메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 352-363

Variability, contingency and rapid change in recent subarctic alpine tree line dynamics

Author keywords

Climate change; Dendroecology; Ecotones; Forest tundra; Non linearity; Picea glauca; Salix glauca; Stand dynamics; Timberline; Yukon

Indexed keywords

AGE STRUCTURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DENDROECOLOGY; ECOTONE; ELEVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; MORTALITY; NONLINEARITY; RECONSTRUCTION; SLOPE; STAND DYNAMICS; TREELINE; TUNDRA; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; WARMING;

EID: 33846919856     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: 13652745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01200.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (285)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0242417544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental and spatial influences of shrub cover (Alnus viridis) on vegetation diversity at the upper tree line in the inner western Alps
    • Anthelme, F., Michalet, R., Barbaro, L. & Brun, J.J. (2003) Environmental and spatial influences of shrub cover (Alnus viridis) on vegetation diversity at the upper tree line in the inner western Alps. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 35, 48-55.
    • (2003) Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , vol.35 , pp. 48-55
    • Anthelme, F.1    Michalet, R.2    Barbaro, L.3    Brun, J.J.4
  • 2
    • 33846926182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • 4
    • 0026056380 scopus 로고
    • Population structure of lakeshore willows and ice-push events in subarctic Quebec, Canada
    • Bégin, Y. & Payette, S. (1991) Population structure of lakeshore willows and ice-push events in subarctic Quebec, Canada. Holarctic Ecology, 14, 9-17.
    • (1991) Holarctic Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 9-17
    • Bégin, Y.1    Payette, S.2
  • 5
    • 0041768074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic change in mountain regions: A review of possible impacts
    • Beniston, M. (2003) Climatic change in mountain regions: a review of possible impacts. Climatic Change, 59, 5-31.
    • (2003) Climatic Change , vol.59 , pp. 5-31
    • Beniston, M.1
  • 6
    • 0000961829 scopus 로고
    • Modern pollen rain and vegetation of the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory
    • Birks, H.J.B. (1977) Modern pollen rain and vegetation of the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55, 2367-2382.
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.55 , pp. 2367-2382
    • Birks, H.J.B.1
  • 7
    • 0001477663 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, at tree line near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • Black, R.A. & Bliss, L.C. (1980) Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, at tree line near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ecological Monographs, 50, 331-354.
    • (1980) Ecological Monographs , vol.50 , pp. 331-354
    • Black, R.A.1    Bliss, L.C.2
  • 8
    • 27744586901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climatic change: Case studies and policy implications
    • Burkett, V.R., Wilcox, D.A., Stottlemyer, R., Barrow, W., Fagre, D., Baron, J. et al. (2005) Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climatic change: case studies and policy implications. Ecological Complexity, 2, 357-394.
    • (2005) Ecological Complexity , vol.2 , pp. 357-394
    • Burkett, V.R.1    Wilcox, D.A.2    Stottlemyer, R.3    Barrow, W.4    Fagre, D.5    Baron, J.6
  • 9
    • 0000989457 scopus 로고
    • Stability of alpine tree line in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
    • Butler, D.R., Malanson, G.P. & Cairns, D.M. (1994) Stability of alpine tree line in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Phytocoenologia, 22, 485-500.
    • (1994) Phytocoenologia , vol.22 , pp. 485-500
    • Butler, D.R.1    Malanson, G.P.2    Cairns, D.M.3
  • 10
    • 4344660672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global change and the boreal forest: Thresholds, shifting states or gradual change?
    • Chapin, F.S., Callaghan, T.V., Bergeron, Y., Fukuda, M., Johnstone, J.F., Juday, G. et al. (2004) Global change and the boreal forest: thresholds, shifting states or gradual change? Ambio, 33, 361-365.
    • (2004) Ambio , vol.33 , pp. 361-365
    • Chapin, F.S.1    Callaghan, T.V.2    Bergeron, Y.3    Fukuda, M.4    Johnstone, J.F.5    Juday, G.6
  • 11
  • 12
    • 0036189443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Episodic regeneration at the Nothofagus pumilio alpine timberline in Tierra del Fuego, Chile
    • Cuevas, J.G. (2002) Episodic regeneration at the Nothofagus pumilio alpine timberline in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Journal of Ecology, 90, 52-60.
    • (2002) Journal of Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 52-60
    • Cuevas, J.G.1
  • 13
    • 0035666999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and climate warming influences on New Zealand Nothofagus tree-line population dynamics
    • Cullen, L.E., Stewart, G.H., Duncan, R.P. & Palmer, J.G. (2001) Disturbance and climate warming influences on New Zealand Nothofagus tree-line population dynamics. Journal of Ecology, 89, 1061-1071.
    • (2001) Journal of Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 1061-1071
    • Cullen, L.E.1    Stewart, G.H.2    Duncan, R.P.3    Palmer, J.G.4
  • 14
    • 0035669426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring estimates of Pacific decadal climate variability
    • D'Arrigo, R., Villalba, R. & Wiles, G. (2001) Tree-ring estimates of Pacific decadal climate variability. Climate Dynamics, 18, 219-224.
    • (2001) Climate Dynamics , vol.18 , pp. 219-224
    • D'Arrigo, R.1    Villalba, R.2    Wiles, G.3
  • 15
    • 24744446426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential regional tree line dynamics in the Scandes Mountains
    • Dalen, L. & Hofgaard, A. (2005) Differential regional tree line dynamics in the Scandes Mountains. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 37, 284-296.
    • (2005) Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research , vol.37 , pp. 284-296
    • Dalen, L.1    Hofgaard, A.2
  • 16
    • 33846907541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of white spruce (Picea glauca) to experimental warming at a subarctic alpine tree line
    • in press
    • Danby, R.K. & Hik, D.S. (2007) Responses of white spruce (Picea glauca) to experimental warming at a subarctic alpine tree line. Global Change Biology, 13, in press.
    • (2007) Global Change Biology , vol.13
    • Danby, R.K.1    Hik, D.S.2
  • 17
    • 9344244117 scopus 로고
    • Relations among vegetation, permafrost, and potential insolation in central Alaska
    • Dingman, S.L. & Koutz, F.R. (1974) Relations among vegetation, permafrost, and potential insolation in central Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 6, 37-42.
    • (1974) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.6 , pp. 37-42
    • Dingman, S.L.1    Koutz, F.R.2
  • 19
    • 0033835362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 403-year record of July temperatures and tree line dynamics of Pinus sylvestris from the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia
    • Gervais, B.R. & Macdonald, G.M. (2000) A 403-year record of July temperatures and tree line dynamics of Pinus sylvestris from the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 32, 295-302.
    • (2000) Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research , vol.32 , pp. 295-302
    • Gervais, B.R.1    Macdonald, G.M.2
  • 20
    • 0036802049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of climate change on the tree line
    • Grace, J., Berninger, F. & Nagy, L. (2002) Impacts of climate change on the tree line. Annals of Botany, 90, 537-544.
    • (2002) Annals of Botany , vol.90 , pp. 537-544
    • Grace, J.1    Berninger, F.2    Nagy, L.3
  • 21
    • 21444442034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competitive interactions in sub-boreal birch-spruce forests differ on opposing slope aspects
    • Green, D.S. & Hawkins, C.D.B. (2005) Competitive interactions in sub-boreal birch-spruce forests differ on opposing slope aspects. Forest Ecology and Management, 214, 1-10.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.214 , pp. 1-10
    • Green, D.S.1    Hawkins, C.D.B.2
  • 22
    • 33645827964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological thresholds: The key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application?
    • Groffman, P., Baron, J., Blett, T., Gold, A., Goodman, I., Gunderson, L. et al. (2006) Ecological thresholds: the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? Ecosystems, 9, 1-13.
    • (2006) Ecosystems , vol.9 , pp. 1-13
    • Groffman, P.1    Baron, J.2    Blett, T.3    Gold, A.4    Goodman, I.5    Gunderson, L.6
  • 23
    • 0021546444 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone: Colorado Front Range
    • Hansen-Bristow, K.J. & Ives, J.D. (1984) Changes in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone: Colorado Front Range. Physical Geography, 5, 186-197.
    • (1984) Physical Geography , vol.5 , pp. 186-197
    • Hansen-Bristow, K.J.1    Ives, J.D.2
  • 24
    • 0000939003 scopus 로고
    • Age structure models of balsam fir and eastern hemlock
    • Hett, J.M. & Loucks, O.L. (1976) Age structure models of balsam fir and eastern hemlock. Journal of Ecology, 64, 1029-1044.
    • (1976) Journal of Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1029-1044
    • Hett, J.M.1    Loucks, O.L.2
  • 25
    • 27644473069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other Arctic regions
    • Hinzman, L., Bettez, N., Bolton, W., Chapin, F., Dyurgerov, M., Fastie, C. et al. (2005) Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other Arctic regions. Climatic Change, 72, 251-298.
    • (2005) Climatic Change , vol.72 , pp. 251-298
    • Hinzman, L.1    Bettez, N.2    Bolton, W.3    Chapin, F.4    Dyurgerov, M.5    Fastie, C.6
  • 26
    • 2642640456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental test of limits to tree establishment in Arctic tundra
    • Hobbie, S.E. & Chapin, F.S. (1998) An experimental test of limits to tree establishment in Arctic tundra. Journal of Ecology, 86, 449-461.
    • (1998) Journal of Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 449-461
    • Hobbie, S.E.1    Chapin, F.S.2
  • 28
    • 28244462508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar tree lines to environmental change at landscape and local scales
    • Holtmeier, F.-K. & Broll, G. (2005) Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar tree lines to environmental change at landscape and local scales. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 395-410.
    • (2005) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.14 , pp. 395-410
    • Holtmeier, F.-K.1    Broll, G.2
  • 30
    • 0342323817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global controls of forest line elevation in the northern and southern hemispheres
    • Jobbágy, E.G. & Jackson, R.B. (2000) Global controls of forest line elevation in the northern and southern hemispheres. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9, 253-268.
    • (2000) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.9 , pp. 253-268
    • Jobbágy, E.G.1    Jackson, R.B.2
  • 31
    • 4344610363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 200-year perspective of climate variability and the response of white spruce in interior Alaska
    • eds D. Greenland, D.G. Goodin & R.C. Smith, pp, Oxford University Press, New York
    • Juday, G.P., Barber, V., Rupp, S., Zasada, J. & Wilmking, M. (2003) A 200-year perspective of climate variability and the response of white spruce in interior Alaska. Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites (eds D. Greenland, D.G. Goodin & R.C. Smith), pp. 226-250. Oxford University Press, New York.
    • (2003) Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites , pp. 226-250
    • Juday, G.P.1    Barber, V.2    Rupp, S.3    Zasada, J.4    Wilmking, M.5
  • 33
    • 0036219846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A half century of change in alpine tree line patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
    • Klasner, F.L. & Fagre, D.B. (2002) A half century of change in alpine tree line patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 34, 49-56.
    • (2002) Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , vol.34 , pp. 49-56
    • Klasner, F.L.1    Fagre, D.B.2
  • 34
    • 2642619383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A re-assessment of high elevation tree line positions and their explanation
    • Körner, C. (1998) A re-assessment of high elevation tree line positions and their explanation. Oecologia, 115, 445-459.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.115 , pp. 445-459
    • Körner, C.1
  • 35
    • 2142840993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A world-wide study of high altitude tree line temperatures
    • Körner, C. & Paulsen, J. (2004) A world-wide study of high altitude tree line temperatures. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 713-732.
    • (2004) Journal of Biogeography , vol.31 , pp. 713-732
    • Körner, C.1    Paulsen, J.2
  • 36
    • 0000768517 scopus 로고
    • Change and stability in the altitude of the birch tree-limit in the southern Swedish Scandes, 1915-75
    • Kullman, L. (1979) Change and stability in the altitude of the birch tree-limit in the southern Swedish Scandes, 1915-75. Acta PhytoGeographica Suecica, 65, 1-121.
    • (1979) Acta PhytoGeographica Suecica , vol.65 , pp. 1-121
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 37
    • 0036191987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes
    • Kullman, L. (2002) Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. Journal of Ecology, 90, 68-77.
    • (2002) Journal of Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 68-77
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 38
    • 0030425258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change
    • Kupfer, J.A. & Cairns, D.M. (1996) The suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change. Progress in Physical Geographyraphy, 20, 253-272.
    • (1996) Progress in Physical Geographyraphy , vol.20 , pp. 253-272
    • Kupfer, J.A.1    Cairns, D.M.2
  • 39
    • 0141951080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current and perturbed climate as simulated by the second-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM-II) over northwestern North America
    • Laprise, R., Caya, D., Frigon, A. & Paquin, D. (2003) Current and perturbed climate as simulated by the second-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM-II) over northwestern North America. Climate Dynamics, 21, 405-421.
    • (2003) Climate Dynamics , vol.21 , pp. 405-421
    • Laprise, R.1    Caya, D.2    Frigon, A.3    Paquin, D.4
  • 40
    • 0028995495 scopus 로고
    • Recent advance of the arctic tree line along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay
    • Lescop-Sinclair, K. & Payette, S. (1995) Recent advance of the arctic tree line along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay. Journal of Ecology, 83, 929-936.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 929-936
    • Lescop-Sinclair, K.1    Payette, S.2
  • 41
    • 21744439533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological histories from Alaskan tree lines provide insight into future change
    • Lloyd, A.H. (2005) Ecological histories from Alaskan tree lines provide insight into future change. Ecology, 86, 1687-1695.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1687-1695
    • Lloyd, A.H.1
  • 42
    • 0042623439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent changes in tree line forest distribution and structure in interior Alaska
    • Lloyd, A.H. & Fastie, C.L. (2003) Recent changes in tree line forest distribution and structure in interior Alaska. Ecoscience, 10, 176-185.
    • (2003) Ecoscience , vol.10 , pp. 176-185
    • Lloyd, A.H.1    Fastie, C.L.2
  • 45
    • 0035739269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex responses to global change at alpine tree line
    • Malanson, G.P. (2001) Complex responses to global change at alpine tree line. Physical Geographyraphy, 22, 333-342.
    • (2001) Physical Geographyraphy , vol.22 , pp. 333-342
    • Malanson, G.P.1
  • 46
    • 0042697414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in viability selection among cohorts of juvenile red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
    • McAdam, A.G. & Boutin, S. (2003) Variation in viability selection among cohorts of juvenile red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Evolution, 57, 1689-1697.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 1689-1697
    • McAdam, A.G.1    Boutin, S.2
  • 47
    • 33846919975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meteorological Service of Canada MSC, Climate and Atmospheric Research Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa. Available online at
    • Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) (2005) Climate Trends and Variations Bulletin. Climate and Atmospheric Research Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa. Available online at http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/ ccrm/bulletin/.
    • (2005) Climate Trends and Variations Bulletin
  • 48
    • 0034233140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate
    • New, M., Hulme, M. & Jones, P. (2000) Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. Journal of Climate, 13, 2217-2238.
    • (2000) Journal of Climate , vol.13 , pp. 2217-2238
    • New, M.1    Hulme, M.2    Jones, P.3
  • 49
    • 33846897887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nienstadt, H. & Zasada, J.C. (1990) Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Silvics of North America. 1. Conifers (eds R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala), pp. 204-226. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
    • Nienstadt, H. & Zasada, J.C. (1990) Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers (eds R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala), pp. 204-226. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
  • 50
    • 14444287752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries
    • Overpeck, J., Hughen, K., Hardy, D., Bradley, R., Case, R., Douglas, M. et al. (1997) Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science, 278, 1251-1256.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1251-1256
    • Overpeck, J.1    Hughen, K.2    Hardy, D.3    Bradley, R.4    Case, R.5    Douglas, M.6
  • 52
    • 0022200766 scopus 로고
    • White spruce expansion at the tree line and recent climatic-change
    • Payette, S. & Filion, L. (1985) White spruce expansion at the tree line and recent climatic-change. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15, 241-251.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.15 , pp. 241-251
    • Payette, S.1    Filion, L.2
  • 53
    • 21744433062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction between masting and fire is key to white spruce regeneration
    • Peters, V.S., MacDonald, S.E. & Dale, M.R.T. (2005) The interaction between masting and fire is key to white spruce regeneration. Ecology, 86, 1744-1750.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1744-1750
    • Peters, V.S.1    MacDonald, S.E.2    Dale, M.R.T.3
  • 55
    • 0035978807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change - increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic
    • Sturm, M., Racine, C. & Tape, K. (2001) Climate change - increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411, 546-547.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.411 , pp. 546-547
    • Sturm, M.1    Racine, C.2    Tape, K.3
  • 56
    • 0033491404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska
    • Suarez, F., Binkley, D. & Kaye, M.W. (1999) Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska. Ecoscience, 6, 465-470.
    • (1999) Ecoscience , vol.6 , pp. 465-470
    • Suarez, F.1    Binkley, D.2    Kaye, M.W.3
  • 57
    • 0028982563 scopus 로고
    • Recent white spruce dynamics at the subarctic alpine tree line of northwestern Canada
    • Szeicz, J.M. & MacDonald, G.M. (1995a) Recent white spruce dynamics at the subarctic alpine tree line of northwestern Canada. Journal of Ecology, 83, 873-885.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 873-885
    • Szeicz, J.M.1    MacDonald, G.M.2
  • 58
    • 0029509193 scopus 로고
    • Dendroclimatic reconstruction of summer temperatures in northwestern Canada since AD 1638 based on age-dependent modeling
    • Szeicz, J.M. & MacDonald, G.M. (1995b) Dendroclimatic reconstruction of summer temperatures in northwestern Canada since AD 1638 based on age-dependent modeling. Quaternary Research, 44, 257-266.
    • (1995) Quaternary Research , vol.44 , pp. 257-266
    • Szeicz, J.M.1    MacDonald, G.M.2
  • 60
    • 33745600554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree line dynamics in relation to climatic variability in the central Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China
    • Wang, T., Zhang, Q.B. & Ma, K.P. (2006) Tree line dynamics in relation to climatic variability in the central Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 406-415.
    • (2006) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.15 , pp. 406-415
    • Wang, T.1    Zhang, Q.B.2    Ma, K.P.3
  • 61
    • 23844492747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal variation of radial growth at Alaska's northern tree line - recent changes and possible scenarios for the 21st century
    • Wilmking, M. & Juday, G.P. (2005) Longitudinal variation of radial growth at Alaska's northern tree line - recent changes and possible scenarios for the 21st century. Global and Planetary Change, 47, 282-300.
    • (2005) Global and Planetary Change , vol.47 , pp. 282-300
    • Wilmking, M.1    Juday, G.P.2
  • 62
    • 0034338379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century
    • Zhang, X.B., Vincent, L.A., Hogg, W.D. & Niitsoo, A. (2000) Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century. Atmosphere-Ocean, 38, 395-429.
    • (2000) Atmosphere-Ocean , vol.38 , pp. 395-429
    • Zhang, X.B.1    Vincent, L.A.2    Hogg, W.D.3    Niitsoo, A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.