Growth Hormone Supplementation in the Elderly

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 233-245

  Nass, Ralf ^a   Park, Jennifer ^b   Thorner, Michael O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; GROWTH HORMONE; IBUTAMOREN; SOMATOMEDIN;

AGING; ALPHA NERVE FIBER; ARTHRALGIA; BODY COMPOSITION; BONE DENSITY; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETOGENESIS; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EDEMA; ELDERLY CARE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING CELL; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESPAN; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTAKE; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIDE EFFECT; SUPPLEMENTATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WELLBEING;

AGED; BODY COMPOSITION; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLES; MUSCULAR ATROPHY;

EID: 33847326914     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Butler R.N. Population aging and health. BMJ 315 7115 (1997) 1082-1084
2. US Census Bureau international database. Table 094. Midyear population. Available at: http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbagg.
3. CDC Public Health and Aging. Trends in aging-United States and worldwide. JAMA 289 (2003) 1371-1373
4. United Nations Report of the Second World Assembly on Aging. Madrid, Spain, April 8-12, 2002. Available at: http://www.on.org/ageing/documents.htm. Accessed December 6, 2006.
5. Toogood A.A., Adams J.E., O'Neill P.A., et al. Body composition in growth hormone deficient adults over the age of 60 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 45 4 (1996) 399-405
6. Barreto-Filho J.A., Alcantara M.R., Salvatori R., et al. Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 5 (2002) 2018-2023
7. Snel Y.E., Brummer R.J., Doerga M.E., et al. Adipose tissue assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in growth hormone-deficient adults: the effect of growth hormone replacement and a comparison with control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 61 6 (1995) 1290-1294
8. Lonn L., Kvist H., Grangard U., et al. CT-determined body composition changes with recombinant human growth hormone treatment to adults with growth hormone deficiency. Basic Life Sci 60 (1993) 229-231
9. Amato G., Carella C., Fazio S., et al. Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77 6 (1993) 1671-1676
10. Bex M., Abs R., Maiter D., et al. The effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone metabolism in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: a 2-year open randomized controlled multicenter trial. J Bone Miner Res 17 6 (2002) 1081-1094
11. Johansson J.O., Fowelin J., Landin K., et al. Growth hormone-deficient adults are insulin-resistant. Metabolism 44 9 (1995) 1126-1129
12. Rosen T., and Bengtsson B.A. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 336 8710 (1990) 285-288
13. Bates A.S., Van't Hoff W., Jones P.J., et al. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 3 (1996) 1169-1172
14. Colao A., Cuocolo A., Di Somma C., et al. Impaired cardiac performance in elderly patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 11 (1999) 3950-3955
15. Attanasio A.F., Bates P.C., Ho K.K., et al. Human growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients: long-term effects on body composition and lipid status-3-year results from the HypoCCS Database. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 4 (2002) 1600-1606
16. Sneppen S.B., Steensgaard-Hansen F., and Feldt-Rasmussen U. Cardiac effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement therapy in growth hormone-deficient adults. An 18-month randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Horm Res 58 1 (2002) 21-29
17. Shahi M., Beshyah S.A., Hackett D., et al. Myocardial dysfunction in treated adult hypopituitarism: a possible explanation for increased cardiovascular mortality. Br Heart J 67 1 (1992) 92-96
18. Rosen T., Johannson G., Hallgren P., et al. Beneficial effects of 12 months replacement therapy with recombinant human growth hormone to growth hormone deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1 (1994) 55-66
19. Mahajan T., Crown A., Checkley S., et al. Atypical depression in growth hormone deficient adults, and the beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment on depression and quality of life. Eur J Endocrinol 151 3 (2004) 325-332
20. Barkan A.L. The "quality of life-assessment of growth hormone deficiency in adults" questionnaire: can it be used to assess quality of life in hypopituitarism?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 5 (2001) 1905-1907
21. Finkelstein J.W., Roffwarg H.P., Boyar R.M., et al. Age-related change in the twenty-four-hour spontaneous secretion of growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35 5 (1972) 665-670
22. Zadik Z., Chalew S.A., McCarter Jr. R.J., et al. The influence of age on the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 3 (1985) 513-516
23. Novack L. Aging, total body potassium, fat-free mass, and cell mass in males and females between ages 18 and 85 years. J Gerontol 27 (1972) 438-443
24. Rudman D. Growth hormone, body composition, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 33 11 (1985) 800-807
25. Haarbo J., Marslew U., Gotfredsen A., et al. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy prevents central distribution of body fat after menopause. Metabolism 40 12 (1991) 1323-1326
26. Ashwell M., Cole T.J., and Dixon A.K. Obesity: new insight into the anthropometric classification of fat distribution shown by computed tomography. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 290 6483 (1985) 1692-1694
27. DeNino W.F., Tchernof A., Dionne I.J., et al. Contribution of abdominal adiposity to age-related differences in insulin sensitivity and plasma lipids in healthy nonobese women. Diabetes Care 24 5 (2001) 925-932
28. Clasey J.L., Weltman A., Patrie J., et al. Abdominal visceral fat and fasting insulin are important predictors of 24-hour GH release independent of age, gender, and other physiological factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 8 (2001) 3845-3852
29. Enzi G., Gasparo M., Biondetti P., et al. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr 44 (1986) 739-746
30. Shimokata H., Tobin J., Muller D., et al. Studies in the distribution of body fat. I. Effects of age, sex, and obesity. J Gerontol 44 (1989) 67-73
31. Borkan G.A., Hults D.E., Gerzof S.G., et al. Age changes in body composition revealed by computed tomography. J Gerontol 38 6 (1983) 673-677
32. Marcus R. Skeletal aging-understanding the functional and structural basis of osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2 (1991) 53-58
33. Hannan M., Felson D., and Anderson J. Bone mineral density in elderly men and women: results from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 7 (1992) 547-553
34. Stiegler C., and Leb G. One year of replacement therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Endocrinol Metab 1 Suppl A (1994) 37-42
35. de Boer H., Blok G.J., van Lingen A., et al. Consequences of childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency for adult bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 9 8 (1994) 1319-1326
36. Thompson J.L., Butterfield G.E., Marcus R., et al. The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone on body composition in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 6 (1995) 1845-1852
37. Forbes G., and Reina J. Adult lean body mass declines with age: some longitudinal observations. Metabolism 19 (1970) 653-663
38. Janssen I., Heymsfield S.B., Wang Z.M., et al. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr. J Appl Physiol 89 1 (2000) 81-88
39. Tseng B.S., Marsh D.R., Hamilton M.T., et al. Strength and aerobic training attenuate muscle wasting and improve resistance to the development of disability with aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50 (1995) 113-119
40. Bemben M.G., Massey B.H., Bemben D.A., et al. Isometric muscle force production as a function of age in healthy 20- to 74-yr-old men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23 11 (1991) 1302-1310
41. Clement F.J. Longitudinal and cross-sectional assessments of age changes in physical strength as related to sex, social class, and mental ability. J Gerontol 29 4 (1974) 423-429
42. Hurley B.F. Age, gender, and muscular strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50 (1995) 41-44
43. Kehayias J.J., Fiatarone M.A., Zhuang H., et al. Total body potassium and body fat: relevance to aging. Am J Clin Nutr 66 4 (1997) 904-910
44. Lexell J., Downham D., and Sjostrom M. Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles. Fibre type arrangement in m. vastus lateralis from three groups of healthy men between 15 and 83 years. J Neurol Sci 72 2-3 (1986) 211-222
45. Doherty T.J. Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol 95 4 (2003) 1717-1727
46. Walston J., Hadley E.C., Ferrucci L., et al. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 54 6 (2006) 991-1001
47. Brown W.F. A method for estimating the number of motor units in thenar muscles and the changes in motor unit count with ageing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 35 6 (1972) 845-852
48. Young V.R. Amino acids and proteins in relation to the nutrition of elderly people. Age Ageing 19 4 (1990) S10-S24
49. Westerterp K.R. Daily physical activity, aging and body composition. J Nutr Health Aging 4 4 (2000) 239-242
50. Roubenoff R., Harris T.B., Abad L.W., et al. Monocyte cytokine production in an elderly population: effect of age and inflammation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 53 1 (1998) M20-M26
51. Argiles J.M., Busquets S., Felipe A., et al. Molecular mechanisms involved in muscle wasting in cancer and ageing: cachexia versus sarcopenia. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 5 (2005) 1084-1104
52. Delbono O. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutics of the deficit in specific force in ageing skeletal muscle. Biogerontology 3 5 (2002) 265-270
53. Gamper N., Fillon S., Huber S.M., et al. IGF-1 up-regulates K+ channels via PI3-kinase, PDK1 and SGK1. Pflugers Arch 443 4 (2002) 625-634
54. Labrie F., Belanger A., Luu-The V., et al. DHEA and the intracrine formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues: its role during aging. Steroids 63 5-6 (1998) 322-328
55. Janssen I., Heymsfield S.B., and Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 5 (2002) 889-896
56. Baumgartner R.N., Koehler K.M., Gallagher D., et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147 8 (1998) 755-763
57. Melton III L.J., Khosla S., Crowson C.S., et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia. J Am Geriatr Soc 48 6 (2000) 625-630
58. Blum W.F., Shavrikova E.P., Edwards D.J., et al. Decreased quality of life in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency compared with general populations using the new, validated, self-weighted questionnaire, questions on life satisfaction hypopituitarism module. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 9 (2003) 4158-4167
59. Salomon F., Cuneo R., Hesp R., et al. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone. N Engl J Med 321 (1989) 1797-1803
60. Monson J.P., and Jonsson P. Aspects of growth hormone (GH) replacement in elderly patients with GH deficiency: data from KIMS. Horm Res 60 Suppl 1 (2003) 112-120
61. McMillan C.V., Bradley C., Gibney J., et al. Psychological effects of withdrawal of growth hormone therapy from adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59 4 (2003) 467-475
62. Attanasio A.F., Lamberts S.W., Matranga A.M., et al. Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 1 (1997) 82-88
63. Donahue C.P., Kosik K.S., and Shors T.J. Growth hormone is produced within the hippocampus where it responds to age, sex, and stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 15 (2006) 6031-6036
64. Donahue A.N., Aschner M., Lash L.H., et al. Growth hormone administration to aged animals reduces disulfide glutathione levels in hippocampus. Mech Ageing Dev 127 1 (2006) 57-63
65. Marcus R., Butterfield G., Holloway L., et al. Effects of short term administration of recombinant human growth hormone to elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70 (1990) 519-527
66. Rudman D., Feller A., Nagraj H., et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med 323 (1990) 1-6
67. Papadakis M.A., Grady D., Black D., et al. Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med 124 8 (1996) 708-716
68. Taaffe D.R., Pruitt L., Reim J., et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79 5 (1994) 1361-1366
69. Taaffe D.R., Thompson J.L., Butterfield G.E., et al. Recombinant human growth hormone, but not insulin-like growth factor-I, enhances central fat loss in postmenopausal women undergoing a diet and exercise program. Horm Metab Res 33 3 (2001) 156-162
70. Muenzer T., Harman S., Hees P., et al. Effects of GH and/or sex steroid administration on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in healthy aged women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 3604-3610
71. Kaiser F.E., Silver A.J., and Morley J.E. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone on malnourished older individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 39 3 (1991) 235-240
72. Lange K.H., Isaksson F., Rasmussen M.H., et al. GH administration and discontinuation in healthy elderly men: effects on body composition, GH-related serum markers, resting heart rate and resting oxygen uptake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55 1 (2001) 77-86
73. Mauras N. Growth hormone and sex steroids. Interactions in puberty. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30 3 (2001) 529-544
74. Snyder P.J., Peachey H., Hannoush P., et al. Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 8 (1999) 2647-2653
75. Blackman M.R., Sorkin J.D., Munzer T., et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 18 (2002) 2282-2292
76. Huang X., Blackman M.R., Herreman K., et al. Effects of growth hormone and/or sex steroid administration on whole-body protein turnover in healthy aged women and men. Metabolism 54 9 (2005) 1162-1167
77. Giannoulis M.G., Sonksen P.H., Umpleby M., et al. The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2 (2006) 477-484
78. Toogood A.A. The somatopause: an indication for growth hormone therapy?. Treat Endocrinol 3 4 (2004) 201-209
79. Monson J.P. Long-term experience with GH replacement therapy: efficacy and safety. Eur J Endocrinol 148 Suppl 2 (2003) S9-S14
80. Jenkins P.J., Mukherjee A., and Shalet S.M. Does growth hormone cause cancer?. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64 2 (2006) 115-121
81. Orme S.M., McNally R.J., Cartwright R.A., et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: a retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 8 (1998) 2730-2734
82. GHR Society Consensus. Critical evaluation of the safety of recombinant human growth hormone administration: statement from the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1868-1870
83. Chipman J.J., Attanasio A.F., Birkett M.A., et al. The safety profile of GH replacement therapy in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46 4 (1997) 473-481
84. Hwu C.M., Kwok C.F., Lai T.Y., et al. Growth hormone (GH) replacement reduces total body fat and normalizes insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults: a report of one-year clinical experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 10 (1997) 3285-3292
85. Svensson J., Fowelin J., Landin K., et al. Effects of seven years of GH-replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 5 (2002) 2121-2127
86. Bartke A. Long-lived Klotho mice: new insights into the roles of IGF-1 and insulin in aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab 17 2 (2006) 33-35
87. Nass R., and Thorner M.O. Life extension versus improving quality of life. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 18 3 (2004) 381-391
88. Besson A., Salemi S., Gallati S., et al. Reduced longevity in untreated patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 8 (2003) 3664-3667
89. Bowers CY, Chang JK, Fong TTW. A synthetic pentapeptide which specifically releases GH, in vitro. Proceedings of the 59th Meeting of the Endocrine Society. Chicago; 1977. p. 2332.
90. Smith R.G. Development of growth hormone secretagogues. Endocr Rev 26 3 (2005) 346-360
91. Ghigo E., Arvat E., Aimaretti G., et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of growth hormone-releasing substances in adult and elderly subjects. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 12 2 (1998) 341-358
92. Ghigo E., Arvat E., Gianotti L., et al. Hypothalamic growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis across the human life span. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13 Suppl 6 (2000) 1493-1502
93. Rahim A., O'Neill P.A., and Shalet S.M. Growth hormone status during long-term hexarelin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 5 (1998) 1644-1649
94. Chapman I.M., Bach M.A., Van Cauter E., et al. Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 12 (1996) 4249-4257
95. Thorner MO, Nass R, Pezzoli S, et al. Orally active ghrelin mimetic (MK-677) prevents and partially reverses sarcopenia in healthy older men and women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. June 24-26, 2006 [OR5-5].
96. Murphy M.G., Weiss S., McClung M., et al. Effect of alendronate and MK-677 (a growth hormone secretagogue), individually and in combination, on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 3 (2001) 1116-1125
97. Bach M.A., Rockwood K., Zetterberg C., et al. The effects of MK-0677, an oral growth hormone secretagogue, in patients with hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 52 4 (2004) 516-523