메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 65-76

Auditory sensory memory and working memory processes in children with normal hearing and cochlear implants

Author keywords

Auditory sensory memory; Cochlear implant, children; Mismatch negativity; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; COCHLEA PROSTHESIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; HEARING; HUMAN; MALE; MISMATCH NEGATIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SENSORY MEMORY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; VERBAL MEMORY; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 33846794694     PISSN: 14203030     EISSN: 14219700     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000097793     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 0034076825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitations in working memory: Implications for language development
    • Adams AM, Gathercole SE: Limitations in working memory: implications for language development. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2000;35:95-116.
    • (2000) Int J Lang Commun Disord , vol.35 , pp. 95-116
    • Adams, A.M.1    Gathercole, S.E.2
  • 2
    • 0026554483 scopus 로고
    • Working memory
    • Baddeley AD: Working memory. Science 1992;255:556-559.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 556-559
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 3
    • 0032919762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials
    • Baldeweg T, Richardson A, Watkins S, Foale C, Gruzelier J: Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials. Ann Neurol 1999;45:495-503.
    • (1999) Ann Neurol , vol.45 , pp. 495-503
    • Baldeweg, T.1    Richardson, A.2    Watkins, S.3    Foale, C.4    Gruzelier, J.5
  • 5
    • 0028820040 scopus 로고
    • Models of natural language understanding
    • Bates M: Models of natural language understanding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:9977-9982.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , pp. 9977-9982
    • Bates, M.1
  • 6
    • 0037126164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infant discrimination of rapid auditory cues predicts later language impairment
    • Benasich AA, Tallal P: Infant discrimination of rapid auditory cues predicts later language impairment. Behav Brain Res 2002;136:31-49.
    • (2002) Behav Brain Res , vol.136 , pp. 31-49
    • Benasich, A.A.1    Tallal, P.2
  • 8
    • 0038036424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation
    • Burkholder RA, Pisoni DB: Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation. J Exp Child Psychol 2003;85:63-88.
    • (2003) J Exp Child Psychol , vol.85 , pp. 63-88
    • Burkholder, R.A.1    Pisoni, D.B.2
  • 9
    • 0033125605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ceponiene R, Service E, Kurjenluoma S, Cheour M, Naatanen R: Children's performance on pseudoword repetition depends on auditory trace quality: evidence from event-related potentials. Dev Psychol 1999;35:709-720.
    • Ceponiene R, Service E, Kurjenluoma S, Cheour M, Naatanen R: Children's performance on pseudoword repetition depends on auditory trace quality: evidence from event-related potentials. Dev Psychol 1999;35:709-720.
  • 10
    • 0344286575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch negativity (MMN) as a tool for investigating auditory discrimination and sensory memory in infants and children
    • Cheour M, Leppanen PH, Kraus N: Mismatch negativity (MMN) as a tool for investigating auditory discrimination and sensory memory in infants and children. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111:4-16.
    • (2000) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.111 , pp. 4-16
    • Cheour, M.1    Leppanen, P.H.2    Kraus, N.3
  • 11
    • 0036091591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imitation of non-words by deaf children after cochlear implantation: Preliminary findings
    • Cleary M, Dillon C, Pisoni DB: Imitation of non-words by deaf children after cochlear implantation: preliminary findings. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2002;189:91-96.
    • (2002) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl , vol.189 , pp. 91-96
    • Cleary, M.1    Dillon, C.2    Pisoni, D.B.3
  • 12
    • 0034787968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some measures of verbal and spatial working memory in eight- and nine-year-old hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants
    • Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Geers AE: Some measures of verbal and spatial working memory in eight- and nine-year-old hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear 2001;22:395-411.
    • (2001) Ear Hear , vol.22 , pp. 395-411
    • Cleary, M.1    Pisoni, D.B.2    Geers, A.E.3
  • 14
    • 84940051002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention and Memory
    • New York, Oxford University Press
    • Cowan N: Attention and Memory. An Integrated Framework.. New York, Oxford University Press, 1998
    • (1998) An Integrated Framework
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 15
    • 0034793215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of narrative ability in children with cochlear implants
    • Crosson J, Geers A: Analysis of narrative ability in children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear 2001;22:381-394.
    • (2001) Ear Hear , vol.22 , pp. 381-394
    • Crosson, J.1    Geers, A.2
  • 16
    • 0036693075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term auditory memory in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to receptive language
    • Dawson PW, Busby PA, McKay CM, Clark GM: Short-term auditory memory in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to receptive language. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2002;45:789-801.
    • (2002) J Speech Lang Hear Res , vol.45 , pp. 789-801
    • Dawson, P.W.1    Busby, P.A.2    McKay, C.M.3    Clark, G.M.4
  • 17
    • 0032103239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phonological representation in the infant brain
    • Dehaene-Lambertz G, Baillet S: A phonological representation in the infant brain. Neuroreport 1998;9:1885-1888.
    • (1998) Neuroreport , vol.9 , pp. 1885-1888
    • Dehaene-Lambertz, G.1    Baillet, S.2
  • 18
    • 1542316229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imitation of nonwords by hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants: Segmental analyses
    • Dillon CM, Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Carter AK: Imitation of nonwords by hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants: segmental analyses. Clin Linguist Phon 2004;18:39-55.
    • (2004) Clin Linguist Phon , vol.18 , pp. 39-55
    • Dillon, C.M.1    Cleary, M.2    Pisoni, D.B.3    Carter, A.K.4
  • 20
    • 0037237220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory-evoked potential studies of cortical maturation in normal hearing and implanted children: Correlations with changes in structure and speech perception
    • Eggermont JJ, Ponton CW: Auditory-evoked potential studies of cortical maturation in normal hearing and implanted children: correlations with changes in structure and speech perception. Acta Otolaryngol 2003;123:249-252.
    • (2003) Acta Otolaryngol , vol.123 , pp. 249-252
    • Eggermont, J.J.1    Ponton, C.W.2
  • 21
    • 0002008254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution from shortterm to working memory: Multi-store to dynamic models of temporary storage
    • Sternberg R ed, Cambridge, MIT Press
    • Engle RW, Oransky N: The evolution from shortterm to working memory: multi-store to dynamic models of temporary storage; in Sternberg R (ed): The Nature of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1999.
    • (1999) The Nature of Human Cognition
    • Engle, R.W.1    Oransky, N.2
  • 22
    • 0031763894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of involuntary attention to acoustic novelty and change
    • Escera C, Alho K, Winkler I, Naatanen R: Neural mechanisms of involuntary attention to acoustic novelty and change. J Cogn Neurosci 1998;10:590-604.
    • (1998) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 590-604
    • Escera, C.1    Alho, K.2    Winkler, I.3    Naatanen, R.4
  • 23
    • 0034306086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children
    • Fry AF, Hale S: Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children. Biol Psychol 2000;54:1-34.
    • (2000) Biol Psychol , vol.54 , pp. 1-34
    • Fry, A.F.1    Hale, S.2
  • 24
    • 0004899128 scopus 로고
    • Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection?
    • Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD: Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: is there a causal connection? J Mem Lang 1990;29:336-360.
    • (1990) J Mem Lang , vol.29 , pp. 336-360
    • Gathercole, S.E.1    Baddeley, A.D.2
  • 25
    • 0028458282 scopus 로고
    • The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition: A test of phonological working memory
    • Gathercole SE, Willis CS, Baddeley AD, Emslie H: The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition: a test of phonological working memory. Memory 1994;2:103-127.
    • (1994) Memory , vol.2 , pp. 103-127
    • Gathercole, S.E.1    Willis, C.S.2    Baddeley, A.D.3    Emslie, H.4
  • 26
    • 0034727439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maturation of frontal and temporal components of mismatch negativity (MMN) in children
    • Gomot M, Giard MH, Roux S, Barthelemy C, Bruneau N: Maturation of frontal and temporal components of mismatch negativity (MMN) in children. Neuroreport 2000;11:3109-3112.
    • (2000) Neuroreport , vol.11 , pp. 3109-3112
    • Gomot, M.1    Giard, M.H.2    Roux, S.3    Barthelemy, C.4    Bruneau, N.5
  • 27
    • 6044245824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deaf children's use of phonological coding: Evidence from reading, spelling, and working memory
    • Educ
    • Harris M, Moreno C: Deaf children's use of phonological coding: evidence from reading, spelling, and working memory. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2004;9:253-268.
    • (2004) J Deaf Stud Deaf , vol.9 , pp. 253-268
    • Harris, M.1    Moreno, C.2
  • 28
    • 0034991659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-related potentials and semantics: An overview and an integrative proposal
    • Hinojosa JA, Martin-Loeches M, Rubia FJ: Event-related potentials and semantics: an overview and an integrative proposal. Brain Lang 2001;78:128-139.
    • (2001) Brain Lang , vol.78 , pp. 128-139
    • Hinojosa, J.A.1    Martin-Loeches, M.2    Rubia, F.J.3
  • 29
    • 24044484171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familiarity affects the processing of task-irrelevant auditory deviance
    • Jacobsen T, Shroger E, Winkler I, Horvath J: Familiarity affects the processing of task-irrelevant auditory deviance. J Cogn Neurosci 2005;17:1704-1713.
    • (2005) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 1704-1713
    • Jacobsen, T.1    Shroger, E.2    Winkler, I.3    Horvath, J.4
  • 30
    • 0020645741 scopus 로고
    • The reorganization of somatosensory cortex following peripheral nerve damage in adult and developing mammals
    • Kaas JH, Merzenich MM, Killackey HP: The reorganization of somatosensory cortex following peripheral nerve damage in adult and developing mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci 1983;6:325-356.
    • (1983) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 325-356
    • Kaas, J.H.1    Merzenich, M.M.2    Killackey, H.P.3
  • 31
    • 0035017449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children
    • Korpilahti P, Krause CM, Holopainen I, Lang AH: Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children. Brain Lang 2001;76:332-339.
    • (2001) Brain Lang , vol.76 , pp. 332-339
    • Korpilahti, P.1    Krause, C.M.2    Holopainen, I.3    Lang, A.H.4
  • 32
    • 8344290376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code
    • Kuhl PK: Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004;5:831-843.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 831-843
    • Kuhl, P.K.1
  • 33
    • 0034995644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of audiovisual information in speech perception by prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants: A first report
    • Lachs L, Pisoni DB, Kirk KI: Use of audiovisual information in speech perception by prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants: a first report. Ear Hear 2001;22:236-251.
    • (2001) Ear Hear , vol.22 , pp. 236-251
    • Lachs, L.1    Pisoni, D.B.2    Kirk, K.I.3
  • 35
    • 0031570742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory of neurolinguistic development
    • Locke JL: A theory of neurolinguistic development. Brain Lang 1997;58:265-326.
    • (1997) Brain Lang , vol.58 , pp. 265-326
    • Locke, J.L.1
  • 36
    • 0002196915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The seven ages of working memory; in Richardson TE, Engle RW, Hasher L, Logie RH, Stoltzfus ER, Zacks RT (eds): Working Memory and Human Cognition, Counterpoints
    • Oxford, Oxford University Press
    • Logie RH: The seven ages of working memory; in Richardson TE, Engle RW, Hasher L, Logie RH, Stoltzfus ER, Zacks RT (eds): Working Memory and Human Cognition, Counterpoints. Cognition, Memory and Language. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp 31-65.
    • (1996) Cognition, Memory and Language , pp. 31-65
    • Logie, R.H.1
  • 37
    • 0031194430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is it really a mismatch negativity? An assessment of methods for determining response validity in individual subjects
    • McGee T, Kraus N, Nicol T: Is it really a mismatch negativity? An assessment of methods for determining response validity in individual subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;104:359-368.
    • (1997) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.104 , pp. 359-368
    • McGee, T.1    Kraus, N.2    Nicol, T.3
  • 39
    • 17144443133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are nonlinguistic functions in 'Broca's area' prerequisites for language acquisition? FMRI findings from an ontogenetic viewpoint
    • Muller RA, Basho S: Are nonlinguistic functions in 'Broca's area' prerequisites for language acquisition? FMRI findings from an ontogenetic viewpoint. Brain Lang 2004;89:329-336.
    • (2004) Brain Lang , vol.89 , pp. 329-336
    • Muller, R.A.1    Basho, S.2
  • 40
    • 0032607605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phoneme representations of the human brain as reflected by event-related potentials
    • Naatanen R: Phoneme representations of the human brain as reflected by event-related potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1999;49:170-173.
    • (1999) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl , vol.49 , pp. 170-173
    • Naatanen, R.1
  • 41
    • 0033219836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept of auditory stimulus representation in cognitive neuroscience
    • Naatanen R, Winkler I: The concept of auditory stimulus representation in cognitive neuroscience. Psychol Bull 1999;125:826-859.
    • (1999) Psychol Bull , vol.125 , pp. 826-859
    • Naatanen, R.1    Winkler, I.2
  • 42
    • 0032124858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch negativity to speech stimuli in 8-month-old infants and adults
    • Pang EW, Edmonds GE, Desjardins R, et al: Mismatch negativity to speech stimuli in 8-month-old infants and adults. Int J Psychophysiol 1998;29:227-236.
    • (1998) Int J Psychophysiol , vol.29 , pp. 227-236
    • Pang, E.W.1    Edmonds, G.E.2    Desjardins, R.3
  • 44
    • 0037330898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measures of working memory span and verbal rehearsal speed in deaf children after cochlear implantation
    • Pisoni DB, Cleary M: Measures of working memory span and verbal rehearsal speed in deaf children after cochlear implantation. Ear Hear 2003;24(suppl 1):106-120.
    • (2003) Ear Hear , vol.24 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 106-120
    • Pisoni, D.B.1    Cleary, M.2
  • 45
    • 0034528990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in deaf children with cochlear implants: Correlations between digit span and measures of spoken language processing
    • Pisoni DB, Geers AE: Working memory in deaf children with cochlear implants: correlations between digit span and measures of spoken language processing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2000;185:92-93.
    • (2000) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl , vol.185 , pp. 92-93
    • Pisoni, D.B.1    Geers, A.E.2
  • 46
    • 0034004839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive factors and cochlear implants: Some thoughts on perception, learning, and memory in speech perception
    • Pisoni DB: Cognitive factors and cochlear implants: some thoughts on perception, learning, and memory in speech perception. Ear Hear 2000;21:70-78.
    • (2000) Ear Hear , vol.21 , pp. 70-78
    • Pisoni, D.B.1
  • 47
    • 0028899556 scopus 로고
    • The mismatch negativity in cochlear implant users
    • Ponton CW, Don M: The mismatch negativity in cochlear implant users. Ear Hear 1995;16:131-146.
    • (1995) Ear Hear , vol.16 , pp. 131-146
    • Ponton, C.W.1    Don, M.2
  • 48
    • 0034024735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maturation of the mismatch negativity: Effects of profound deafness and cochlear implant use
    • Ponton CW, Eggermont JJ, et al: Maturation of the mismatch negativity: effects of profound deafness and cochlear implant use. Audiol Neurootol 2000;5:167-185.
    • (2000) Audiol Neurootol , vol.5 , pp. 167-185
    • Ponton, C.W.1    Eggermont, J.J.2
  • 50
    • 0026336290 scopus 로고
    • Cortical activity elicited by changes in auditory stimuli: Different sources for the magnetic N100m and mismatch responses
    • Sams M, Kaukoranta E, Hamalainen M, Naatanen R: Cortical activity elicited by changes in auditory stimuli: different sources for the magnetic N100m and mismatch responses. Psychophysiology 1991;28:21-29.
    • (1991) Psychophysiology , vol.28 , pp. 21-29
    • Sams, M.1    Kaukoranta, E.2    Hamalainen, M.3    Naatanen, R.4
  • 51
    • 0035131494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in speech perception scores among children with cochlear implants
    • Sarant JZ, Blamey PJ, Dowell RC, Clark GM, Gibson WP: Variation in speech perception scores among children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear 2001;22:18-28.
    • (2001) Ear Hear , vol.22 , pp. 18-28
    • Sarant, J.Z.1    Blamey, P.J.2    Dowell, R.C.3    Clark, G.M.4    Gibson, W.P.5
  • 52
    • 0346384291 scopus 로고
    • Controlled and automatic human information processing. I. Detection, search, and attention
    • Schneider W, Shiffrin RM: Controlled and automatic human information processing. I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychol Rev 1977;84:1-66.
    • (1977) Psychol Rev , vol.84 , pp. 1-66
    • Schneider, W.1    Shiffrin, R.M.2
  • 53
    • 1642493021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language-specific memory traces of consonants in the brain
    • Shafer VL, Schwartz RG, Kurtzberg D: Language-specific memory traces of consonants in the brain. Cogn Brain Res 2004;18:242-254.
    • (2004) Cogn Brain Res , vol.18 , pp. 242-254
    • Shafer, V.L.1    Schwartz, R.G.2    Kurtzberg, D.3
  • 54
    • 0033945572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maturation of mismatch negativity in school-age children
    • Shafer VL, Morr ML, Kreuzer JA, Kurtzberg D: Maturation of mismatch negativity in school-age children. Ear Hear 2000;21:242-251.
    • (2000) Ear Hear , vol.21 , pp. 242-251
    • Shafer, V.L.1    Morr, M.L.2    Kreuzer, J.A.3    Kurtzberg, D.4
  • 55
    • 0036091545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early cochlear implantation in children allows normal development of central auditory pathways
    • Sharma A, Dorman M, Spahr A, Todd NW: Early cochlear implantation in children allows normal development of central auditory pathways. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2002;189:38-41.
    • (2002) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl , vol.189 , pp. 38-41
    • Sharma, A.1    Dorman, M.2    Spahr, A.3    Todd, N.W.4
  • 56
    • 16644388966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of identification technique, extraction method, and stimulus type on mismatch negativity in adults and children
    • Sharma M, Purdy SC, Newall P, Wheldall K, Beaman R, Dillon H: Effects of identification technique, extraction method, and stimulus type on mismatch negativity in adults and children. J Am Acad Audiol 2004;15:616-632.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Audiol , vol.15 , pp. 616-632
    • Sharma, M.1    Purdy, S.C.2    Newall, P.3    Wheldall, K.4    Beaman, R.5    Dillon, H.6
  • 57
    • 0035719463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deafness-induced changes in the auditory pathway: Implications for cochlear implants
    • Shepherd RK, Hardie NA: Deafness-induced changes in the auditory pathway: implications for cochlear implants. Audiol Neurootol 2001;6:305-318.
    • (2001) Audiol Neurootol , vol.6 , pp. 305-318
    • Shepherd, R.K.1    Hardie, N.A.2
  • 59
    • 0031178048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phonological awareness deficits in developmental dyslexia and the phonological representation hypothesis
    • Swan D, Goswani U: Phonological awareness deficits in developmental dyslexia and the phonological representation hypothesis. J Exp Child Psychol 1997;66:18-41.
    • (1997) J Exp Child Psychol , vol.66 , pp. 18-41
    • Swan, D.1    Goswani, U.2
  • 60
    • 0034648525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spoken word recognition and lexical representation in very young children
    • Swingley D, Aslin RN: Spoken word recognition and lexical representation in very young children. Cognition 2000;76:147-166.
    • (2000) Cognition , vol.76 , pp. 147-166
    • Swingley, D.1    Aslin, R.N.2
  • 61
    • 0036674853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic processing of tones and speech stimuli in children with specific language impairment
    • Uwer R, Albrecht R, von Suchodoletz W: Automatic processing of tones and speech stimuli in children with specific language impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:527-532.
    • (2002) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 527-532
    • Uwer, R.1    Albrecht, R.2    von Suchodoletz, W.3
  • 62
    • 0033563796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phonotactics, neighborhood activation, and lexical access for spoken words
    • Vitevitch MS, Luce PA, Pisoni DB, Auer ET: Phonotactics, neighborhood activation, and lexical access for spoken words. Brain Lang 1999;68:306-311.
    • (1999) Brain Lang , vol.68 , pp. 306-311
    • Vitevitch, M.S.1    Luce, P.A.2    Pisoni, D.B.3    Auer, E.T.4
  • 63
    • 33846804364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wechsler D: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised 3rd Edition (WISC III). New York, Psychological Corporation, 1991.
    • Wechsler D: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised 3rd Edition (WISC III). New York, Psychological Corporation, 1991.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.