메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 241, Issue 1-3, 2007, Pages 74-83

Roles of disturbance and demographic non-equilibrium in species coexistence, inferred from 25-year dynamics of a late-successional old-growth subalpine forest

Author keywords

Abies; Betula; Competitive exclusion; Differential life history; Mortality; Picea; Recruitment; Replacement; Species persistence; Tsuga

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEMS;

EID: 33847287671     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.12.031     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0036941898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia, tree size, age, and spatial structure
    • Antos J.A., and Parish R. Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia, tree size, age, and spatial structure. Can. J. For. Res. 32 (2002) 1935-1946
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 1935-1946
    • Antos, J.A.1    Parish, R.2
  • 2
    • 0036937615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and dynamics of a nearly steady-state subalpine forest in south-central British Columbia, Canada
    • Antos J.A., and Parish R. Structure and dynamics of a nearly steady-state subalpine forest in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Oecologia 130 (2002) 126-135
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.130 , pp. 126-135
    • Antos, J.A.1    Parish, R.2
  • 3
    • 20444377791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tree seedling bank in an ancient montane forest, stress tolerators in a productive habitat
    • Antos J.A., Guest H.J., and Parish R. The tree seedling bank in an ancient montane forest, stress tolerators in a productive habitat. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 536-543
    • (2005) J. Ecol. , vol.93 , pp. 536-543
    • Antos, J.A.1    Guest, H.J.2    Parish, R.3
  • 4
    • 0024219567 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of community dynamics in Colorado Engelmann spruce-Subalpine fir forests
    • Aplet G.H., Laven R.D., and Smith F.W. Patterns of community dynamics in Colorado Engelmann spruce-Subalpine fir forests. Ecology 69 (1988) 312-319
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 312-319
    • Aplet, G.H.1    Laven, R.D.2    Smith, F.W.3
  • 5
    • 0030438024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do we need permanent plots in the study of long-term vegetation dynamics?
    • Bakker J.P., Olff H., Willem J.H., and Zobel M. Why do we need permanent plots in the study of long-term vegetation dynamics?. J. Veg. Sci. 7 (1996) 147-155
    • (1996) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 147-155
    • Bakker, J.P.1    Olff, H.2    Willem, J.H.3    Zobel, M.4
  • 6
    • 0034193957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niche versus chance and tree diversity in forest gaps
    • Brokaw N., and Busing R.T. Niche versus chance and tree diversity in forest gaps. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15 (2000) 183-188
    • (2000) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 183-188
    • Brokaw, N.1    Busing, R.T.2
  • 7
    • 13444282143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians
    • Busing R.T. Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians. Ecology 86 (2005) 73-84
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 73-84
    • Busing, R.T.1
  • 8
    • 0035654299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and spatial patterns of trees in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed forests of northern Maine
    • Chokkalingam U., and White A. Structure and spatial patterns of trees in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed forests of northern Maine. Plant Ecol. 156 (2001) 139-160
    • (2001) Plant Ecol. , vol.156 , pp. 139-160
    • Chokkalingam, U.1    White, A.2
  • 9
    • 0028994850 scopus 로고
    • Mortality rates of 205 neotropical tree and shrub species and the impact of a severe drought
    • Condit R., Hubbell S.P., and Foster R.B. Mortality rates of 205 neotropical tree and shrub species and the impact of a severe drought. Ecol. Monogr. 65 (1995) 419-439
    • (1995) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.65 , pp. 419-439
    • Condit, R.1    Hubbell, S.P.2    Foster, R.B.3
  • 11
    • 0000623222 scopus 로고
    • Stand structure, succession, and use of southern Alberta's Rocky Mountain Forest
    • Day R.J. Stand structure, succession, and use of southern Alberta's Rocky Mountain Forest. Ecology 53 (1972) 472-478
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 472-478
    • Day, R.J.1
  • 12
    • 0023467656 scopus 로고
    • Tropical rain forest gaps and tree species diversity
    • Denslow J.S. Tropical rain forest gaps and tree species diversity. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18 (1987) 431-451
    • (1987) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.18 , pp. 431-451
    • Denslow, J.S.1
  • 13
    • 0027883992 scopus 로고
    • Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, south Wetland, New Zealand
    • Duncan R.P. Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, south Wetland, New Zealand. J. Ecol. 81 (1993) 403-416
    • (1993) J. Ecol. , vol.81 , pp. 403-416
    • Duncan, R.P.1
  • 16
    • 0028165719 scopus 로고
    • Age-class distribution and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest
    • Frelich L.E., and Graumlich L.J. Age-class distribution and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 24 (1994) 1939-1947
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 1939-1947
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Graumlich, L.J.2
  • 17
    • 0026005385 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lake region
    • Frelich L.E., and Lorimer C.G. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lake region. Ecol. Monogr. 61 (1991) 145-164
    • (1991) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.61 , pp. 145-164
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 18
    • 0000052880 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities, the importance of the regeneration niche
    • Grubb P.J. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities, the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. 52 (1977) 107-145
    • (1977) Biol. Rev. , vol.52 , pp. 107-145
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 19
    • 3943113040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and regeneration dynamics of an old-growth North Patagonian rain forest in Chiloé Island
    • Gutiérrez A.G., Armesto J.J., and Aravena J.C. Disturbance and regeneration dynamics of an old-growth North Patagonian rain forest in Chiloé Island. Chile. J. Ecol. 92 (2004) 598-608
    • (2004) Chile. J. Ecol. , vol.92 , pp. 598-608
    • Gutiérrez, A.G.1    Armesto, J.J.2    Aravena, J.C.3
  • 20
    • 0029666874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age structure and response to fine-scale disturbances of Abies sachalinensis, Picea jezoensis, Picea glehnii, and Betula ermanii growing under the influence of a dwarf bamboo understory in northern Japan
    • Hiura T., Sano J., and Konno Y. Age structure and response to fine-scale disturbances of Abies sachalinensis, Picea jezoensis, Picea glehnii, and Betula ermanii growing under the influence of a dwarf bamboo understory in northern Japan. Can. J. For. Res. 26 (1996) 289-297
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 289-297
    • Hiura, T.1    Sano, J.2    Konno, Y.3
  • 21
    • 0033838083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent effects on tree survival in an old-growth Douglas fir forest
    • He F., and Duncan R.P. Density-dependent effects on tree survival in an old-growth Douglas fir forest. J. Ecol. 88 (2000) 676-688
    • (2000) J. Ecol. , vol.88 , pp. 676-688
    • He, F.1    Duncan, R.P.2
  • 22
    • 51249185274 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration in subalpine coniferous forests I. Mosaic structure and regeneration processes in a Tsuga diversifolia forest
    • Kanzaki M. Regeneration in subalpine coniferous forests I. Mosaic structure and regeneration processes in a Tsuga diversifolia forest. Bot. Mag. 97 (1984) 297-311
    • (1984) Bot. Mag. , vol.97 , pp. 297-311
    • Kanzaki, M.1
  • 23
    • 0030442362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological factors affecting the abundance of advance regeneration in Quebec's southeastern boreal forest
    • Kneeshaw D.D., and Bergeron Y. Ecological factors affecting the abundance of advance regeneration in Quebec's southeastern boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26 (1996) 888-898
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 888-898
    • Kneeshaw, D.D.1    Bergeron, Y.2
  • 24
    • 0242628912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old growth in the boreal forest, a dynamic perspective at the stand and landscape level
    • Kneeshaw D.D., and Gauthier S. Old growth in the boreal forest, a dynamic perspective at the stand and landscape level. Environ. Rev. 11 (2003) S99-S114
    • (2003) Environ. Rev. , vol.11
    • Kneeshaw, D.D.1    Gauthier, S.2
  • 25
    • 0021560831 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration and coexistence of two Abies species dominating subalpine forests in central Japan
    • Kohyama T. Regeneration and coexistence of two Abies species dominating subalpine forests in central Japan. Oecologia 62 (1984) 156-161
    • (1984) Oecologia , vol.62 , pp. 156-161
    • Kohyama, T.1
  • 26
    • 15044341313 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the dynamics of the subalpine coniferous forest in Mt. Ontake (II). The analysis of tree falling
    • (in Japanese with English abstract)
    • Komiyama A., Ando T., and Ono A. Studies on the dynamics of the subalpine coniferous forest in Mt. Ontake (II). The analysis of tree falling. Bull. Gifu Univ. For. 45 (1981) 307-321 (in Japanese with English abstract)
    • (1981) Bull. Gifu Univ. For. , vol.45 , pp. 307-321
    • Komiyama, A.1    Ando, T.2    Ono, A.3
  • 27
    • 0028161762 scopus 로고
    • Stand structure and growth patterns of understorey trees in a coniferous forest, Taisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan
    • Kubota Y., Konno Y., and Hiura T. Stand structure and growth patterns of understorey trees in a coniferous forest, Taisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan. Ecol. Res. 9 (1994) 333-341
    • (1994) Ecol. Res. , vol.9 , pp. 333-341
    • Kubota, Y.1    Konno, Y.2    Hiura, T.3
  • 28
    • 0141426657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire and spruce beetle outbreak legacies on the disturbance regime of a subalpine forest in Colorado
    • Kulakowski D., Veblen T., and Bebi P. Effects of fire and spruce beetle outbreak legacies on the disturbance regime of a subalpine forest in Colorado. J. Biogeogr. 30 (2003) 1445-1456
    • (2003) J. Biogeogr. , vol.30 , pp. 1445-1456
    • Kulakowski, D.1    Veblen, T.2    Bebi, P.3
  • 29
    • 0035702021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The disturbance and vegetation dynamics, a review and an alternative framework
    • Łaska G. The disturbance and vegetation dynamics, a review and an alternative framework. Plant Ecol. 157 (2001) 77-99
    • (2001) Plant Ecol. , vol.157 , pp. 77-99
    • Łaska, G.1
  • 30
    • 0026499416 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of gap-phase replacement in a subalpine, old-growth forest
    • Lertzman K.P. Patterns of gap-phase replacement in a subalpine, old-growth forest. Ecology 73 (1992) 657-669
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 657-669
    • Lertzman, K.P.1
  • 31
    • 0031823261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history differences and tree species coexistence in an old-growth New Zealand rain forest
    • Lusk C.H., and Smith B. Life history differences and tree species coexistence in an old-growth New Zealand rain forest. Ecology 79 (1998) 795-806
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 795-806
    • Lusk, C.H.1    Smith, B.2
  • 33
    • 0034799060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest canopy and community dynamics in a temperate old-growth broad-leaved, south-western Japan, a 7-year of a 4 ha plot
    • Miura M., Manabe T., Nishimura N., and Yamamoto S. Forest canopy and community dynamics in a temperate old-growth broad-leaved, south-western Japan, a 7-year of a 4 ha plot. J. Ecol. 89 (2001) 841-849
    • (2001) J. Ecol. , vol.89 , pp. 841-849
    • Miura, M.1    Manabe, T.2    Nishimura, N.3    Yamamoto, S.4
  • 34
    • 0041350397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure and spatial patterns of major trees in a subalpine old-growth coniferous forest, central Japan
    • Miyadokoro T., Nishimura N., and Yamamoto S. Population structure and spatial patterns of major trees in a subalpine old-growth coniferous forest, central Japan. For. Ecol. Manage. 182 (2003) 259-272
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.182 , pp. 259-272
    • Miyadokoro, T.1    Nishimura, N.2    Yamamoto, S.3
  • 35
    • 0042623433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Architecture and neighborhood competition of understorey saplings in a subalpine forest in central Japan
    • Mori A., and Takeda H. Architecture and neighborhood competition of understorey saplings in a subalpine forest in central Japan. Écoscience 10 (2003) 217-224
    • (2003) Écoscience , vol.10 , pp. 217-224
    • Mori, A.1    Takeda, H.2
  • 36
    • 1842729456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mixedwood canopies on conifer advance regeneration in a subalpine old-growth forest in central Japan
    • Mori A., and Takeda H. Effects of mixedwood canopies on conifer advance regeneration in a subalpine old-growth forest in central Japan. Écoscience 11 (2004) 36-44
    • (2004) Écoscience , vol.11 , pp. 36-44
    • Mori, A.1    Takeda, H.2
  • 37
    • 4544299660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of undisturbed canopy structure on population structure and species coexistence in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan
    • Mori A., and Takeda H. Effects of undisturbed canopy structure on population structure and species coexistence in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan. For. Ecol. Manage. 200 (2004) 89-100
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.200 , pp. 89-100
    • Mori, A.1    Takeda, H.2
  • 38
    • 4544385070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional relationships between crown morphology and within-crown characteristics of understorey saplings of three co-dominating conifers in a subalpine forest in central Japan
    • Mori A., and Takeda H. Functional relationships between crown morphology and within-crown characteristics of understorey saplings of three co-dominating conifers in a subalpine forest in central Japan. Tree Physiol. 24 (2004) 661-670
    • (2004) Tree Physiol. , vol.24 , pp. 661-670
    • Mori, A.1    Takeda, H.2
  • 39
    • 3042803832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substrate-associated seedling recruitment and establishment of major conifer species in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan
    • Mori A., Mizumachi E., Osono T., and Doi Y. Substrate-associated seedling recruitment and establishment of major conifer species in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan. For. Ecol. Manage. 196 (2004) 287-297
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.196 , pp. 287-297
    • Mori, A.1    Mizumachi, E.2    Osono, T.3    Doi, Y.4
  • 40
    • 17844385583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Season and substrate effects on the first-year establishment of current-year seedlings of major conifer species in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan
    • Mori A., and Mizumachi E. Season and substrate effects on the first-year establishment of current-year seedlings of major conifer species in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan. For. Ecol. Manage. 210 (2005) 461-467
    • (2005) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.210 , pp. 461-467
    • Mori, A.1    Mizumachi, E.2
  • 41
    • 0242468015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of old-growth forests in Canada from a science perspective
    • Mosseler A., Thompson I., and Pendrel B.A. Overview of old-growth forests in Canada from a science perspective. Environ. Rev. 11 (2003) S1-S7
    • (2003) Environ. Rev. , vol.11
    • Mosseler, A.1    Thompson, I.2    Pendrel, B.A.3
  • 42
    • 0001919450 scopus 로고
    • Virgin spruce-fir of the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming
    • Oosting H.J., and Reed J.F. Virgin spruce-fir of the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. Ecol. Monogr. 22 (1952) 69-91
    • (1952) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.22 , pp. 69-91
    • Oosting, H.J.1    Reed, J.F.2
  • 43
    • 0033305862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand development in an old-growth subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia
    • Parish R., Antos J.A., and Fortin M.-J. Stand development in an old-growth subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 29 (1999) 1347-1356
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.29 , pp. 1347-1356
    • Parish, R.1    Antos, J.A.2    Fortin, M.-J.3
  • 44
    • 0003049682 scopus 로고
    • Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range
    • Peet R.K. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range. Vegetation 45 (1981) 3-75
    • (1981) Vegetation , vol.45 , pp. 3-75
    • Peet, R.K.1
  • 45
    • 16844380028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the regeneration phase, differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species
    • Poorter L., Bongers F., Sterck F.J., and Wöll H. Beyond the regeneration phase, differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 256-267
    • (2005) J. Ecol. , vol.93 , pp. 256-267
    • Poorter, L.1    Bongers, F.2    Sterck, F.J.3    Wöll, H.4
  • 46
    • 0000889352 scopus 로고
    • Fire frequency and subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming
    • Romme W.H., and Knight D.H. Fire frequency and subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology 62 (1981) 319-326
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 319-326
    • Romme, W.H.1    Knight, D.H.2
  • 47
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • Runkle J.R. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63 (1982) 1533-1546
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 48
    • 0025631105 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance
    • Runkle J.R. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance. Can. J. For. Res. 20 (1990) 632-641
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 632-641
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 49
    • 0031444559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonequilibrium dynamics between catastrophic disturbances and old-growth forests in Ponderosa pine landscapes of the Black Hills
    • Shinneman D.J., and Baker W.L. Nonequilibrium dynamics between catastrophic disturbances and old-growth forests in Ponderosa pine landscapes of the Black Hills. Cons. Biol. 11 (1997) 1276-1288
    • (1997) Cons. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 1276-1288
    • Shinneman, D.J.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 50
    • 0001854356 scopus 로고
    • Coexistence of plant species with similar niches
    • Shmida A., and Ellner S. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetation 58 (1984) 29-55
    • (1984) Vegetation , vol.58 , pp. 29-55
    • Shmida, A.1    Ellner, S.2
  • 51
    • 0028975312 scopus 로고
    • Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in central New England
    • Sipe T.W., and Bazzaz F.A. Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in central New England. Ecology 76 (1995) 1587-1602
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1587-1602
    • Sipe, T.W.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 52
    • 0000012668 scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest
    • Spies T.A., and Franklin J.F. Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 70 (1989) 543-545
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 543-545
    • Spies, T.A.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 53
    • 0141564838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in microhabitat-related regeneration patterns between two subalpine conifers, Tsuga diversifolia and Abies mariesii, on Mount Hayachine, northern Honshu, Japan
    • Sugita H., and Tani M. Differences in microhabitat-related regeneration patterns between two subalpine conifers, Tsuga diversifolia and Abies mariesii, on Mount Hayachine, northern Honshu, Japan. Ecol. Res. 16 (2001) 423-433
    • (2001) Ecol. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 423-433
    • Sugita, H.1    Tani, M.2
  • 54
    • 33746619636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsite for seedling establishment of subalpine conifers in a forest with moss-type undergrowth on Mt. Fuji, central Honshu, Japan
    • Sugita H., and Nagaike T. Microsite for seedling establishment of subalpine conifers in a forest with moss-type undergrowth on Mt. Fuji, central Honshu, Japan. Ecol. Res. 20 (2005) 678-685
    • (2005) Ecol. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 678-685
    • Sugita, H.1    Nagaike, T.2
  • 55
    • 0030456420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and dynamics of subalpine forests in the Wang Lang Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China
    • Taylor A.H., Zisheng Q., and Jie L. Structure and dynamics of subalpine forests in the Wang Lang Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China. Vegetation 124 (1996) 25-38
    • (1996) Vegetation , vol.124 , pp. 25-38
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Zisheng, Q.2    Jie, L.3
  • 56
    • 32344436194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneration patterns and tree species coexistence in old-growth Abies-Picea forests in southwestern China
    • Taylor A.H., Wei J.S., Jun Z.L., Ping L.C., Jin M.C., and Jinyan H. Regeneration patterns and tree species coexistence in old-growth Abies-Picea forests in southwestern China. For. Ecol. Manage. 223 (2006) 303-317
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.223 , pp. 303-317
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Wei, J.S.2    Jun, Z.L.3    Ping, L.C.4    Jin, M.C.5    Jinyan, H.6
  • 57
    • 0037932972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptotic height as a predictor of growth and allometric characteristics in Malaysian rain forest trees
    • Thomas S.C. Asymptotic height as a predictor of growth and allometric characteristics in Malaysian rain forest trees. Am. J. Bot. 83 (1996) 556-566
    • (1996) Am. J. Bot. , vol.83 , pp. 556-566
    • Thomas, S.C.1
  • 58
    • 0001338061 scopus 로고
    • Age and size structure of subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range
    • Veblen T.T. Age and size structure of subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Bull. Tor. Bot. Club 113 (1986) 225-240
    • (1986) Bull. Tor. Bot. Club , vol.113 , pp. 225-240
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 59
    • 0022843158 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls and the coexistence of conifers in subalpine forests of the central Rockies
    • Veblen T.T. Treefalls and the coexistence of conifers in subalpine forests of the central Rockies. Ecology 67 (1986) 644-649
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 644-649
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 60
    • 0000012669 scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration responses to gaps along a transandean gradient
    • Veblen T.T. Tree regeneration responses to gaps along a transandean gradient. Ecology 70 (1989) 541-543
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 541-543
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 61
    • 0028175385 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest
    • Veblen T.T., Hadley K.S., Nel E.M., Kitzberger T., Reid M., and Villalba R. Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest. J. Ecol. 82 (1994) 125-135
    • (1994) J. Ecol. , vol.82 , pp. 125-135
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Hadley, K.S.2    Nel, E.M.3    Kitzberger, T.4    Reid, M.5    Villalba, R.6
  • 62
    • 0033974298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades
    • Woods K.D. Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades. Ecology 81 (2000) 110-126
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 110-126
    • Woods, K.D.1
  • 63
    • 2642524685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest
    • Woods K.D. Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest. J. Ecol. 92 (2004) 464-476
    • (2004) J. Ecol. , vol.92 , pp. 464-476
    • Woods, K.D.1
  • 64
    • 13644254051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest dynamics and agents that initiate and expand canopy gaps in Picea-Abies forests of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, USA
    • Worrall J.J., Lee T.D., and Harrington T.C. Forest dynamics and agents that initiate and expand canopy gaps in Picea-Abies forests of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, USA. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 178-190
    • (2005) J. Ecol. , vol.93 , pp. 178-190
    • Worrall, J.J.1    Lee, T.D.2    Harrington, T.C.3
  • 65
    • 0027330850 scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt. Ontake, central Honshu, Japan
    • Yamamoto S. Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt. Ontake, central Honshu, Japan. Ecol. Res. 8 (1993) 277-285
    • (1993) Ecol. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 277-285
    • Yamamoto, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.