Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder

Journal of Mental Health

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 83-101

  Fonagy, Peter ^a   Bateman, Anthony W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Borderline personality disorder; Mentalization based treatment

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AUTOREGULATION; BORDERLINE STATE; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CHILDHOOD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE COURSE; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LOCUS OF CONTROL; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL HEALTH; PSYCHODYNAMICS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTRAUMA; SELF CONTROL; THEORETICAL MODEL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33847214942     PISSN: 09638237     EISSN: 13600567     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09638230601182045     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Akhtar, S. (1992). Broken structures: Severe personality disorders and their treatment. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
2. Alessandri, S. M. (1991). Play and social behaviours in maltreated preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 191-206.
3. Arnsten, A. F. T. (1998). The biology of being frazzled. Science, 280, 1711-1712.
4. Baker, L., Silk, K. R., Westen, D., Nigg, J. T., & Lohr, N. E. (1992). Malevolence, splitting, and parental ratings by borderlines. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 258-264.
5. Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport, 11, 3829-3834.
6. Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2004). The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage, 21, 1155-1166.
7. Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (1999). The effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder - a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569.
8. Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2001). Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 36-42.
9. Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2003). Health service utilization costs for borderline personality disorder patients treated with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization versus general psychiatric care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 169-171.
10. Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2004). Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization based treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2006). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder: A practical guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Battle, C. L., Shea, M. T., Johnson, D. M., Yen, S., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M. C., et al. (2004). Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 193-211.
13. Beeghly, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1994). Child maltreatment, attachment, and the self system: Emergence of an internal state lexicon in toddlers at high social risk. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 5-30.
14. Belsky, J., & Fearon, R. M. (2002). Infant-mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: A moderational analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 293-310.
15. Betan, E., & Westen, D. (2005). Identity disturbance in adolescents with personality pathology. Unpublished manuscript, Emory University.
16. Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2005). The psychodynamics of borderline personality disorder: a view from developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 927-957.
17. Braungart-Rieker, J. M., Garwood, M. M., Powers, B. P., & Wang, X. (2001). Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment. Child Development, 72, 252-270.
18. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., et al. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582), 851-854.
19. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386-389.
20. Cassidy, J., Parke, R. D., Butkovsky, L., & Braungart, J. M. (1992). Family-peer connections: The roles of emotional expressiveness within the family and children's understanding of emotion. Child Development, 63, 603-618.
21. Chirkov, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 618-635.
22. Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhasz, C., Nagy, F., & Chugani, D. C. (2001). Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: A study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans. Neuroimage, 14, 1290-1301.
23. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 70, 6-20.
24. Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Maughan, A., Toth, S. L., & Bruce, J. (2003). False belief understanding in maltreated children. Developmental Psychopathology, 15, 1067-1091.
25. Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2000). The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy for fostering cognitive development in offspring of depressed mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 135-148.
26. Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2006). The Children in the Community Study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 466-486.
27. Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: a short-term longitudinal study. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 1051-1070.
28. de Rosnay, M., & Harris, P. L. (2002). Individual differences in children's understanding of emotion: the roles of attachment and language. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 39-54.
29. Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford.
30. Depue, R. A., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2001). A neurobehavioral dimensional model of personality disorders. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), The handbook of personality disorders (pp. 136-176). New York: Guilford.
31. Dunn, J. (1996). The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1995. Children's relationships: Bridging the divide between cognitive and social development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 507-518.
32. Dunn, J., Brown, J., Somkowski, C., Telsa, C., & Youngblade, L. (1991). Young children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: Individual differences and their antecedents. Child Development, 62, 1352-1366.
33. Ellsworth, C. P., Muir, D. W., & Hains, S. M. J. (1993). Social competence and person-object differentiation: an analysis of the still-face effect. Developmental Psychology, 29, 63-73.
34. Fearon, R. M., & Belsky, J. (2004). Attachment and attention: Protection in relation to gender and cumulative social-contextual adversity. Child Development, 75, 1677-1693.
35. Feldman, R. B., Zelkowitz, P., Weiss, M., Vogel, J., Heyman, M., & Paris, J. (1995). A comparison of the families of mothers with borderline and nonborderline personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36, 157-163.
36. Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2006a). Progress in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 1-3.
37. Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2006b). Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 411-430.
38. Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2006c). Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 411-430.
39. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.
40. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., & Target, M. (in press). The parent-infant dyad and the construction of the subjective self. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
41. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., et al. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 22-31.
42. Fonagy, P., Redfern, S., & Charman, T. (1997). The relationship between belief-desire reasoning and a projective measure of attachment security (SAT). British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 51-61.
43. Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 679-700.
44. Fonagy, P., Target, M., Gergely, G., Allen, J. G., & Bateman, A. (2003). The developmental roots of borderline personality disorder in early attachment relationships: A theory and some evidence. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 23, 412-459.
45. Frank, H., & Hoffman, N. (1986). Borderline empathy: An empirical investigation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27, 387-395.
46. Fruzzetti, A. E., Shenk, C., & Hoffman, P. D. (2005). Family interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: A transactional model. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 1007-1030.
47. Gabbard, G. O., & Wilkinson, S. M. (1994). Management of contertransference with borderline patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
48. Gergely, G. (2004). The role of contingency detection in early affect-regulative interactions and in the development of different types of infant attachment. Social Behavior, 13, 468-478.
49. Gergely, G., Koós, O., & Watson, J. S. (2002). Contingency perception and the role of contingent parental reactivity in early socio-emotional development [Perception causale et role des comportements imitatifs des parents dans le développement socio-émotionnel précoce]. In J. Nadel & J. Decety (Eds.), Imiter pour découvrir l'human: Psychologie, neurobiology, robotique et philosophie de l'esprit (pp. 59-82). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
50. Gergely, G., & Watson, J. (1996). The social biofeedback model of parental affect-mirroring. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 77, 1181-1212.
51. Green, J., & Goldwyn, R. (2002). Annotation: Attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 43, 835-846.
52. Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Gunderson, J. G. (1996). The borderline patient's intolerance of aloneness: Insecure attachments and therapist availability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 752-758.
54. Gunderson, J. G., Bender, D., Sanislow, C., Yen, S., Rettew, J. B., Dolan-Sewell, R., et al. (2003). Plausibility and possible determinants of sudden "remissions" in borderline patients. Psychiatry, 66, 111-119.
55. Gunderson, J. G., & Sabo, A. N. (1993). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 19-27.
56. Haley, D. W., & Stansbury, K. (2003). Infant stress and parent responsiveness: Regulation of physiology and behavior during still-face and reunion. Child Development, 74, 1534-1546.
57. Hamilton, C. E. (2000). Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development, 71, 690-694.
58. Harris, P. L. (1999). Individual differences in understanding emotions: The role of attachment status and emotional discourse. Attachment and Human Development, 1, 307-324.
59. Harris, P. L., de Rosnay, M., & Pons, F. (2005). Language and children's understanding of mental states. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 69-73.
60. Herman, J. L., Perry, C., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 490-495.
61. Hoermann, S., Clarkin, J. F., Hull, J. W., & Levy, K. N. (2005). The construct of effortful control: An approach to borderline personality disorder heterogeneity. Psychopathology, 38, 82-86.
62. Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., & White, H. R. (2001). The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: A prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 42, 184-201.
63. Howes, C., & Espinosa, M. P. (1985). The consequences of child abuse for the formation of relationships with peers. International Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 397-404.
64. Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (in press). Social cognition and disruptive behaviour disorders in young children: Families matter. In C. Sharp, P. Fonagy, & I. Goodyer (Eds.), Social cognition and developmetnal psychopathology. Oxford: OUP.
65. Jacobsen, T., Edelstein, W., & Hofmann, V. (1994). A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 112-124.
66. Jacobsen, T., & Hofmann, V. (1997). Children's attachment representations: longitudinal relations to school behavior and academic competency in middle childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 33, 703-710.
67. Jacobsen, T., Huss, M., Fendrich, M., Kruesi, M. J. P., & Ziegenhain, U. (1997). Children's ability to delay gratification: Longitudinal relations to mother-child attachment. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158, 411-426.
68. Jenkins, J. M., & Astington, J. W. (2000). Theory of mind and social behavior: Causal models tested in a longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 203-220.
69. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Skodol, A., Brown, J., & Oldham, J. (2001). Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 16-23.
70. Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Hirschfeld, R. M., et al. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 809-816.
71. Kernberg, O. F. (1983). Object relations theory and character analysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 31, 247-271.
72. Klimes-Dougan, B., & Kistner, J. (1990). Physically abused preschoolers' responses to peers' distress. Developmental Psychology, 25, 516-524.
73. Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001a). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1091-1111.
74. Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001b). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1091-1111.
75. Kochanska, G., & Murray, K. T. (2000). Mother-child mutually responsive orientation and conscience development: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 71, 417-431.
76. Koós, O., & Gergely, G. (2001). A contingency-based approach to the etiology of 'disorganized' attachment: The 'flickering switch' hypothesis. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 65, 397-410.
77. Koós, O., & Gergely, G. (2001). The 'flickering switch' hypothesis: A contingency-based approach to the etiology of disorganized attachment in infancy. In J. Allen, P. Fonagy, & G. Gergely (Eds.), Contingency perception and attachment in infancy, Special Issue of the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (pp. 397-410). New York: Guilford.
78. Kreppner, J. M., O'Connor, T. G., & Rutter, M. (2001). Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 513-528.
79. Kullgren, G. (1988). Factors associated with completed suicide in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 40-44.
80. Lambert, M., Bergin, A. E., & Garfield, S. (2004). Introduction and historical overview. In M. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 3-15). New York: Wiley.
81. Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Fertuck, E. A., & Kernberg, O. F. (2004). Executive neurocognitive functioning and neurobehavioral systems indicators in borderline personality disorder: A preliminary study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 421-438.
82. Levy, K. N. (2005). The implications of attachment theory and research for understanding borderline personality disorder. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 959-986.
83. Ludolph, P. S., Westen, D., Misle, B., Jackson, A., Wixom, J., & Wiss, F. C. (1990). The borderline diagnosis in adolescents: Symptoms and developmental history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 470-476.
84. Lyons-Ruth, K. (2003). Dissociation and the parent-infant dialogue: A longitudinal perspective from attachment research. Journal of the American Psychoanalysts' Association, 51, 883-911.
85. Lyons-Ruth, K., Yellin, C., Melnick, S., & Atwood, G. (2005). Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother-infant communication and infant disorganization. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 1-23.
86. Main, M., & George, C. (1985). Responses of abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in agemates: A study in the daycare setting. Developmental Psychology, 21, 407-412.
87. Mangelsdorf, S. C., Shapiro, J. R., & Marzolf, D. (1995). Developmental and temperamental differences in emotion regulation in infancy. Child Development, 66, 1817-1828.
88. Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1525-1542.
89. McGlashan, T. H., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Ralevski, E., Morey, L. C., Gunderson, J. G., et al. (2005). Two-year prevalence and stability of individual DSM-IV criteria for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: Toward a hybrid model of axis II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 883-889.
90. McLean, L. M., & Gallop, R. (2003). Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 369-371.
91. Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Russel, J., & Clark-Carter, D. (1998). Security of attachment as a predictor of symbolic and mentalising abilities: A longitudinal study. Social Development, 7, 1-24.
92. Morrison, A. P., Frame, L., & Larkin, W. (2003). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 331-353.
93. Mundy, P., & Neal, R. (2001). Neural plasticity, joint attention, and a transactional social-orienting model of autism. In L. Masters Glidden (Ed.), International review of mental retardation: Autism (Vol. 23) (pp. 139-168). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
94. Nelson, K. (2005). Language pathways into the community of minds. In J. W. Astington & J. A. Baird (Eds.), Why language matters for theory of mind (pp. 26-49). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
95. Ogata, S. N., Silk, K. R., Goodrich, S., Lohr, N. E., Westen, D., & Hill, E. (1990). Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1008-1013.
96. Ontai, L. L., & Thompson, R. A. (2002). Patterns of attachment and maternal discourse effects on children's emotion understanding from 3 to 5 years of age. Social Development, 11, 433-450.
97. Paris, J. (2003). Personality disorders over time: Precursors, course, and outcome. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
98. Paris, J. (2004). Sociocultural factors in the treatment of personality disorders. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), Handbook of personality disorders: Theory and practice (pp. 135-147). New York: Wiley.
99. Paris, J., & Frank, H. (1989). Perceptions of parental bonding in borderline patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1498-1499.
100. Pears, K. C., & Fisher, P. A. (2005). Emotion understanding and theory of mind among maltreated children in foster care. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 47-65.
101. Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., Vizueta, N., Levy, K. N., Evans, D. E., Thomas, K. M., et al. (2002). Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99, 16366-16370.
102. Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2006). Family emotional climate, attachment security, and young children's emotion knowledge in a high-risk sample. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 89-104.
103. Ruffman, T., Slade, L., & Crowe, E. (2002). The relation between children's and mothers' mental state language and theory-of-mind understanding. Child Development, 73, 734-751.
104. Russ, E., Heim, A., & Westen, D. (2003). Parental bonding and personality pathology assessed by clinician report. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 522-536.
105. Ryan, R. M. (2005). The developmental line of autonomy in the etiology, dynamics, and treatment of borderline personality disorders. Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 987-1006.
106. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2003). On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 253-272). New York: Guilford.
107. Ryan, R. M., & Kuczkowski, R. (1994). The imaginary audience, self-consciousness, and public individuation in adolescence. Journal of Personality, 62, 219-238.
108. Ryle, A. (1990). Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Active participation in change. Chichester: Wiley.
109. Shea, M. T., Stout, R. L., Yen, S., Pagano, M. E., Skodol, A. E., Morey, L. C., et al. (2004). Associations in the course of personality disorders and Axis I disorders over time. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 499-508.
110. Shipman, K. L., & Zeman, J. (1999). Emotional understanding: A comparison of physically maltreating and nonmaltreating mother-child dyads. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 407-417.
111. Siever, L. J., Torgersen, S., Gunderson, J. G., Livesley, W. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2002). The borderline diagnosis III: Identifying endophenotypes for genetic studies. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 964-968.
112. Silk, K. R., Lee, S., Hill, E. M., & Lohr, N. E. (1995). Borderline personality disorder symptoms and severity of sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1059-1064.
113. Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C., et al. (2006). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS): Overview and implications. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 487-504.
114. Soloff, P., & Millward, J. (1983). Developmental histories of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 574-588.
115. Solomon, J., George, C., & Dejong, A. (1995). Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 447-463.
116. Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York: Guilford.
117. Steele, M., Steele, H., Croft, C., & Fonagy, P. (1999). Infant mother attachment at one year predicts children's understanding of mixed emotions at 6 years. Social Development, 8, 161-178.
118. Steinberg, L., & Avenevoli, S. (2000). The role of context in the development of psychopathology: A conceptual framework and some speculative propositions. Child Development, 71, 66-74.
119. Stevenson, J., & Meares, R. (1992). An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 358-362.
120. Stevenson, J., & Meares, R. (1999). Psychotherapy with borderline patients: II. A preliminary cost benefit study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 473-477.
121. Stevenson, J., Meares, R., & D'Angelo, R. (2005). Five-year outcome of outpatient psychotherapy with borderline patients. Psychology & Medicine, 35, 79-87.
122. Stone, M. H. (1990). The fate of borderline patients: Successful outcome and psychiatric practice. New York: Guilford Press.
123. Stuart, J., Westen, D., Lohr, N. E., Benjamin, J., Becker, S., & Vorus, N. (1990). Object relations in borderlines, depressives, and normals: An examination of human responses on the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 296-318.
124. Symons, D. K. (2004). Mental state discourse, theory of mind, and the internalization of self-other understanding. Developmental Review, 24, 159-188.
125. Taylor, S. F., Liberson, I., Fig, L. M., Decker, L. R., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R. A. (1998). The effect of emotional content on visual recognition memory: A PET activation study. Neuroimage, 8, 188-197.
126. Thompson, R. A. (2000). The legacy of early attachments. Child Development, 71, 145-152.
127. Torgersen, S., Lygren, S., Oien, P. A., Skre, I., Onstad, S., Edvardsen, J., et al. (2000). A twin study of personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 416-425.
128. Tyrer, P., & Bateman, A. (2004). Drug treatments for personality disorders. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10, 389-398.
129. van IJzendoorn, M., Scheungel, C., & Bakermanns-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood:Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 225-249.
130. van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & van Vliet-Visser, S. (1988). The relationship between quality of attachment in infancy and IQ in kindergarten. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149, 23-28.
131. Waters, E., Merrick, S. K., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security from infancy to early adulthood: A 20 year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71, 684-689.
132. Watson, J. S. (1984). Bases of causal inference in infancy: Time, space, and sensory relations. In L. P. Lipsitt & C. Rovee-Collier (Eds.), Advances in infancy research. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
133. Weinberg, K. M., & Tronick, E. Z. (1996). Infant affective reactions to the resumption of maternal interaction after the Still-Face. Child Development, 67, 905-914.
134. Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1994). Beyond the face: An empirical study of infant affective configurations of facial, vocal, gestural, and regulatory behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1503-1515.
135. Weinfield, N., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2000). Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in a high risk sample: Continuity, discontinuity and their correlates. Child Development, 71, 695-702.
136. Weinfield, N. S., Whaley, G. J., & Egeland, B. (2004). Continuity, discontinuity, and coherence in attachment from infancy to late adolescence: Sequelae of organization and disorganization. Attachment and Human Development, 6, 73-97.
137. Westen, D., Lohr, N., Silk, K., Gold, L., & Kerber, K. (1990). Object relations and social cognition in borderlines, major depressives, and normals: A TAT analysis. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 355-364.
138. Westen, D., Ludolph, P., Block, M. J., Wixom, J., & Wiss, C. (1990). Developmental history and object relations in psychiatrically disturbed adolescent girls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1061-1068.
139. Westen, D., Ludolph, P., Lerner, H., Ruffins, S., & Wiss, F. C. (1990). Object relations in borderline adolescents. Journal of Academic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 338-348.
140. White, C. N., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., & Hudson, J. I. (2003). Family studies of borderline personality disorder: A review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11, 8-19.
141. Wilkinson-Ryan, T., & Westen, D. (2000). Identity disturbance in borderline personality disorder: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 528-541.
142. Winnicott, D. W. (1956). Mirror role of mother and family in child development. In D. W. Winnicott (Ed.), Playing and reality (pp. 111-118). London: Tavistock.
143. Yen, S., Shea, M. T., Battle, C. L., Johnson, D. M., Zlotnick, C., Dolan-Sewell, R., et al. (2002). Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: Findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 190, 510-518.
144. Young, D. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (1995). Family images of borderline adolescents. Psychiatry, 58, 164-172.
145. Youngblade, L., & Dunn, J. (1995). Individual differences in young children's pretend play with mother and sibling: Links to relationships and understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs. Child Development, 66, 1472-1492.
146. Zanarini, M., Gunderson, J. G., & Frankenburg, F. R. (1990). Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other Axis II disorders. American Journal Psychiatry, 147, 161-167.
147. Zanarini, M. C. (1997). Role of sexual abuse in the etiology of borderline personality disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
148. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2004). Axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder: 6-year follow-up and prediction of time to remission. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2108-2114.
149. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2006). The McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD): Overview and implications of the first six years of prospective follow-up. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 505-523.
150. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2003). The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274-283.
151. Zanarini, M. C., Williams, A. A., Lewis, R. E., Reich, D. B., Vera, S. C., Marino, M. F., et al. (1997). Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1101-1106.
152. Zanarini, M. C., Yong, L., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., Marino, M. F., et al. (2002). Severity of reported childhood sexual abuse and its relationship to severity of borderline psychopathology and psychosocial impairment among borderline inpatients. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 190, 381-387.
153. Zittel Conklin, C., & Westen, D. (2005). Borderline personality disorder in clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 867-875.