메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 399-411

Treatment strategies for the behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: Focus on early pharmacologic intervention

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Behavior; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Memantine; Neuropsychiatric Inventory

Indexed keywords

ARIPIPRAZOLE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; MEMANTINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM;

EID: 33847246944     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1592/phco.27.3.399     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (32)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 0031791222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated approach to the management of Alzheimer's disease: Assessing cognition, function and behaviour
    • Galasko D. An integrated approach to the management of Alzheimer's disease: assessing cognition, function and behaviour. Eur J Neurol 1998;5(suppl 4):S9-17.
    • (1998) Eur J Neurol , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Galasko, D.1
  • 2
    • 0042023711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer disease in the US population: Prevalence estimates using the 2000 census
    • Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Arch Neurol 2003;60:1119-22.
    • (2003) Arch Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 1119-1122
    • Hebert, L.E.1    Scherr, P.A.2    Bienias, J.L.3    Bennett, D.A.4    Evans, D.A.5
  • 3
    • 0024317904 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons: Higher than previously reported
    • Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons: higher than previously reported. JAMA 1989;262:2551-6.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.262 , pp. 2551-2556
    • Evans, D.A.1    Funkenstein, H.H.2    Albert, M.S.3
  • 5
    • 0029815299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: A natural history study
    • Jost BC, Grossberg GT. The evolution of psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a natural history study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:1078-81.
    • (1996) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.44 , pp. 1078-1081
    • Jost, B.C.1    Grossberg, G.T.2
  • 6
    • 0029887389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease
    • Mega MS, Cummings JL, Fiorello T, Gornbein J. The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996;46:130-5.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 130-135
    • Mega, M.S.1    Cummings, J.L.2    Fiorello, T.3    Gornbein, J.4
  • 7
    • 0032928421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatric symptoms and cholinergic therapy for Alzheimer's disease
    • Levy ML, Cummings JL, Kahn-Rose R. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and cholinergic therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology 1999;45(suppl 1):15-22.
    • (1999) Gerontology , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 15-22
    • Levy, M.L.1    Cummings, J.L.2    Kahn-Rose, R.3
  • 8
    • 0038659349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People with dementia and their relatives: Personal experiences of Alzheimer's and of the provision of care
    • Aggarwal N, Vass AA, Minardi HA, Ward R, Garfield C, Cybyk B. People with dementia and their relatives: personal experiences of Alzheimer's and of the provision of care. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2003;10:187-97.
    • (2003) J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs , vol.10 , pp. 187-197
    • Aggarwal, N.1    Vass, A.A.2    Minardi, H.A.3    Ward, R.4    Garfield, C.5    Cybyk, B.6
  • 9
    • 0025142124 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric symptoms and nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Steele C, Rovner B, Chase GA, Folstein M. Psychiatric symptoms and nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1049-51.
    • (1990) Am J Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 1049-1051
    • Steele, C.1    Rovner, B.2    Chase, G.A.3    Folstein, M.4
  • 10
    • 0030932856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviour disturbance and other predictors of caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease
    • Coen RF, Swanwick GR, O'Boyle CA, Coakley D. Behaviour disturbance and other predictors of caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;12:331-6.
    • (1997) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.12 , pp. 331-336
    • Coen, R.F.1    Swanwick, G.R.2    O'Boyle, C.A.3    Coakley, D.4
  • 11
    • 0034956899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informal costs of dementia care: Estimates from the national longitudinal caregiver study
    • Moore MJ, Zhu CW, Clipp EC. Informal costs of dementia care: estimates from the national longitudinal caregiver study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2001;56B:S219-28.
    • (2001) J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci , vol.56 B
    • Moore, M.J.1    Zhu, C.W.2    Clipp, E.C.3
  • 12
    • 33847305396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Association fact sheet. Available from, Accessed September 15
    • Alzheimer's Association. Behavioral and psychiatric Alzheimer's symptoms. Alzheimer's Association fact sheet. Available from www.alz.org/Resources/FactSheets/fs_ behavioralandpsychiatric.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2006.
    • (2006) Behavioral and psychiatric Alzheimer's symptoms
  • 13
    • 0001965197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nursing assistants use of recreational interventions for behavioral management of residents with Alzheimer's disease
    • Aronstein Z, Olsen R, Schulman E. The nursing assistants use of recreational interventions for behavioral management of residents with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis 1996;11:26-31.
    • (1996) Am J Alzheimers Dis , vol.11 , pp. 26-31
    • Aronstein, Z.1    Olsen, R.2    Schulman, E.3
  • 14
    • 0033112620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a therapy dog to alleviate the agitation and desocialization of people with Alzheimer's disease
    • Churchill M, Safaoui J, McCabe BW, Baun MM. Using a therapy dog to alleviate the agitation and desocialization of people with Alzheimer's disease. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1999;37:16-22.
    • (1999) J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv , vol.37 , pp. 16-22
    • Churchill, M.1    Safaoui, J.2    McCabe, B.W.3    Baun, M.M.4
  • 15
    • 0031457097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of verbally disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents
    • Cohen-Mansfield J, Werner P. Management of verbally disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997;52A:M369-77.
    • (1997) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.52 A
    • Cohen-Mansfield, J.1    Werner, P.2
  • 16
    • 0034752306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonpharmacologic interventions for inappropriate behaviors in dementia: A review, summary, and critique
    • Cohen-Mansfield J. Nonpharmacologic interventions for inappropriate behaviors in dementia: a review, summary, and critique. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;9:361-81.
    • (2001) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.9 , pp. 361-381
    • Cohen-Mansfield, J.1
  • 18
    • 0000033302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An individualized music intervention for agitation
    • Gerdner L. An individualized music intervention for agitation. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 1997;3:177-84.
    • (1997) J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc , vol.3 , pp. 177-184
    • Gerdner, L.1
  • 19
    • 0031068081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a clinical intervention for wanderers on a geriatric nursing unit
    • Holmberg SK. Evaluation of a clinical intervention for wanderers on a geriatric nursing unit. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1997;11:21-8.
    • (1997) Arch Psychiatr Nurs , vol.11 , pp. 21-28
    • Holmberg, S.K.1
  • 20
    • 0036076832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: The results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with melissa
    • Ballard CG, O'Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with melissa. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:553-8.
    • (2002) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 553-558
    • Ballard, C.G.1    O'Brien, J.T.2    Reichelt, K.3    Perry, E.K.4
  • 21
  • 22
    • 0002732762 scopus 로고
    • A low intensity exercise/movement program for patients with Alzheimer's disease: The TEMP-AD protocol
    • Namazi KH, Gwinnup PB, Zadorozny CA. A low intensity exercise/movement program for patients with Alzheimer's disease: the TEMP-AD protocol. J Aging Phys Act 1994;2:80-92.
    • (1994) J Aging Phys Act , vol.2 , pp. 80-92
    • Namazi, K.H.1    Gwinnup, P.B.2    Zadorozny, C.A.3
  • 23
    • 3242690681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease in the long-term care setting: Management of behavioral disturbances with cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Osterweil D. Alzheimer's disease in the long-term care setting: management of behavioral disturbances with cholinesterase inhibitors. Ann Long Term Care 2004;12:18-24.
    • (2004) Ann Long Term Care , vol.12 , pp. 18-24
    • Osterweil, D.1
  • 24
    • 0032827647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving morning care routines of nursing home residents with dementia
    • Rogers JC, Holm MB, Burgio LD, et al. Improving morning care routines of nursing home residents with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:1049-57.
    • (1999) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.47 , pp. 1049-1057
    • Rogers, J.C.1    Holm, M.B.2    Burgio, L.D.3
  • 25
    • 0034962257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bingo vs physical intervention in stimulating short-term cognition in Alzheimer's disease patients
    • Sobel BP. Bingo vs physical intervention in stimulating short-term cognition in Alzheimer's disease patients. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2001;16:115-20.
    • (2001) Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen , vol.16 , pp. 115-120
    • Sobel, B.P.1
  • 27
    • 0027502026 scopus 로고
    • Reducing antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: A controlled trial of provider education
    • Ray WA, Taylor JA, Meador KG, et al. Reducing antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: a controlled trial of provider education. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:713-21.
    • (1993) Arch Intern Med , vol.153 , pp. 713-721
    • Ray, W.A.1    Taylor, J.A.2    Meador, K.G.3
  • 28
    • 0034535090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological basis of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Shinosaki K, Nishikawa T, Takeda M. Neurobiological basis of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;54:611-20.
    • (2000) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.54 , pp. 611-620
    • Shinosaki, K.1    Nishikawa, T.2    Takeda, M.3
  • 29
    • 0033954167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occipital atrophy is associated with visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease
    • Holroyd S, Shepherd ML, Downs JH III. Occipital atrophy is associated with visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;12:25-8.
    • (2000) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 25-28
    • Holroyd, S.1    Shepherd, M.L.2    Downs III, J.H.3
  • 30
    • 0029843807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow correlates of apathy in Alzheimer disease
    • Craig AH, Cummings JL, Fairbanks L, et al. Cerebral blood flow correlates of apathy in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1996;53:1116-20.
    • (1996) Arch Neurol , vol.53 , pp. 1116-1120
    • Craig, A.H.1    Cummings, J.L.2    Fairbanks, L.3
  • 33
    • 0034028606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orbital and dorsolateral frontal perfusion defect associated with behavioral response to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer's disease
    • Mega MS, Dinov ID, Lee L, et al. Orbital and dorsolateral frontal perfusion defect associated with behavioral response to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;12:209-18.
    • (2000) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 209-218
    • Mega, M.S.1    Dinov, I.D.2    Lee, L.3
  • 35
    • 0029838038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimer's disease: The cholinergic hypothesis revisited
    • Cummings JL, Kaufer D. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimer's disease: the cholinergic hypothesis revisited. Neurology 1996;47:876-83.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 876-883
    • Cummings, J.L.1    Kaufer, D.2
  • 36
    • 0033629055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the rCBF images of patients with Alzheimer's disease receiving donepezil therapy
    • Staff RT
    • Staff RT, Gemmell HG, Shanks MF, Murray AD, Venneri A. Changes in the rCBF images of patients with Alzheimer's disease receiving donepezil therapy. Nucl Med Commun 2000;21:37-41.
    • (2000) Nucl Med Commun , vol.21 , pp. 37-41
    • Gemmell, H.G.1    Shanks, M.F.2    Murray, A.D.3    Venneri, A.4
  • 37
    • 0034796786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil hydrochloride preserves regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Nakano S, Asada T, Matsuda H, Uno M, Takasaki M. Donepezil hydrochloride preserves regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1441-5.
    • (2001) J Nucl Med , vol.42 , pp. 1441-1445
    • Nakano, S.1    Asada, T.2    Matsuda, H.3    Uno, M.4    Takasaki, M.5
  • 38
    • 0037148175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venneri A, Shanks MF, Staff RT, et al. Cerebral blood flow and cognitive responses to rivastigmine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2002;13:83-7.
    • Venneri A, Shanks MF, Staff RT, et al. Cerebral blood flow and cognitive responses to rivastigmine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2002;13:83-7.
  • 39
    • 0028865290 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between psychiatric symptoms and regional cortical metabolism in Alzheimer's disease
    • Sultzer DL, Mahler ME, Mandelkern MA, et al. The relationship between psychiatric symptoms and regional cortical metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:476-84.
    • (1995) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 476-484
    • Sultzer, D.L.1    Mahler, M.E.2    Mandelkern, M.A.3
  • 40
    • 0037313073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delusional thoughts and regional frontal/temporal cortex metabolism in Alzheimer's disease
    • Sultzer DL, Brown CV, Mandelkern MA, et al. Delusional thoughts and regional frontal/temporal cortex metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:341-9.
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 341-349
    • Sultzer, D.L.1    Brown, C.V.2    Mandelkern, M.A.3
  • 42
    • 0033989218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of the neuropsychiatric inventory in nursing home residents: Characterization and measurement
    • Wood S, Cummings JL, Hsu MA, et al. The use of the neuropsychiatric inventory in nursing home residents: characterization and measurement. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;8:75-83.
    • (2000) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 75-83
    • Wood, S.1    Cummings, J.L.2    Hsu, M.A.3
  • 43
    • 0035661596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting
    • Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:1590-9.
    • (2001) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.49 , pp. 1590-1599
    • Tariot, P.N.1    Cummings, J.L.2    Katz, I.R.3
  • 44
    • 21544467552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review of randomised clinical trials
    • Kaduszkiewicz H, Zimmermann T, Beck-Bornholdt HP, van den Bussche H. Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2005;331:321-7.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.331 , pp. 321-327
    • Kaduszkiewicz, H.1    Zimmermann, T.2    Beck-Bornholdt, H.P.3    van den Bussche, H.4
  • 45
    • 0035826771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, et al. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001;56:1154-66.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1154-1166
    • Doody, R.S.1    Stevens, J.C.2    Beck, C.3
  • 46
    • 0032926540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease: Results from a multinational trial
    • Burns A, Rossor M, Hecker J, et al. The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease: results from a multinational trial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10:237-44.
    • (1999) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.10 , pp. 237-244
    • Burns, A.1    Rossor, M.2    Hecker, J.3
  • 47
    • 0035964226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease
    • Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001;57:613-20.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 613-620
    • Feldman, H.1    Gauthier, S.2    Hecker, J.3    Vellas, B.4    Subbiah, P.5    Whalen, E.6
  • 48
    • 0031902795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease
    • Corey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol 1998;1:55-65.
    • (1998) Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol , vol.1 , pp. 55-65
    • Corey-Bloom, J.1    Anand, R.2    Veach, J.3
  • 49
    • 3242775357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease
    • Holmes C, Wilkinson D, Dean C, et al. The efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004;63:214-19.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 214-219
    • Holmes, C.1    Wilkinson, D.2    Dean, C.3
  • 50
    • 0035859851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients
    • Mohs RC, Doody RS, Morris JC, et al. A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients. Neurology 2001;57:481-8.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 481-488
    • Mohs, R.C.1    Doody, R.S.2    Morris, J.C.3
  • 51
    • 0034720816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galantamine in AD: A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension
    • Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W. Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. Neurology 2000;54:2261-8.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 2261-2268
    • Raskind, M.A.1    Peskind, E.R.2    Wessel, T.3    Yuan, W.4
  • 52
    • 0033528436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: International randomised controlled trial
    • Rosier M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999;318:633-8.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , pp. 633-638
    • Rosier, M.1    Anand, R.2    Cicin-Sain, A.3
  • 55
    • 7644237621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of rivastigmine treatment on neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances in nursing home residents with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: Results of a 52-week open-label study
    • Aupperle PM, Koumaras B, Chen M, Rabinowicz A, Mirski D. Long-term effects of rivastigmine treatment on neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances in nursing home residents with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: results of a 52-week open-label study. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:1605-12.
    • (2004) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.20 , pp. 1605-1612
    • Aupperle, P.M.1    Koumaras, B.2    Chen, M.3    Rabinowicz, A.4    Mirski, D.5
  • 56
    • 12844274439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: A review of the evidence
    • Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA 2005;293:596-608.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 596-608
    • Sink, K.M.1    Holden, K.F.2    Yaffe, K.3
  • 57
    • 33645741379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: Double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study
    • Winblad B, Kilander L, Eriksson S, et al. Donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2006;367:1057-65.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.367 , pp. 1057-1065
    • Winblad, B.1    Kilander, L.2    Eriksson, S.3
  • 58
    • 33746924907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine treatment in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: A 24-week randomized, controlled trial
    • Peskind ER, Potkin SG, Pomara N, et al. Memantine treatment in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a 24-week randomized, controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:704-15.
    • (2006) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 704-715
    • Peskind, E.R.1    Potkin, S.G.2    Pomara, N.3
  • 59
    • 0345872128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: A randomized controlled trial
    • Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:317-24.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 317-324
    • Tariot, P.N.1    Farlow, M.R.2    Grossberg, G.T.3    Graham, S.M.4    McDonald, S.5    Gergel, I.6
  • 61
    • 0043163594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term comparison of galantamine and donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Wilcock G, Howe I, Coles H, et al. A long-term comparison of galantamine and donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging 2003;20:777-89.
    • (2003) Drugs Aging , vol.20 , pp. 777-789
    • Wilcock, G.1    Howe, I.2    Coles, H.3
  • 62
    • 3042567016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): Randomised double-blind trial
    • Courtney C, Farrell D, Gray R, et al. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2004;363:2105-15.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 2105-2115
    • Courtney, C.1    Farrell, D.2    Gray, R.3
  • 63
    • 42749100518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. [Cochrane review]
    • online, Available from, Accessed September 15, 2006
    • Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. [Cochrane review]. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006 [online]. Available from www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005593/pdf_fs. html. Accessed September 15, 2006.
    • (2006) The Cochrane Library, Issue , vol.1
    • Birks, J.1
  • 64
    • 0037425565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis
    • Trinh NH, Hoblyn J, Mohanty S, Yaffe K. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:210-16.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 210-216
    • Trinh, N.H.1    Hoblyn, J.2    Mohanty, S.3    Yaffe, K.4
  • 65
    • 27844431640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rivastigmine treatment on the neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances of nursing home residents with moderate to severe probable Alzheimer's disease: A 26-week, multicenter, open-label study
    • Cummings JL, Koumaras B, Chen M, Mirski D. Effects of rivastigmine treatment on the neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances of nursing home residents with moderate to severe probable Alzheimer's disease: a 26-week, multicenter, open-label study. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2005;3:137-48.
    • (2005) Am J Geriatr Pharmacother , vol.3 , pp. 137-148
    • Cummings, J.L.1    Koumaras, B.2    Chen, M.3    Mirski, D.4
  • 66
    • 4143074877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use, benefits, and costs of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's dementia in long-term care: Are the data relevant and available?
    • Khang P, Weintraub N, Espinoza RT. The use, benefits, and costs of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's dementia in long-term care: are the data relevant and available? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004;5:249-55.
    • (2004) J Am Med Dir Assoc , vol.5 , pp. 249-255
    • Khang, P.1    Weintraub, N.2    Espinoza, R.T.3
  • 67
    • 3042857903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease
    • Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:56-67.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 56-67
    • Cummings, J.L.1
  • 68
    • 33746825134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral effects of memantine in Alzheimer disease patients receiving donepezil treatment
    • Cummings J, Schneider E, Tariot PN, et al. Behavioral effects of memantine in Alzheimer disease patients receiving donepezil treatment. Neurology 2006;67:57-63.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , pp. 57-63
    • Cummings, J.1    Schneider, E.2    Tariot, P.N.3
  • 69
    • 33847258714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest Laboratories. Namenda (memantine) package insert. St. Louis, MO; 2005
    • Forest Laboratories. Namenda (memantine) package insert. St. Louis, MO; 2005.
  • 70
    • 0842300577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A review of atypical antipsychotics
    • Daiello L, Beier M, Hoffmann V, Kennedy JS. Pharmacotherapy of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a review of atypical antipsychotics. Consult Pharm 2003;18:138-57.
    • (2003) Consult Pharm , vol.18 , pp. 138-157
    • Daiello, L.1    Beier, M.2    Hoffmann, V.3    Kennedy, J.S.4
  • 71
    • 0032964964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic management of psychosis in dementia
    • Schneider LS. Pharmacologic management of psychosis in dementia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(suppl 8):54-60.
    • (1999) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.60 , Issue.SUPPL. 8 , pp. 54-60
    • Schneider, L.S.1
  • 73
    • 0022614123 scopus 로고
    • Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities
    • Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 1986;80:429-34.
    • (1986) Am J Med , vol.80 , pp. 429-434
    • Tinetti, M.E.1    Williams, T.F.2    Mayewski, R.3
  • 74
    • 0033799993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU study group
    • Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:968-76.
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 968-976
    • Street, J.S.1    Clark, W.S.2    Gannon, K.S.3
  • 75
    • 1342347803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • De Deyn PP, Carrasco MM, Deberdt W, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:115-26.
    • (2004) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 115-126
    • De Deyn, P.P.1    Carrasco, M.M.2    Deberdt, W.3
  • 76
    • 33749618085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1525-38.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 1525-1538
    • Schneider, L.S.1    Tariot, P.N.2    Dagerman, K.S.3
  • 77
    • 0036162191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: Managing behavioral problems in patients with progressive dementia
    • Cohen GD. Alzheimer's disease: managing behavioral problems in patients with progressive dementia. Geriatrics 2002;57:53-4.
    • (2002) Geriatrics , vol.57 , pp. 53-54
    • Cohen, G.D.1
  • 78
    • 0031936086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal signs and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone, and conventional antipsychotics
    • Miller CH, Mohr F, Umbricht D, Woerner M, Fleischhacker WW, Lieberman JA. The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal signs and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone, and conventional antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:69-75.
    • (1998) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 69-75
    • Miller, C.H.1    Mohr, F.2    Umbricht, D.3    Woerner, M.4    Fleischhacker, W.W.5    Lieberman, J.A.6
  • 79
    • 25144465916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotics and parkinsonism
    • Rochon PA, Stukel TA, Sykora K, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and parkinsonism. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1882-8.
    • (2005) Arch Intern Med , vol.165 , pp. 1882-1888
    • Rochon, P.A.1    Stukel, T.A.2    Sykora, K.3
  • 80
    • 33847282345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Janssen Pharmaceutica. Risperdal (risperidone) package insert. Titusville, NJ; 2005
    • Janssen Pharmaceutica. Risperdal (risperidone) package insert. Titusville, NJ; 2005.
  • 81
    • 33847326686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eli Lilly. Zyprexa (olanzapine) package insert. Indianapolis, IN; 2005
    • Eli Lilly. Zyprexa (olanzapine) package insert. Indianapolis, IN; 2005.
  • 82
    • 33847275088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bristol-Myers Squibb and Otsuka America Pharmaceutical. Abilify (aripiprazole) package insert. Princeton, NJ, and Rockville, MD; 2005
    • Bristol-Myers Squibb and Otsuka America Pharmaceutical. Abilify (aripiprazole) package insert. Princeton, NJ, and Rockville, MD; 2005.
  • 83
    • 1642408640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between risperidone treatment and cerebrovascular adverse events: Examining the evidence and postulating hypotheses for an underlying mechanism
    • Smith DA, Beier MT. Association between risperidone treatment and cerebrovascular adverse events: examining the evidence and postulating hypotheses for an underlying mechanism. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004;5:129-32.
    • (2004) J Am Med Dir Assoc , vol.5 , pp. 129-132
    • Smith, D.A.1    Beier, M.T.2
  • 84
    • 20044375721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotic drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: Population based retrospective cohort study
    • Gill SS, Rochon PA, Herrmann N, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:445-8.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 445-448
    • Gill, S.S.1    Rochon, P.A.2    Herrmann, N.3
  • 85
    • 33847334244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Deaths with antipsychotics in elderly patients with behavioral disturbances. Available from, Accessed September 15
    • Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Deaths with antipsychotics in elderly patients with behavioral disturbances. Available from www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/antipsychotics.htm. Accessed September 15, 2006.
    • (2006)
  • 86
    • 26844538114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: Meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
    • Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 2004;294:1934-43.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 1934-1943
    • Schneider, L.S.1    Dagerman, K.S.2    Insel, P.3
  • 87
    • 28244431743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs atypical antipsychotic medications
    • Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2335-41.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2335-2341
    • Wang, P.S.1    Schneeweiss, S.2    Avorn, J.3
  • 88
    • 0025217456 scopus 로고
    • Carbamazepine treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's outpatients refractory to neuroleptics
    • Gleason RP, Schneider LS. Carbamazepine treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's outpatients refractory to neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:115-18.
    • (1990) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 115-118
    • Gleason, R.P.1    Schneider, L.S.2
  • 89
    • 0029159734 scopus 로고
    • Effect of carbamazepine on agitation in Alzheimer's inpatients refractory to neuroleptics
    • Lemke MR. Effect of carbamazepine on agitation in Alzheimer's inpatients refractory to neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:354-7.
    • (1995) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 354-357
    • Lemke, M.R.1
  • 90
    • 0031974390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia
    • Tariot PN, Erb R, Podgorski CA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:54-61.
    • (1998) Am J Psychiatry , vol.155 , pp. 54-61
    • Tariot, P.N.1    Erb, R.2    Podgorski, C.A.3
  • 91
    • 84903152110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot randomized trial of carbamazepine for behavioral symptoms in treatment-resistant outpatients with Alzheimer disease
    • Olin JT, Fox LS, Pawluczyk S, Taggart NA, Schneider LS. A pilot randomized trial of carbamazepine for behavioral symptoms in treatment-resistant outpatients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;9:400-5.
    • (2001) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.9 , pp. 400-405
    • Olin, J.T.1    Fox, L.S.2    Pawluczyk, S.3    Taggart, N.A.4    Schneider, L.S.5
  • 92
    • 0035010076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of divalproex sodium in the treatment of signs and symptoms of mania in elderly patients with dementia: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Mintzer JE, et al. Safety and tolerability of divalproex sodium in the treatment of signs and symptoms of mania in elderly patients with dementia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2001;62:51-67.
    • (2001) Curr Ther Res Clin Exp , vol.62 , pp. 51-67
    • Tariot, P.N.1    Schneider, L.S.2    Mintzer, J.E.3
  • 93
    • 0035172216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled study of divalproex sodium for agitation in dementia
    • Porsteinsson AP, Tariot PN, Erb R, et al. Placebo-controlled study of divalproex sodium for agitation in dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;9:58-66.
    • (2001) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.9 , pp. 58-66
    • Porsteinsson, A.P.1    Tariot, P.N.2    Erb, R.3
  • 94
    • 0038679746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproate therapy for agitation in. dementia: Open-label extension of a double-blind trial
    • Porsteinsson AP, Tariot PN, Jakimovich LJ, et al. Valproate therapy for agitation in. dementia: open-label extension of a double-blind trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;11:434-40.
    • (2003) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.11 , pp. 434-440
    • Porsteinsson, A.P.1    Tariot, P.N.2    Jakimovich, L.J.3
  • 95
    • 0036195522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: A double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia
    • Meehan KM, Wang H, David SR, et al. Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;26:494-504.
    • (2002) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.26 , pp. 494-504
    • Meehan, K.M.1    Wang, H.2    David, S.R.3
  • 98
    • 0037707465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil is associated with delayed nursing home placement in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Geldmacher DS, Provenzano G, McRae T, Mastey V, Leni JR. Donepezil is associated with delayed nursing home placement in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:937-44.
    • (2003) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.51 , pp. 937-944
    • Geldmacher, D.S.1    Provenzano, G.2    McRae, T.3    Mastey, V.4    Leni, J.R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.