Origin of the UG2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 495-510

  Mondal, Sisir K ^a   Mathez, Edmond A ^a  

^a DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bushveld complex; Chromite; Crustal contamination; Crystal laden magma; Magma mixing; UG2 chromitite

Indexed keywords

CHROMITE; CHROMITITE; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; LAYERED INTRUSION; MAFIC ROCK; MAGMA CHAMBER; PETROGRAPHY; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT;

AFRICA; BUSHVELD COMPLEX; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 33847345551     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egl069     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Asimow, P. D. & Ghiorso, M. S. (1998). Algorithmic modifications extending MELTS to calculate subsolidus phase relations. American Mineralogist 83, 1127-1131.
2. Bannister, V., Roeder, P. & Poustovetov, A. (1998). Chromite in the Paricutin lava flows (1943-1952). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 87, 151-171.
3. Barnes, S. J. (1986). The distribution of chromium among orthopyroxene, spinel and silicate liquid at atmospheric pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1889-1909.
4. Cameron, E. N. (1977). Chromite in the central sector of the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa. American Mineralogist 62, 1082-1096.
5. Cameron, E. N. (1980). Evolution of the lower Critical Zone, central sector, eastern Bushveld Complex, and its chromite deposits. Economic Geology 75, 845-871.
6. Cameron, E. N. (1982). The Upper Citical Zone of the eastern Bushveld Complex - precursor of the Merensky Reef. Economic Geology 77, 1307-1327.
7. Cameron, E. N. & Desborough, G. A. (1969). Occurrence and characteristics of chromite deposits - eastern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology Monograph 4, 23-40.
8. Campbell, I. H. & Murck, B. W. (1993). Petrology of the G and H chromitite zones in the Mountain View area of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Journal of Petrology 34, 291-316.
9. Cawthorn, R. G. & Walraven, F. (1998). Emplacement and crystallization time for the Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 39, 1669-1687.
10. Cawthorn, R. G., Davies, G., Clubley-Armstrong, A. & McCarthy,T. S. (1981). Sills associated with the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: An estimate of the parental magma composition. Lithos 14, 1-15.
11. Cousins, C. A. & Feringa, G. (1964). The chromite deposits of the western belt of the Bushveld Complex. In: Haughton, S. H. (ed.) The Geology of some Ore Deposits in Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 183-202.
12. Davies, G., Cawthorn, R. G., Barton, J. M., Jr & Morton, M. (1980). Parental magma to the Bushveld Complex. Nature 287, 33-35.
13. Eales, H. V. (1987). Upper Critical Zone chromitite layers at R.P.M. Union section mine, western Bushveld complex. In: Stowe, C.W. (ed.) Evolution of Chromium Ore Fields. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 144-168.
14. Eales, H. V. (2000). Implications of the chromium budget of the Western Limb of the Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Geology 103, 141-150.
15. Eales, H. V. & Cawthorn, R. G. (1996). The Bushveld Complex. In: Cawthorn, R. G. (ed.) Layered Intrusions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 181-230.
16. Ford, C. E., Bigger, G. M., Humphries, D. J.,Wilson, G., Dixon, D. & O'Hara, M. J. (1972). Role of water in the evolution of the lunar crust; an experimental study of sample 14310; an indication of lunar calc-alkaline volcanism. Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement 1, 207-229.
17. Gaetani, G. A., Grove, T. L. & Bryan, W. B. (1994). Experimental phase relations of basaltic andesite from hole 839B under hydrous and anhydrous conditions. In: Hawkins, J., Parson, L. & Allan, J. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, 135. College Station,TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 557-563.
18. Ghiorso, M. S. & Sack, R. O. (1995). Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes. IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 119, 197-212.
19. Gibb, F. G. F. (1976). Ultrabasic rocks of Rhum and Skye: The nature of the parent magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London 132, 209-222.
20. Hamilton, J. (1977). Isotope and trace element studies of the Great Dike and Bushveld mafic phase. Journal of Petrology 18, 24-52.
21. Harmer, R. E., Auret, J. M. & Eglington, B. M. (1995). Lead isotope variations within the Bushveld Complex, southern Africa: A reconnaissance study. Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, 595-606.
22. Harris, C., Pronost, J. J. M., Ashwal, L. D. & Cawthorn, R. G. (2005). Oxygen and hydrogen isotope stratigraphy of the Rustenburg layered suite, Bushveld Complex: Constraints on crustal contamination. Journal of Petrology 46, 579-601.
23. Hatton, C. J. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (1987). The geological setting and petrogenesis of the Bushveld chromitite layers. In: Stowe, C.W. (ed.) Evolution of Chromium Ore Fields. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 109-143.
24. Haughton, D. R., Roeder, P. L. & Skinner, B. J. (1974). The solubility of sulfur in mafic magmas. Economic Geology 81, 451-462.
25. Horan, M. F., Morgan, J.W., Walker, R. J. & Cooper, R.W. (2001). Re-Os isotopic constraints on magma mixing in the Peridotite Zone of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 141, 446-457.
26. Hurlbut, C. S. (1939). Igneous rocks of the Highwood mountains, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 50, 1043-1112.
27. Irvine, T. N. (1975). Crystallization sequences in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions - II. Origin of chromitite layers and similar deposits of other magmatic ores. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 39, 991-1020.
28. Irvine, T. N. (1977a). Origin of chromitite layers in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions: A new interpretation. Geology 5, 273-277.
29. 2. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 76, 465-472.
30. Irvine, T. N., Keith, D. W. & Todd, S. G. (1983). The J-M platinum-palladium Reef of the Stillwater complex, Montana, II. Origin by double-diffusive convective magma mixing and implications for the Bushveld complex. Economic Geology 78, 1287-1334.
31. Kinnaird, J. A., Kruger, F. J., Nex, P. A. M. & Cawthorn, R. G. (2002). Chromitites of the Bushveld Complex - processes of formation and PGE enrichment. Economic Geology Research Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Information Circular Number 369, 26.
32. Kruger, F. J. (1994). The Sr-isotopic stratigraphy of the western Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Geology 97, 393-398.
33. 86Sr ratios in the Merensky cyclic unit of the Bushveld Complex. Nature 298, 53-55.
34. Lambert, D. D., Walker, R. J., Morgan, J. W., Shirey, S. B., Carlson, R. W., Zientek, M. L., Lipin, B. R., Koski, M. S. & Cooper, R. L. (1994). Re-Os and Sm-Nd isotope geochemistry of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Implications for the petrogenesis of the J-M Reef. Journal of Petrology 35, 1717-1753.
35. Li, C., Ripley, E. M., Sarkar, A., Shin, D. & Maier, W. D. (2005). Origin of phlogopite-orthopyroxene inclusions in chromites from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150, 119-130.
36. Lipin, B. R. (1993). Pressure increases in the formation of chromite seams and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater complex, Montana. Journal of Petrology 34, 955-976.
37. Longhi, J., Wooden, J. L. & Coppinger, K. D. (1983). The petrology of high-Mg dikes from the Beartooth Mountains, Montana: A search for the parent magma of the Stillwater Complex. Journal of Geophysical Research Supplement 88, B53-B59.
38. Lorand, J.-P. & Ceuleneer, G. (1989). Silicate and base-metal sulfide inclusions in chromites from the Maqsad area (Oman ophiolite, Gulf of Oman): A model for entrapment. Lithos 22, 173-190.
39. Maier, W. D. (2005). Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 41, 165-191.
40. Maier, W. D. & Eales, H. V. (1994). Plagioclase inclusions in orthopyroxene and olivine of the UG2-Merensky Reef interval: Regional trends in the western Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Geology 97, 408-414.
41. Maier, W. D. & Teigler, B. (1995). A facies model for the western Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 90, 2343-2349.
42. Maier, W. D., Arndt, N. T. & Curl, E. A. (2000). Progressive crustal contamination of the Bushveld Complex: Evidence from Nd isotopic analyses of the cumulate rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140, 316-327.
43. Marcantonio, F., Zindler, A., Reisberg, L. & Mathez, E. A. (1993). Re-Os isotopic systematics in chromitites from the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 4029-4037.
44. Marsh, B. (1996). Solidification fronts and magmatic evolution. Mineralogical Magazine 60, 5-40.
45. Marsh, B. (2004). A magmatic mush column rosetta stone: The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 85, 497-502.
46. Martin, H. (1994). Archaean grey gneisses and the genesis of the continental crust. In: Condie, K. C. (ed.) Archaean Crustal Evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 205-259.
47. Mathez, E. A. (1976). Sulfur solubility and magmatic sulfides in submarine basalt glass. Journal of Geophysical Research 81, 4269-4276.
48. Mathez, E. A. (1999). On factors controlling the concentrations of platinum group elements in layered intrusions and chromitites. In: Keays, R. R., Lesher, C. M., Lightfoot, P. D. & Farrow, C. E. G. (eds), Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and their Application in Mineral Exploration. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 13, 251-286.
49. Mathez, E. A. & Kent, A. J. R. (2005). Tracing geochemical evolution of the Bushveld Complex with lead isotopes analyzed by LA-MC-ICP-MS. 2005 Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, A331.
50. Mathez, E. A. & Mey, J. L. (2005). Character of the UG2 chromitite and host rocks and petrogenesis of its pegmatoidal footwall, northwestern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 100, 1617-1630.
51. Mathez, E. A. & Waight, T. E. (2003). Lead isotopic disequilibrium between sulfide and plagioclase in the Bushveld Complex and the chemical evolution of large layered intrusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 1875-1888.
52. Mathez, E. A., Hunter, R. H. & Kinzler, R. (1997). Petrologic evolution of partially molten cumulate: The Atok section of the Bushveld Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 129, 20-34.
53. Maurel, C. & Maurel, P. (1982). Étude experimentale de la solubilité du chrome dans les bains silicaté s basiques et de sa distribution entre liquide et minéraux coéxistants: Conditions d'éxistence du spinelle chromifère. Bulletin de Mineralogie 105, 640-647.
54. Mavrogenes, J. A., & O'Neill, H. St. C. (1999). The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 1173-1180.
55. McCandless, T. E., Ruiz, J., Adair, B. I. & Freydier, C. (1999). Re-Os isotope and Pd/Ru variations in chromitites from the Critical Zone, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 911-923.
56. McElduff, B. & Stumpfl, E. F. (1991). The chromite deposits of the Troodox Complex, Cyprus: Evidence for the role of a fluid phase accompanying chromite formation. Mineralium Deposita 26, 307-318.
57. McLaren, C. H. & De Villiers, J. P. R. (1982). The platinum-group chemistry and mineralogy of the UG2 chromitite layers of the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 77, 1348-1366.
58. Melcher, F., Grum,W., Simon, G.,Thalhammer,T.V. & Stumpfl, E. F. (1997). Petrogenesis of the ophiolitic giant chromite deposits of Kempirsai, Kazakhstan: A study of solid and fluid inclusions in chromite. Journal of Petrology 38, 1419-1458.
59. Murck, B. N. & Campbell, I. H. (1986). The effects of temperature, oxygen fugacity and composition on the behavior of chromium in basic and ultramafic melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1871-1887.
60. Naldrett, A. J. & Lehmann, J. (1988). Spinel non-stoichiometry as an explanation for Ni-, Cu-, and PGE-enriched sulphides in chromitites. In: Prichard, H. M., Potts, P. J., Bowles, J. F.W. & Cribb, S. J. (eds) Geo-platinum 87 Symposium. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 93-109.
61. Nicholson, D. M. & Mathez, E. A. (1991). Petrogenesis of the Merensky Reef in the Rustenburg section of the Bushveld Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 107, 293-309.
62. Peach, C. L. & Mathez, E. A. (1996). Constraints on the formation of platinum group element deposits in igneous rocks. Economic Geology 91, 439-450.
63. Raedeke, L. D. & McCallum, I. S. (1984). Investigations of the Stillwater Complex: Part II. Petrology and petrogenesis of the Ultramafic series. Journal of Petrology 25, 395-420.
64. Reidel, S. P.,Tolan,T. L., Hooper, P. R., Beeson, M. H., Fecht, K. R., Bentley, R. B. & Anderson, R. L. (1989). The Grande Ronde Basalt, Columbia River basalt group; stratigraphic descriptions and correlations in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. In: Reidel, S. P. & Hooper, P. R. (eds) Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 239, 21-54.
65. Roeder, P. L. & Reynolds, I. (1991). Crystallization of chromite and chromium solubility in basaltic melts. Journal of Petrology 32, 909-934.
66. Roeder, P. L., Gofton, E. & Thornber, C. (2006). Cotectic proportions of olivine and spinel in olivine-tholeiitic basalt and evaluation of pre-eruptive processes. Journal of Petrology 47, 883-900.
67. Schiffries, C. M. & Rye, D. M. (1989). Stable isotopic systematics of the Bushveld Complex: I. Constraints of magmatic processes in layered intrusions. American Journal of Science 289, 841-873.
68. Schoenberg, R., Kruger, F. J., Nägler, T. F., Meisel, T. & Kramers, J. D. (1999). PGE enrichment in chromitite layers and the Merensky Reef of the western Bushveld Complex; a Re-Os and Rb-Sr isotope study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, 49-64.
69. Sen, G. & Presnall, D. C. (1984). Liquidus phase relationships on the join anorthite-forsterite-quartz at 10 kbar with applications to basalt petrogenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 85, 404-408.
70. Sharpe, M. (1985). Strontium isotope evidence for preserved density stratification in the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Nature 316, 119-126.
71. Sharpe, M. R. & Hulbert, L. J. (1985). Ultramafic sills beneath the Eastern Bushveld Complex: Mobilized suspensions of early Lower Zone cumulates in a parental magma with boninitic affinities. Economic Geology 80, 849-871.
72. Sharpe, M. R. & Irvine, T. N. (1983). Melting relations of two Bushveld chilled margin rocks and implications for the origin of chromitite. Carnegie Institution Geophysical Laboratory Yearbook 82, 295-300.
73. Sharpe, M. R., Irvine, T. N., Mysen, B. O. & Hazen, R. M. (1983). Density and viscosity characteristics of melts of Bushveld chilled margin rocks. Carnegie Institution Geophysical Laboratory Yearbook 82, 300-305.
74. 2O in calc-alkaline differentiation and subduction zone magmatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 113, 143-166.
75. Spandler, C., Mavrogenes, J. & Arculus, R. (2005). Origin of chromitites in layered intrusions: Evidence from chromite-hosted melt inclusions from the Stillwater Complex. Geology 33, 893-896.
76. Ulmer, G. C. (1969). Experimental investigations of chromite spinels. Economic Geology Monograph 4, 114-131.
77. Wilson, A. H. (1992). The geology of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: crystallization, layering, and cumulate formation in the P1 Pyroxenite of Cyclic Unit 1 of the Darwendale subchamber. Journal of Petrology 33, 611-663.