Constraints on the formation of platinum-group element deposits in igneous rocks

Economic Geology

Volumn 91, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 439-450

  Peach, G L ^a,b   Mathez, E A ^a  

^a DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

^b Sea Education Association   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY; FRACTIONATION; GEOLOGIC MODELS; IGNEOUS ROCKS; MELTING; OSMIUM ALLOYS; PETROLOGY; PLATINUM METALS; SILICATE MINERALS; SOLUBILITY; STRATIGRAPHY; SULFIDE MINERALS;

CHALCOPHILE ELEMENTS; MAGMA; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS; SILICATE MELTS;

ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY;

CHALCOPHILE ELEMENT; FRACTIONATION; IGNEOUS ROCK; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PGE; SULPHIDE;

EID: 0030096080     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.91.2.439     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Arndt, N.T., and Lesher, C.M., 1992, Fractionation of REEs by olivine and the origin of Kambalda komatiites, Western Australia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 4193-4204.
2. Auge, T., 1988, Platinum-group minerals in the Tiebaghi and Vourinos ophiolitic complexes: Genetic implications: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 26, p. 177-192.
3. Barnes, S.-J., Naldrett A.J., and Gorton, M.P., 1985, The origin of the fractionation of the platinum-group elements in terrestrial magmas: Chemical Geology, v. 53, p. 303-323.
4. Barnes, S.J., 1993, Partitioning of the platinum group elements and gold between silicate and sulphide magmas in the Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia: Geochimica et Cosmochica Acta, v. 57, p. 1277-1290.
5. Barnes, S.J., and Naldrett, A.J., 1985, Geochemistry of the J-M (Howland) reef of the Stillwater Complex, Minneapolis adit area. I. Sulfide chemistry and sulfide olivine equilibrium: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 627-645.
6. Barnes, S.J., Gole, M. J., and Hill, R.E.T., 1988, The Agnew Nickel deposit, Western Australia: Part II. Sulfide geochemistry, with emphasis on the platinum-group elements: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 537-550.
7. Bezmen, N.I., Asif, M., Briigmann, G.E., Romanenko, I.M., and Naldrett, A.J., 1994, Distribution of Pd, Ir, Os and An between sulfide and silicate melts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1251-1260.
8. Borisov, A., Palme, H., and Spettel, B., 1993, PGE solubility in silicate melts: Experimental investigations at 1 atm total pressure [abs.]: Terra Nova, v. 5, p. 505.
9. Boudreau, A.E., and McCallum, I.S., 1992, Concentration of platinum-group elements by magmatic fluids in layered intrusions: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1830-1848.
10. Brügmann, G.E., Arndt, N.T., Hofmann, A.W., and Tobschall, H.J., 1987, Noble metal abundances in komatiite suites from Alexo, Ontario and Gorgona Island, Columbia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 2159-2169.
11. Brügmann, G.E., Naldrett, A.J., and MacDonaJd, A.J., 1989, Magma mixing and constitutional zone refining in the Lac des Iles Complex, Ontario: Genesis of platinum-group element mineralization: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 1557-1573.
12. Campbell, I.H., Naldrett, A.J., and Barnes, S.J., 1983, A model for the origin of the platinum-rich sulfide horizons in the Bushveld and Stillwater complexes: Journal of Petrology, v. 24, p. 133-165.
13. Capobianco, C.J. and Drake, M.J., 1990, Partitioning of ruthenium, rhodium and palladium between spinel and silicate melt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 869-874.
14. Capobianco, C.J., Drake, M.J., and Hervig, R.L. 1994, Experiments on Ru, Rh, and Pd compatibility in Fe-oxides crystallizing from silicate melt: Chemical Geology, v. 113, p. 23-43.
15. Chou, C.-L., Shaw, D.M., and Crockett, J.H., 1983, Siderophile trace elements in the earth's crust and upper mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88 (supplement), p. A507-A518.
16. Crocket, J.H., 1981, Geochemistry of the platinum-group elements: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 24, 47-64.
17. Crocket, J.H., and MacRae, W.E., 1986, Platinum-group element distribution in komatiitc and tholeiitic volcanic rocks from Munro Township, Ontario: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY v. 81, p. 1242-1251.
18. Crocket, J.H., Fleet, M.E., and Stone, W.E., 1992, Experimental partitioning of osmium, indium and gold between basalt melt and sulphide liquid at 1300°C: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 427-432.
19. Fleet, M.E., and Stone, W.E., 1991, Partitioning of platinum-group elements in the Fe-Ni-S system and their fractionation in nature: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 245-253.
20. Gain, S.B., 1985, The geologic setting of the platiniferous UG-2 chromitite layer on the farm Maangdagshoek, eastern Bnshveld Complex: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 924-943.
21. Gijbels, R., Milard, H.T., Jr., Desborough, G.A., and Bartel, A.J., 1974, Osmium, ruthenium, indium and uranium in silicates and chromite from the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, p. 319-337.
22. Greenland, L.P., 1971, Variation of indium in a differentiated tholen̈tic diabase: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 35, p. 319-322.
23. Greenough, J.D., and Owen, J.V., 1992, Platinum-group element geochemistry of continental tholeiites: Analysis of the Long Range dyke swarm. Newfoundland, Canada: Chemical Geology, v. 98, p. 203-220.
24. von Gruenewaldt, G., Hatton, C.J., Merkle, R.K.W., and Gain, S.B., 1986, Platinum-group element-chromitite associations in the Bushveld Complex: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1067-1079.
25. Hamlyn, P.R., Keays, R.R., Cameron, W.E., Crawford, A.J., and Waldron, M.H., 1985, Precious metals in magnesian low-Ti lavas: Implications for metallogenesis and sulfur saturation in primary magmas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 1797-1811.
26. Heimstra, S.A., 1986, The distribution of chalcophile and platinum-group elements in the UG-2 chromitite layer of the Bushveld Complex: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1080-1086.
27. Hertogen, J., Janssen, M.-J., and Palme, H., 1980, Trace elements in ocean ridge basalt glasses: Implications for fractionations during mantle evolution and petrogenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 44, p. 2125-2143.
28. Hultgren, R., Orr, R.L., Anderson, P.D., and Kelly, K.K., 1973, Selected values of the thermodynamic properties of metals and alloys: New York, Wiley, 1435 p.
29. Jagoutz, E., Palme, H., Baddenhausen, H., Blum, K., Cendales, M., Dreibus, G., Spettel, B., Lorenz, V., and Wanke, H., 1979, The abundance of major, minor and trace elements in the earth's mantle as derived from primitive ultramafic nodules: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 10th, Houston, Proceedings, p. 2031-2050.
30. Keays, R.R., 1982, Palladium and iridium in komatiites and associated rocks: Application to petrogenetic problems, in Arndt, N.T., and Nesbitt, E.G., eds., Komatiites: London, George Allen, p.435-457.
31. Keays, R.R., and Davison, R.M., 1976, Palladium, indium, and gold in the ores and host rocks of nickel sulfide deposits in Western Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 71, p. 1214-1228.
32. Keays, R.R., Ross, J.R., and Woolrich, P., 1981, Precious metlas in volcanic peridotite-associated nickel sulfide deposits in Western Australia. II: Distribution within the ores and host rocks at Kambalda: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 76, p. 1645-1674.
33. Kinloch, E.D., 1982, Regional trends in the platinum-group mineralogy of the Critical zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 1328-1347.
34. Lee, C.A., 1983, Trace and platinum-group element geochemistry and the development of the Merensky unit of the western Bushveld Complex: Mineralium Deposita, v. 18, p. 173-190.
35. Lee, C.A., and Fesq, H.W., 1986, Au, Ir, Ni and Co in some chromitites of the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Chemical Geology, v. 62, p. 227-237.
36. Lee, C.A., and Tredoux, M., 1986, Platinum-group element abundances in the lower and the lower Critical zones of the eastern Bushveld Complex: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1087-1095.
37. Legendre, O., and Auge, T., 1986, Mineralogy of the platinum group mineral inclusions in chromitites from different ophiolite complexes, in Gallagher, M.J., Ixer, R.A., Neary, C.R., and Prichard, H.M., eds., Metallogeny of basic and ultrabasic rocks. Symposium volume: London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 361-372.
38. Lesher, C.M., and Keays, R.R., 1984, Metamorphically and hydrothermally mobilized Fe-Ni-Cu sulfides at Kambalda, Western Australia, in Buchanan, D.L., and Jones, M.J., eds., Sulfide deposits in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Proceedings of International Geological Correlation Projects 161 and 91, Third Nickel Sulfide Field Conference, Perth, Western Australia: London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 62-69.
39. MacDonald, A.J., 1988, Platinum group element mineralization and the relative importance of magmatic and deuteric processes: Field evidence from the Lac des Iles deposit, Ontario, Canada, in Prichard, H.M., Potts, P.J., Bowles, J.F.W., and Cribb, S.J., eds., Geo-platinum 87 symposium: London, Elsevier, p. 215-236.
40. Mathez, E.A., 1976, Sulfur solubility and magmatic sulfides in submarine basalt glass: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, p. 4269-4276.
41. _1995, Magmatic metasomatism and formation of the Merensky reef, Bushveld Complex: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 119, p. 277-286.
42. McCallum, M.E., Loucks, R.R., Carlson, R.R., Cooley, E.F., and Doerge, T.A., 1976, Platinum metals associated with hydrothermal copper ores of the New Rambler mine, Medicine Bow Mountain, Wyoming: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 71, p. 1429-1450.
43. McLaren, C.H., and de Villiers, J.P.R., 1982, The platinum-group chemistry and mineralogy of the UG-2 chromitite layers of the Bushveld Complex: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 1348-1366.
44. Mitchell, R.H., and Keays, R.R., 1981, Abundance and distribution of gold, palladium and iridium in some spinel and garnet lherzolites: Implications for the nature and origin of precious metal-rich intergranular components in the upper mantle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 2452-2442.
45. Morgan, J.W., 1986, Ultramafic xenoliths: Clues to the earth's late accretionary history: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 12,375-12,378.
46. Morgan, J.W., and Baedecker, P.A., 1983, Elemental composition of sulfide particles from an ultramafic xenolith and the siderophile element content of the upper mantle: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 14th, Houston, Proceedings, p. 513-514.
47. Morgan, J.W., Ganapathy, R., Higuchi, H., and Krähenbühl, U., 1976, Volatile and siderophile trace elements in anorthositic rocks from Fiskenaesset, West Greenland: Comparison with lunar and meteoric analogues: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, p. 861-887.
48. Morgan, J.W., Wandless, G.A., Petrie, R.K., and Irving, A.J., 1981, Composition of the earth's upper mantle - I. Siderophile trace elements in ultramafic nodules: Tectonophysics, v. 5, p. 47-67.
49. Naldrett, A.J., 1981, Nickel sulfide deposits: Classification, composition, and genesis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 628-655.
50. Naldrett, A.J., and Lehmann, J., 1988, Spinel non-stoichiometry as the explanation for Ni-, Cu- and PGE-enriched sulphides in chromitites, in Prichard, H.M., Potts, P.J., Bowles, J.F.W. and Cribb, S.J., eds., Geo-platinum 87 symposium: London, Elsevier, p. 93-109.
51. Naldrett, A.J., Gasparini, E.G., Barnes, S.J., von Gruenewaldt, G., and Sharpe, M.R., 1986, The upper critical zone of the Bushveld Complex and the origin of Merensky-type ores: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1105-1117.
52. Ohnenstetter, D., Watkinson, D.H., Jones, P.C., and Talkington, R., 1986, Cryptic compositional variation in laurite and enclosing chromite from the Bird River sill, Manitoba: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1159-1168.
53. O'Neill, H. St.C, Dingwell, D.B., Palme, H., and Spettl, B., 1993, The solubility of Ir in silicate melts and Ir metal/melt distribution coefficients [abs.]: EOS v. 74, p. 338.
54. Oshin, I.O., and Crocket, J.H., 1982, Noble metals in the Thetford mines ophiolites, Quebec, Canada - Part I: Distribution of gold, iridium, platinum and palladium in the ultramafic and gabbroic rocks: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 1556-1570.
55. Page, N.J., and Talldngton, R.W., 1984, Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium in peridotites and chromitites from ophiolite complexes in New Foundland: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 22, p. 137-149.
56. Page, N.J., Cassard, D., and Haffty, J., 1982, Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and indium in chromitites from the Massif du Sud and Tiebaghi Massif, New Caledonia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 1571-1577.
57. Peach, C.L., and Mathez, E.A., 1993, Sulfide melt-silicate melt distribution coefficients for nickel and iron and implications for the fractionation of other chalcophile elements: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 3013-3021.
58. Peach, C.L., Mathez, E.A., and Keays, R.R., 1990, Sulfide melt-silicate melt distribution coefficients for noble metals and other chalcophile elements as deduced from MORE: Implications for partial melting: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 3379-3389.
59. Peach, C.L., Mathez, E.A., Keays, R.R., and Reeves, S.J., 1994, Experimentally determined sulfide melt-silicate melt partition coefficients for iridium and palladium: Chemical Geology, v. 117, p. 361-377.
60. Peck, D.C., and Keays, R.R., 1990, Geology, geochemistry and origin of platinum-group element-chromite occurrences in the Heazelwood River Complex, Tasmania: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 765-793.
61. Prendergast, M.D., and Keays, R.R., 1989, Controls of platinum-group element mineralization and the origin of the PGE-rich Main Sulphide zone in the Wedza subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: Implications for the genesis of, and exploration for, stratiform PGE mineralization in layered intrusions, in Prendergast, M.D., and Jones, M.J., eds., Magmatic sulphides - the Zimbabwe volume: London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 43-69.
62. Ross, J.R., and Keays, R.R., 1979, Precious metals in volcanic type nickel sulfide deposits in Western Australia. I: Relationship with the composition of the ores and their host rocks: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 17, p. 417-435.
63. Rowell, W.F., and Edgar, A.D., 1986, Platin urn-group element mineralization in a hydrothermal Cu-Ni sulfide occurence, Rathbun Lake, northeastern Ontario: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1272-1277.
64. Stockmann, H.W., and Hlava, F.F., 1984, Platinum-group minerals in alpine chromitites from southwestern Oregon: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 79, p. 491-508.
65. Stone, W.E., Crocket, J.H., and Fleet, M.E., 1993, Sulfide-poor platinum-group mineralization in komatiitic systems: Boston Creek flow, layered basaltic komatiite, Abitibi belt, Ontario: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 817-836.
66. Sun, S.-S., 1982, Chemical composition and origin of the earth's upper mantle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 179-192.
67. Talkington, R.W., and Lipin, B.R., 1986, Platinum-group minerals in chromite seams of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 1179-1186.
68. Talkington, R.W., and Watkinson, D.H., 1986, Whole rock platinum-group element trends in chromite-rich rocks in ophiolitic and stratiform igneous complexes, in Gallagher, M.J., Ixer, R.A., Neary, C.R., and Prichard, H.M., eds., Metallogeny of basic and ultrabasic rocks, Symposium volume: London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 427-440.
69. Talkington, R.W., Watkinson, D.H., Whittaker, P.J., and Jones, P.C., 1983, Platinum-group mineral inclusions in chromite from the Bird River sill, Manitoba: Mineralium Deposita, v. 18, p. 245-255.
70. Wilson, A.H., and Tredoux, M., 1990, Lateral and vertical dsitribution of platinum-group elements and petrogenetic controls on the sulfide mineralization in the PI pyroxenite layer of the Darwendale subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 556-584.
71. Wilson, A.H., Naldrett, A.J., and Tredoux, M., 1989, Distribution and controls of platinum group element and base element mineralization in the Darwendale subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: Geology, v. 17, p. 649-652.