001 scopus 로고
    • Unilateral spatial neglect and recovery from hemiplegia: A follow-up study
    • Denes G, Semenza C, Stoppa E, Lis A: Unilateral spatial neglect and recovery from hemiplegia: a follow-up study. Brain 1982;105:543-552.
    • (1982) Brain , vol.105 , pp. 543-552
    • Denes, G.1    Semenza, C.2    Stoppa, E.3    Lis, A.4
  • 44
    • 0036098256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early dramatic recovery during intravenous tissue plasminogen activator infusion: Clinical pattern and outcome in acute middle cerebral artery stroke
    • Felberg RA, Okon NJ, El-Mitwalli A, Burgin WS, Grotta JC, Alexandrov AV: Early dramatic recovery during intravenous tissue plasminogen activator infusion: clinical pattern and outcome in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 2002;33:1301-1307.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 1301-1307
    • Felberg, R.A.1    Okon, N.J.2    El-Mitwalli, A.3    Burgin, W.S.4    Grotta, J.C.5    Alexandrov, A.V.6
  • 48
    • 0000152483 scopus 로고
    • The effects of early experience on problem solving at maturity
    • Hebb DO: The effects of early experience on problem solving at maturity. Am Psychol 1947;2:306-307.
    • (1947) Am Psychol , vol.2 , pp. 306-307
    • Hebb, D.O.1
  • 49
    • 0015816889 scopus 로고
    • Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat
    • Greenough WT, Volkmar FR, Juraska JM: Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat. Exp Neurol 1973;41:371-378.
    • (1973) Exp Neurol , vol.41 , pp. 371-378
    • Greenough, W.T.1    Volkmar, F.R.2    Juraska, J.M.3
  • 50
    • 0015845931 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments
    • Greenough WT, Volkmar FR: Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments. Exp Neurol 1973;40:491-504.
    • (1973) Exp Neurol , vol.40 , pp. 491-504
    • Greenough, W.T.1    Volkmar, F.R.2
  • 51
    • 0029122510 scopus 로고
    • Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning
    • Karni A, Meyer G, Jezzard P, Adams MM, Turner R, Ungerleider LG: Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature 1995;377:155-158.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.377 , pp. 155-158
    • Karni, A.1    Meyer, G.2    Jezzard, P.3    Adams, M.M.4    Turner, R.5    Ungerleider, L.G.6
  • 52
    • 0028824481 scopus 로고
    • Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players
    • Elbert T, Pantev C, Wienbruch C, Rockstroh B, Taub E: Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 1995;270:305-307.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 305-307
    • Elbert, T.1    Pantev, C.2    Wienbruch, C.3    Rockstroh, B.4    Taub, E.5
  • 53
    • 0026826206 scopus 로고
    • Immediate and delayed changes of rat motor cortical output representation with new forelimb configurations
    • Sanes JN, Wang J, Donoghue JP: Immediate and delayed changes of rat motor cortical output representation with new forelimb configurations. Cereb Cortex 1992;2:141-152.
    • (1992) Cereb Cortex , vol.2 , pp. 141-152
    • Sanes, J.N.1    Wang, J.2    Donoghue, J.P.3
  • 54
    • 0034235545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of repetitive motor training on movement representations in adult squirrel monkeys: Role of use versus learning
    • Plautz EJ, Milliken GW, Nudo RJ: Effects of repetitive motor training on movement representations in adult squirrel monkeys: role of use versus learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2000;74:27-55.
    • (2000) Neurobiol Learn Mem , vol.74 , pp. 27-55
    • Plautz, E.J.1    Milliken, G.W.2    Nudo, R.J.3
  • 56
    • 0032513387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity
    • Kilgard MP, Merzenich MM: Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity. Science 1998;279:1714-1718.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1714-1718
    • Kilgard, M.P.1    Merzenich, M.M.2
  • 58
    • 0032897527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor-learning-related changes in piano players and non-musicians revealed by functional magnetic-resonance signals
    • Hund-Georgiadis M, von Cramon DY: Motor-learning-related changes in piano players and non-musicians revealed by functional magnetic-resonance signals. Exp Brain Res 1999;125:417-425.
    • (1999) Exp Brain Res , vol.125 , pp. 417-425
    • Hund-Georgiadis, M.1    von Cramon, D.Y.2
  • 59
    • 0029028097 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills
    • Pascual-Leone A, Nguyet D, Cohen LG, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Hallett M: Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J Neurophysiol 1995;74:1037-1045.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.74 , pp. 1037-1045
    • Pascual-Leone, A.1    Nguyet, D.2    Cohen, L.G.3    Brasil-Neto, J.P.4    Cammarota, A.5    Hallett, M.6
  • 61
    • 0031907813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice
    • Classen J, Liepert J, Wise SP, Hallett M, Cohen LG: Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice. J Neurophysiol 1998;79:1117-1123.
    • (1998) J Neurophysiol , vol.79 , pp. 1117-1123
    • Classen, J.1    Liepert, J.2    Wise, S.P.3    Hallett, M.4    Cohen, L.G.5
  • 62
    • 0022395267 scopus 로고
    • Effects of unilateral and bilateral training in a reaching task on dendritic branching of neurons in the rat motor-sensory forelimb cortex
    • Greenough WT, Larson JR, Withers GS: Effects of unilateral and bilateral training in a reaching task on dendritic branching of neurons in the rat motor-sensory forelimb cortex. Behav Neural Biol 1985;44:301-314.
    • (1985) Behav Neural Biol , vol.44 , pp. 301-314
    • Greenough, W.T.1    Larson, J.R.2    Withers, G.S.3
  • 64
    • 0022494367 scopus 로고
    • The long and the short of long-term memory - a molecular framework
    • Goelet P, Castellucci VF, Schacher S, Kandel ER: The long and the short of long-term memory - a molecular framework. Nature 1986;322:419-422.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.322 , pp. 419-422
    • Goelet, P.1    Castellucci, V.F.2    Schacher, S.3    Kandel, E.R.4
  • 66
    • 33644683234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strengthening of horizontal cortical connections following skill learning
    • Rioult-Pedotti MS, Friedman D, Hess G, Donoghue JP: Strengthening of horizontal cortical connections following skill learning. Nat Neurosci 1998;1:230-234.
    • (1998) Nat Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 230-234
    • Rioult-Pedotti, M.S.1    Friedman, D.2    Hess, G.3    Donoghue, J.P.4
  • 67
    • 0025685165 scopus 로고
    • Repetitive microstimulation alters the cortical representation of movements in adult rats
    • Nudo RJ, Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM: Repetitive microstimulation alters the cortical representation of movements in adult rats. Somatosens Mot Res 1990;7:463-483.
    • (1990) Somatosens Mot Res , vol.7 , pp. 463-483
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Jenkins, W.M.2    Merzenich, M.M.3
  • 68
    • 0031944288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex paralleling sensorimotor skill recovery from stroke in adult monkeys
    • Xerri C, Merzenich MM, Peterson BE, Jenkins W: Plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex paralleling sensorimotor skill recovery from stroke in adult monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1998;79:2119-2148.
    • (1998) J Neurophysiol , vol.79 , pp. 2119-2148
    • Xerri, C.1    Merzenich, M.M.2    Peterson, B.E.3    Jenkins, W.4
  • 69
    • 0033953453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological consequences of morphologically detectable synaptic plasticity: Potential uses for examining recovery following damage
    • Ivanco TL, Greenough WT: Physiological consequences of morphologically detectable synaptic plasticity: potential uses for examining recovery following damage. Neuropharmacology 2000;39:765-776.
    • (2000) Neuropharmacology , vol.39 , pp. 765-776
    • Ivanco, T.L.1    Greenough, W.T.2
  • 70
    • 0033571908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor skills training enhances lesion-induced structural plasticity in the motor cortex of adult rats
    • Jones TA, Chu CJ, Grande LA, Gregory AD: Motor skills training enhances lesion-induced structural plasticity in the motor cortex of adult rats. J Neurosci 1999;19:10153-10163.
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 10153-10163
    • Jones, T.A.1    Chu, C.J.2    Grande, L.A.3    Gregory, A.D.4
  • 71
    • 0033950674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive astrocytic responses to denervation in the motor cortex of adult rats are sensitive to manipulations of behavioral experience
    • Bury SD, Eichhorn AC, Kotzer CM, Jones TA: Reactive astrocytic responses to denervation in the motor cortex of adult rats are sensitive to manipulations of behavioral experience. Neuropharmacology 2000;39:743-755.
    • (2000) Neuropharmacology , vol.39 , pp. 743-755
    • Bury, S.D.1    Eichhorn, A.C.2    Kotzer, C.M.3    Jones, T.A.4
  • 72
    • 0029942870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys
    • Nudo RJ, Milliken GW: Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1996;75:2144-2149.
    • (1996) J Neurophysiol , vol.75 , pp. 2144-2149
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Milliken, G.W.2
  • 73
    • 0030017218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct
    • Nudo RJ, Wise BM, SiFuentes F, Milliken GW: Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science 1996;272:1791-1794.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1791-1794
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Wise, B.M.2    SiFuentes, F.3    Milliken, G.W.4
  • 74
    • 0037439879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between brain reorganization, ischemic damage, and neurologic status after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Dijkhuizen RM, Singhal AB, Mandeville JB, Wu O, Halpern EF, Finklestein SP, Rosen BR, Lo EH: Correlation between brain reorganization, ischemic damage, and neurologic status after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2003;23:510-517.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 510-517
    • Dijkhuizen, R.M.1    Singhal, A.B.2    Mandeville, J.B.3    Wu, O.4    Halpern, E.F.5    Finklestein, S.P.6    Rosen, B.R.7    Lo, E.H.8
  • 75
    • 0033751759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of postlesion experience on behavioral recovery and neurophysiologic reorganization after cortical injury in primates
    • Friel KM, Heddings AA, Nudo RJ: Effects of postlesion experience on behavioral recovery and neurophysiologic reorganization after cortical injury in primates. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2000;14:187-198.
    • (2000) Neurorehabil Neural Repair , vol.14 , pp. 187-198
    • Friel, K.M.1    Heddings, A.A.2    Nudo, R.J.3
  • 77
    • 0028296570 scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent growth of pyramidal neurons after neocortical damage
    • Jones TA, Schallert T: Use-dependent growth of pyramidal neurons after neocortical damage. J Neurosci 1994;14:2140-2152.
    • (1994) J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 2140-2152
    • Jones, T.A.1    Schallert, T.2
  • 78
    • 0027315232 scopus 로고
    • Paw-reaching, sensorimotor, and rotational behavior after brain infarction in rats
    • Grabowski M, Brundin P, Johansson BB: Paw-reaching, sensorimotor, and rotational behavior after brain infarction in rats. Stroke 1993;24:889-895.
    • (1993) Stroke , vol.24 , pp. 889-895
    • Grabowski, M.1    Brundin, P.2    Johansson, B.B.3
  • 79
    • 0035879070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enriched rehabilitative training promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury
    • Biernaskie J, Corbett D: Enriched rehabilitative training promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury. J Neurosci 2001;21:5272-5280.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 5272-5280
    • Biernaskie, J.1    Corbett, D.2
  • 80
    • 0037457353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early and late treadmill training after focal brain ischemia in rats
    • Yang YR, Wang RY, Wang PS: Early and late treadmill training after focal brain ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003;339:91-94.
    • (2003) Neurosci Lett , vol.339 , pp. 91-94
    • Yang, Y.R.1    Wang, R.Y.2    Wang, P.S.3
  • 81
    • 0842281813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury
    • Biernaskie J, Chernenko G, Corbett D: Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 2004;24:1245-1254.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 1245-1254
    • Biernaskie, J.1    Chernenko, G.2    Corbett, D.3
  • 82
    • 0028808693 scopus 로고
    • Neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery after neocortical infarction in rats
    • Stroemer RP, Kent TA, Hulsebosch CE: Neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke 1995;26:2135-2144.
    • (1995) Stroke , vol.26 , pp. 2135-2144
    • Stroemer, R.P.1    Kent, T.A.2    Hulsebosch, C.E.3
  • 83
    • 0022504946 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of function after brain damage: Severe and chronic disruption by diazepam
    • Schallert T, Hernandez TD, Barth TM: Recovery of function after brain damage: severe and chronic disruption by diazepam. Brain Res 1986;379:104-111.
    • (1986) Brain Res , vol.379 , pp. 104-111
    • Schallert, T.1    Hernandez, T.D.2    Barth, T.M.3
  • 85
    • 0022516807 scopus 로고
    • Early intervention care in the acute stroke patient
    • Hayes SH, Carroll SR: Early intervention care in the acute stroke patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986;67:319-321.
    • (1986) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.67 , pp. 319-321
    • Hayes, S.H.1    Carroll, S.R.2
  • 87
    • 0020062323 scopus 로고
    • Therapy impact on functional outcome in a controlled trial of stroke rehabilitation
    • Smith ME, Garraway WM, Smith DL, Akhtar AJ: Therapy impact on functional outcome in a controlled trial of stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982;63:21-24.
    • (1982) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.63 , pp. 21-24
    • Smith, M.E.1    Garraway, W.M.2    Smith, D.L.3    Akhtar, A.J.4
  • 88
    • 0028271350 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate-mediated injury in focal cerebral ischemia: The excitotoxin hypothesis revised
    • Hossmann KA: Glutamate-mediated injury in focal cerebral ischemia: the excitotoxin hypothesis revised. Brain Pathol 1994;4:23-36.
    • (1994) Brain Pathol , vol.4 , pp. 23-36
    • Hossmann, K.A.1
  • 89
    • 0032760262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement-related glutamate levels in rat hippocampus, striatum, and sensorimotor cortex
    • Bland ST, Gonzale RA, Schallert T: Movement-related glutamate levels in rat hippocampus, striatum, and sensorimotor cortex. Neurosci Lett 1999;277:119-122.
    • (1999) Neurosci Lett , vol.277 , pp. 119-122
    • Bland, S.T.1    Gonzale, R.A.2    Schallert, T.3
  • 90
    • 33947242379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bland ST, Jonson MS, Schallert T, Gonzales RA: Extracellular glutamate and other free amino acids in sensorimotor cortex is related to forelimb use during exploratory behavior (abstract). Soc Neurosci 1997.
    • Bland ST, Jonson MS, Schallert T, Gonzales RA: Extracellular glutamate and other free amino acids in sensorimotor cortex is related to forelimb use during exploratory behavior (abstract). Soc Neurosci 1997.
  • 92
    • 0026642175 scopus 로고
    • Overgrowth and pruning of dendrites in adult rats recovering from neocortical damage
    • Jones TA, Schallert T: Overgrowth and pruning of dendrites in adult rats recovering from neocortical damage. Brain Res 1992;581:156-160.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.581 , pp. 156-160
    • Jones, T.A.1    Schallert, T.2
  • 93
    • 0033496646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early training may exacerbate brain damage after focal brain ischemia in the rat
    • Risedal A, Zeng J, Johansson BB: Early training may exacerbate brain damage after focal brain ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999;19:997-1003.
    • (1999) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.19 , pp. 997-1003
    • Risedal, A.1    Zeng, J.2    Johansson, B.B.3
  • 94
    • 0031937575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent exacerbation of brain damage occurs during an early post-lesion vulnerable period
    • Humm JL, Kozlowski DA, James DC, Gotts JE, Schallert T: Use-dependent exacerbation of brain damage occurs during an early post-lesion vulnerable period. Brain Res 1998;783:286-292.
    • (1998) Brain Res , vol.783 , pp. 286-292
    • Humm, J.L.1    Kozlowski, D.A.2    James, D.C.3    Gotts, J.E.4    Schallert, T.5
  • 95
    • 0034017360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early exclusive use of the affected forelimb after moderate transient focal ischemia in rats: Functional and anatomic outcome
    • Bland ST, Schallert T, Strong R, Aronowski J, Grotta JC, Feeney DM: Early exclusive use of the affected forelimb after moderate transient focal ischemia in rats: functional and anatomic outcome. Stroke 2000;31:1144-1152.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 1144-1152
    • Bland, S.T.1    Schallert, T.2    Strong, R.3    Aronowski, J.4    Grotta, J.C.5    Feeney, D.M.6
  • 96
    • 33947217890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humm JL, Kozlowski DA, Gibb R: Forced disuse of the impaired forelimb by restraint after sensorimotor cortical injury inhibits expression of endogenous bFGF in astrocytes and adversely affects behavioral function (abstract). Soc Neurosci 1997.
    • Humm JL, Kozlowski DA, Gibb R: Forced disuse of the impaired forelimb by restraint after sensorimotor cortical injury inhibits expression of endogenous bFGF in astrocytes and adversely affects behavioral function (abstract). Soc Neurosci 1997.
  • 97
    • 0141676285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive early physiotherapy combined with dexamphetamine treatment in severe stroke: A randomized, controlled pilot study
    • Martinsson L, Eksborg S, Wahlgren NG: Intensive early physiotherapy combined with dexamphetamine treatment in severe stroke: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16: 338-345.
    • (2003) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.16 , pp. 338-345
    • Martinsson, L.1    Eksborg, S.2    Wahlgren, N.G.3
  • 99
    • 0033662057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the application of constraint-induced movement therapy during acute rehabilitation reduce arm impairment after ischemic stroke?
    • Dromerick AW, Edwards DF, Hahn M: Does the application of constraint-induced movement therapy during acute rehabilitation reduce arm impairment after ischemic stroke? Stroke 2000;31:2984-2988.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 2984-2988
    • Dromerick, A.W.1    Edwards, D.F.2    Hahn, M.3
  • 101
  • 102
    • 16844385819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Bobath based and movement science based treatment for stroke: A randomised controlled trial
    • van Vliet PM, Lincoln NB, Foxall A: Comparison of Bobath based and movement science based treatment for stroke: a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:503-508.
    • (2005) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 503-508
    • van Vliet, P.M.1    Lincoln, N.B.2    Foxall, A.3
  • 103
    • 10444253961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of the Bobath concept on upper limb recovery following stroke
    • Luke C, Dodd KJ, Brock K: Outcomes of the Bobath concept on upper limb recovery following stroke. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:888-898.
    • (2004) Clin Rehabil , vol.18 , pp. 888-898
    • Luke, C.1    Dodd, K.J.2    Brock, K.3
  • 104
    • 5644277452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke
    • CD001920
    • Pollock A, Baer G, Pomeroy V, Langhorne P: Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD001920.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Pollock, A.1    Baer, G.2    Pomeroy, V.3    Langhorne, P.4
  • 105
    • 0033045164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, controlled trial to evaluate increased intensity of physiotherapy treatment of arm function after stroke
    • Lincoln NB, Parry RH, Vass CD: Randomized, controlled trial to evaluate increased intensity of physiotherapy treatment of arm function after stroke. Stroke 1999;30:573-579.
    • (1999) Stroke , vol.30 , pp. 573-579
    • Lincoln, N.B.1    Parry, R.H.2    Vass, C.D.3
  • 106
    • 0028795106 scopus 로고
    • Influence of physiotherapeutic facilitation techniques on motor evoked potentials in centrally paretic hand extensor muscles
    • Hummelsheim H, Hauptmann B, Neumann S: Influence of physiotherapeutic facilitation techniques on motor evoked potentials in centrally paretic hand extensor muscles. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995;97:18-28.
    • (1995) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.97 , pp. 18-28
    • Hummelsheim, H.1    Hauptmann, B.2    Neumann, S.3
  • 107
    • 0022553354 scopus 로고
    • Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches
    • Dickstein R, Hocherman S, Pillar T, Shaham R: Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches. Phys Ther 1986;66:1233-1238.
    • (1986) Phys Ther , vol.66 , pp. 1233-1238
    • Dickstein, R.1    Hocherman, S.2    Pillar, T.3    Shaham, R.4
  • 109
    • 0033928825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: A randomized controlled study
    • Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK: Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil 2000;14:361-369.
    • (2000) Clin Rehabil , vol.14 , pp. 361-369
    • Langhammer, B.1    Stanghelle, J.K.2
  • 114
    • 0022407657 scopus 로고
    • The significance of intensity of rehabilitation of stroke - a controlled trial
    • Sivenius J, Pyorala K, Heinonen OP, Salonen JT, Riekkinen P: The significance of intensity of rehabilitation of stroke - a controlled trial. Stroke 1985;16:928-931.
    • (1985) Stroke , vol.16 , pp. 928-931
    • Sivenius, J.1    Pyorala, K.2    Heinonen, O.P.3    Salonen, J.T.4    Riekkinen, P.5
  • 115
    • 0033578213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: A randomised trial
    • Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JW, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC: Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:191-196.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 191-196
    • Kwakkel, G.1    Wagenaar, R.C.2    Twisk, J.W.3    Lankhorst, G.J.4    Koetsier, J.C.5
  • 116
    • 0033013413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of severity of arm impairment on response to additional physiotherapy early after stroke
    • Parry RH, Lincoln NB, Vass CD: Effect of severity of arm impairment on response to additional physiotherapy early after stroke. Clin Rehabil 1999;13:187-198.
    • (1999) Clin Rehabil , vol.13 , pp. 187-198
    • Parry, R.H.1    Lincoln, N.B.2    Vass, C.D.3
  • 117
    • 0033375147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationales for improving motor function
    • Hummelsheim H: Rationales for improving motor function. Curr Opin Neurol 1999;12:697-701.
    • (1999) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 697-701
    • Hummelsheim, H.1
  • 119
    • 13844307294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modified constraint-induced therapy in acute stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study
    • Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard AC: Modified constraint-induced therapy in acute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2005;19:27-32.
    • (2005) Neurorehabil Neural Repair , vol.19 , pp. 27-32
    • Page, S.J.1    Levine, P.2    Leonard, A.C.3
  • 120
    • 0034094072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training-induced changes of motor cortex representations in stroke patients
    • Liepert J, Graef S, Uhde I, Leidner O, Weiller C: Training-induced changes of motor cortex representations in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2000;101:321-326.
    • (2000) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.101 , pp. 321-326
    • Liepert, J.1    Graef, S.2    Uhde, I.3    Leidner, O.4    Weiller, C.5
  • 121
    • 0035050596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortex plasticity during forced-use therapy in stroke patients: A preliminary study
    • Liepert J, Uhde I, Graf S, Leidner O, Weiller C: Motor cortex plasticity during forced-use therapy in stroke patients: a preliminary study. J Neurol 2001;248:315-321.
    • (2001) J Neurol , vol.248 , pp. 315-321
    • Liepert, J.1    Uhde, I.2    Graf, S.3    Leidner, O.4    Weiller, C.5
  • 123
    • 3042788942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate constraint-induced movement therapy causes local hyperthermia that exacerbates cerebral cortical injury in rats
    • DeBow SB, McKenna JE, Kolb B, Colbourne F: Immediate constraint-induced movement therapy causes local hyperthermia that exacerbates cerebral cortical injury in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004;82:231-237.
    • (2004) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.82 , pp. 231-237
    • DeBow, S.B.1    McKenna, J.E.2    Kolb, B.3    Colbourne, F.4
  • 124
    • 0037721372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical network reorganization guided by sensory input features
    • Kilgard MP, Pandya PK, Engineer ND, Moucha R: Cortical network reorganization guided by sensory input features. Biol Cybern 2002;87:333-343.
    • (2002) Biol Cybern , vol.87 , pp. 333-343
    • Kilgard, M.P.1    Pandya, P.K.2    Engineer, N.D.3    Moucha, R.4
  • 125
    • 0028905822 scopus 로고
    • Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand
    • Butefisch CM, Hummelsheim H, Denzler P, Mauritz KH: Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. J Neurol Sci 1995;130:59-68.
    • (1995) J Neurol Sci , vol.130 , pp. 59-68
    • Butefisch, C.M.1    Hummelsheim, H.2    Denzler, P.3    Mauritz, K.H.4
  • 126
    • 0036161166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speed-dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial
    • Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Ritschel C, Ruckriem S: Speed-dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2002;33:553-558.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 553-558
    • Pohl, M.1    Mehrholz, J.2    Ritschel, C.3    Ruckriem, S.4
  • 127
    • 0242468463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the repetitive training of complex hand and arm movements beneficial for motor recovery in stroke patients?
    • Woldag H, Waldmann G, Heuschkel G, Hummelsheim H: Is the repetitive training of complex hand and arm movements beneficial for motor recovery in stroke patients? Clin Rehabil 2003;17:723-730.
    • (2003) Clin Rehabil , vol.17 , pp. 723-730
    • Woldag, H.1    Waldmann, G.2    Heuschkel, G.3    Hummelsheim, H.4
  • 129
    • 10644229317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bimanual training after stroke: Are two hands better than one?
    • Rose DK, Winstein CJ: Bimanual training after stroke: are two hands better than one? Top Stroke Rehabil 2004;11:20-30.
    • (2004) Top Stroke Rehabil , vol.11 , pp. 20-30
    • Rose, D.K.1    Winstein, C.J.2
  • 130
    • 0033795667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke
    • Whitall J, McCombe Waller S, Silver KH, Macko RF: Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke. Stroke 2000;31:2390-2395.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 2390-2395
    • Whitall, J.1    McCombe Waller, S.2    Silver, K.H.3    Macko, R.F.4
  • 131
    • 0036221760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term effects of intensity of upper and lower limb training after stroke: A randomised trial
    • Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Wagenaar RC: Long term effects of intensity of upper and lower limb training after stroke: a randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:473-479.
    • (2002) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.72 , pp. 473-479
    • Kwakkel, G.1    Kollen, B.J.2    Wagenaar, R.C.3
  • 132
    • 0025084684 scopus 로고
    • Rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients: Changes in functional performance
    • Tangeman PT, Banaitis DA, Williams AK: Rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients: changes in functional performance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:876-880.
    • (1990) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.71 , pp. 876-880
    • Tangeman, P.T.1    Banaitis, D.A.2    Williams, A.K.3
  • 133
    • 0027169062 scopus 로고
    • The effects of long-term rehabilitation therapy on post-stroke hemiplegic patients
    • Dam M, Tonin P, Casson S, Ermani M, Pizzolato G, Iaia V, Battistin L: The effects of long-term rehabilitation therapy on post-stroke hemiplegic patients. Stroke 1993;24:1186-1191.
    • (1993) Stroke , vol.24 , pp. 1186-1191
    • Dam, M.1    Tonin, P.2    Casson, S.3    Ermani, M.4    Pizzolato, G.5    Iaia, V.6    Battistin, L.7
  • 134
    • 0026593598 scopus 로고
    • Physiotherapy intervention late after stroke and mobility
    • Wade DT, Collen FM, Robb GF, Warlow CP: Physiotherapy intervention late after stroke and mobility. Br Med J 1992;304:609-613.
    • (1992) Br Med J , vol.304 , pp. 609-613
    • Wade, D.T.1    Collen, F.M.2    Robb, G.F.3    Warlow, C.P.4
  • 135
    • 0037132891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: A randomised controlled trial
    • Green J, Forster A, Bogle S, Young J: Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:199-203.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 199-203
    • Green, J.1    Forster, A.2    Bogle, S.3    Young, J.4
  • 136
    • 0023191087 scopus 로고
    • Disability and use of rehabilitation services following stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1979
    • Dombovy ML, Basford JR, Whisnant JP, Bergstralh EJ: Disability and use of rehabilitation services following stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1979. Stroke 1987;18:830-836.
    • (1987) Stroke , vol.18 , pp. 830-836
    • Dombovy, M.L.1    Basford, J.R.2    Whisnant, J.P.3    Bergstralh, E.J.4
  • 137
    • 12144288767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early and repetitive stimulation of the arm can substantially improve the long-term outcome after stroke: A 5-year follow-up study of a randomized trial
    • Feys H, De Weerdt W, Verbeke G, Steck GC, Capiau C, Kiekens C, Dejaeger E, Van Hoydonck G, Vermeersch G, Cras P: Early and repetitive stimulation of the arm can substantially improve the long-term outcome after stroke: a 5-year follow-up study of a randomized trial. Stroke 2004;35:924-929.
    • (2004) Stroke , vol.35 , pp. 924-929
    • Feys, H.1    De Weerdt, W.2    Verbeke, G.3    Steck, G.C.4    Capiau, C.5    Kiekens, C.6    Dejaeger, E.7    Van Hoydonck, G.8    Vermeersch, G.9    Cras, P.10


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.