Neurodevelopment of children with single suture craniosynostosis: A review

Child's Nervous System

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 269-281

  Kapp Simon, Kathleen A ^a,e   Speltz, Matthew L ^b,c   Cunningham, Michael L ^b,c   Patel, Pravin K ^a,d   Tomita, Tadanori ^a,d  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c SEATTLE CHILDREN S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d CHILDREN'S MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e Cleft Lip and Palate Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Increased cranial pressure; Neurodevelopment; Neuroimaging; Single suture craniosynostosis

Indexed keywords

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TWIST;

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN MALFORMATION; BRAIN SCINTISCANNING; CHIARI FROMMEL SYNDROME; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CRANIECTOMY; CRANIOFACIAL SYNOSTOSIS; CRANIOPLASTY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EARLY INTERVENTION; FACE DEVELOPMENT; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LEARNING DISORDER; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROANATOMY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SKULL DEVELOPMENT; SMOKING; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; CRANIAL SUTURES; CRANIOSYNOSTOSES; HUMANS; INFANT; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33846657232     PISSN: 02567040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00381-006-0251-z     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (1992) Positioning and SIDS. Pediatrics 89:1120-1126
2. Agrawal D, Steinbok P, Cochrane DD (2006) Diagnosis of isolated sagittal synostosis: Are radiographic studies necessary? Child's Nerv Syst 22:375-378
3. Alderman BW, Lammer EJ, Joshua SC, Cordero JF, Ouimette DR, Wilson MJ, Ferguson SW (1988) An epidemiologic study of craniosynostosis: Risk indicators for the occurrence of craniosynostosis in Colorado. Am J Epidemiol 128:431-438
4. Alderman BW, Bradley CM, Greene C, Fernbach SK, Baron AE (1994) Increased risk of craniosynostosis with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Teratology 50:13-18
5. Aldridge K, Marsh JL, Govier D, Richtsmeier JT (2002) Central nervous system phenotypes in craniosynostosis. J Anat 201:31-39
6. Aldridge K, Kane AA, Marsh JL, Panchal J, Boyadjiev SA, Yan P, Govier D, Ahmad W, Richtsmeier JT (2005) Brain morphology in nonsyndromic unicoronal craniosynostosis. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 285:690-698
7. Aldridge K, Kane AA, Marsh JL, Yan P, Govier D, Richtsmeier JT (2005) Relationship of brain and skull in pre-and postoperative sagittal synostosis. J Anat 206:373-385
8. Anderson FM, Geiger L (1965) Craniosynostosis: A survey of 204 cases. J Neurosurg 22:229-240
9. Arnaud E, Renier D, Marchac D (1995) Prognosis for mental function in scaphocephaly. J Neurosurg 83:476-479
10. Aylward GP, Verhulst SJ, Bell S, Gyurke JS (1995) Cognitive and motor score differences in biologically at-risk infants. Infant Behav Dev 18:43-52
11. Barritt J, Brooksbank M, Simpson D (1981) Scaphocephaly: Aesthetic and psychosocial considerations. Dev Med Child Neurol 23:183-191
12. Bayley N (1969) Manual for the Bayley scales of infant development. The Psychological Corporation, Berkeley
13. Bayley N (1993) Manual for the Bayley scales of infant development. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
14. Becker DB, Petersen JD, Kane AA, Cradock MM, Pilgram TK, Marsh JL (2005) Speech, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 116:400-407
15. Bellew M, Chumas PD, Mueller R, Liddington M, Russell J (2005) Pre- and postoperative developmental attainment in sagittal synostosis. Arch Dis Child 90:346-350
16. Bertelsen TI (1958) The premature synostosis of the cranial sutures. Acta Ophthalmol 51(Suppl):87-117
17. Boltshauser E, Ludwig S, Dietrich F, Landolt MA (2003) Sagittal craniosynostosis: Cognitive, development, behavior, and quality of life in unoperated children. Neuropediatrics 34:293-300
18. Bottero L, Lajeunie E, Arnaud E, Marchac D, Renier D (1998) Functional outcome after surgery for trigonocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:952-958
19. Bristol RE, Lekovic GP, Rekate HL (2004) The effects of craniosynostosis on the brain with respect to intracranial pressure. Semin Pediatr Neurol 11:262-267
20. Camfield PR, Camfield CS Jr, CMM (2000) Neurologic aspects of craniosynostosis. In: Cohen MM Jr, MacLean RE (eds) Craniosynostosis: diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Oxford Press, New York, pp 177-183
21. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger JD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP (1996) Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:607-616
22. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Berquin PC, Walter JM, Sharp W, Tran T (2001) Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:289-295
23. Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS (2002) Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 288:1740-1748
24. Cerovac S, Neil-Dwyer JG, Rich P, Jones BM, Hayward RD (2002) Are routine preoperative CT scans necessary in the management of single suture craniosynostosis? Br J Plast Surg 16:348-354
25. Chadduck WM, Chadduck JB, Frederick A (1992) The subarachnoid spaces in craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery 30:867-871
26. Chemerinski E, Nopoulos P, Crespo-Facorro B, Andreasen NC, Magnotta V (2002) Morphology of the ventral frontal cortex in schizophrenia: relationship with social dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry 52:1-8
27. Churchill JD, Grossman AW, Irwin SA, Galvez R, Klintsova AY, Weiler IJ, Geenough WT (2002) A converging-methods approach to fragile X syndrome. Dev Psychobiol 40:323-338
28. Cinalli G, Spennato P, Sainte-Rose C, Arnaud E, Aliberti F, Brunelle F, Cianciulli E, Renier D (2005) Chiari malformation in craniosynostosis. Child's Nerv Syst 21:889-901
29. Cohen MM Jr (2000) Epidemiology of craniosynostosis. In: Cohen MM Jr, MacLean RE (eds) Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Oxford Press, New York, pp 112-118
30. Cohen MM Jr, MacLean RE (2000) Anatomic, genetic, nosologic, diagnostic, and psychosocial considerations. In: Cohen MM Jr, MacLean RE (eds) Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, evaluation and management. Oxford, New York, pp 119-143
31. Cohen SR, Cho DC, Nichols SL, Simms C, Cross KP, Burstein FD (2004) American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons Outcome Study: Preoperative and postoperative neurodevelopmental findings in single-suture craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:841-847
32. Courchesne E, Pierce K (2005) Why the frontal cortex in autism might be only talking to itself: Local over-connectivity but long distance disconnection. Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:225-230
33. Da Costa AC (2004) Neuropsychological profiles of children and adolescents with craniosynostosis. Dissertation, Victoria University, School of Psychology, Melbourne, Victoria
34. Da Costa AC, Walters I, Savarirayan R, Anderson VA, Wrennall J, Meara JG (2006) Intellectual outcomes in children and adolescents with syndromic and nonsyndraomic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 118(1):175-181
35. Davis BE, Moon RY, Sachs HC, Ottolini MC (1998) Effects of sleep position on infant motor development. Pediatrics 102:1135-1140
36. DeLeon MR, Speltz ML, Cunningham ML (2000) Does sagittal synostosis adversely affect early psychological development? In: Annual meeting of the UW Star-Bridges Program. Seattle, WA
37. Dennis M (2000) Childhood medical disorders and cognitive impairment: Biological risk, time, development, and reserve. In: Yeates KO, Ris MD, Taylor HG (eds) Pediatric neuropsychology: Research, theory, and practice. Guilford, New York, pp 3-22
38. Deutsch GK, Dougherty RF, Bammer R, Siok WT, Gabrieli JDE, Wandell B (2005) Children's reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging. Cortex 41:354-363
39. Dewey C, Fleming P, Golding J (1998) Does the supine sleeping position have any adverse effects on the child? II. Development in the first 18 months. ALSPAC Study Team. Pediatrics 101:E5
40. Diamond A (2000) Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Dev 71:44-56
41. Durston S, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Buitelaar JK, Steenhus MP, Minderaa RB (2004) Magnetic resonancy imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psych 43:332-340
42. Ehret FW, Whelan MF, Ellenbogen RG, Cunningham ML, Gruss JS (2004) Differential diagnosis of the trapezoid-shaped head. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 41:13-19
43. Fellows-Mayle WK, Mitchell R, Losken HW, Bradley J, Siegel MI, Mooney MP (2004) Intracranial pressure changes in craniosynostosis rabbits. Plast Reconstr Surg 113:557-565
44. Fernbach SK, Feinstein KA (1991) Radiologic evaluation of children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2:569-586
45. Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J (1997) Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 48:589-601
46. Flynn JR (1999) Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time. Am Psychol 54:5-20
47. French LR, Jackson IT, Melton LJ (1990) A population-based study of craniosynostosis. J Clin Epidemiol 43:69-73
48. Gardner JS, Guyard-Boileau B, Alderman BW, Fernbach SK, Greene C, Mangione EJ (1998) Maternal exposure to prescription and non-prescription pharmaceuticals or drugs of abuse and risk of craniosynostosis. Int J Epidemiol 27:64-67
49. Gellad FE, Haney PJ, Sun JC (1985) Imaging modalities of craniosynostosis with surgical and pathological correlation. Pediatr Radiol 15:285-290
50. Gewalli F, Guimaraes-Ferreia JP, Sahlin P, Emanuelsson I, Horneman G, Stephensen H (2001) Mental development after modified pi procedure: dynamic cranioplasty for sagittal synostosis. Annals Plast Surg 46:415-420
51. Graham J, DeSaxe M, Smith D (1979) Sagittal craniostenosis: Fetal head constraint as one possible cause. J Pediatr 95:747-750
52. Graham JJ, Badura R, Smith D (1980) Coronal craniostenosis: Fetal head constraint as one possible cause. Pediatrics 65:995-999
53. Happaney K, Zelazo PD, Stuss DT (2004) Development of orbitofrontal function: Current themes and future directions. Brain Cogn 55:1-10
54. Higginbottom M, Jones K, James H (1980) Intrauterine constraint and craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery 6:39-44
55. Hill DE, Yeo RA, Campbell RA, Hart B, Vigil J, Brooks W (2003) Magnetic resonancy imaging correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Neuropsychology 17
56. Honein MA, Rasmussen SA (2000) Further evidence for an association between maternal smoking and craniosynostosis. Teratology 62:145-146
57. Hunter AG, Rudd NL (1977) Coronal synostosis: Its familial characteristics and associated clinical findings in 109 patients lacking bilateral polysyndactyly or syndactyly. Teratology 15:301-310
58. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D (1990) Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity. Arch Neurol 47:919-926
59. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Lytinen H (1991) Corpus callosum morphology in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Morphometric analysis of MRI. J Learn Disabil 24:141-146
60. Hynd GW, Hall J, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Black K, Gonzalez JJ, Edmonds JE, Riccio C, Cohen M (1995) Dyslexia and corpus callosum morphology. Arch Neurol 52:32-38
61. Jane JA, Persing JA (2000) Neurosurgical treatment of craniosynostosis. In: Cohen MM Jr, MacLean RE (eds) CraniosyDostosis: diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Oxford Press, New York, pp 209-227
62. Jantz JW, Blosser CD, Fruecting LA (1997) A motor milestone change noted with a change in sleep position. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151:565-568
63. Johnson MH, Halit H, Grice SJ, Karmiloff-Smith A (2002) Neuroimaging of typical and atypical development: A perspective from multiple levels of analysis. Dev Psychopathol 14:521-536
64. Kallen K (1999) Maternal smoking and craniosynostosis. Teratology 60:146-150
65. Kapp-Simon KA (1994) Mental development in infants with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis with and without cranial release and reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 94:408-410
66. Kapp-Simon KA (1998) Mental development and learning disorders in children with single suture craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 35:197-203
67. Kapp-Simon KA, Leroux B, Cunningham ML, Speltz ML (2005) Multi-site study of infants with single-suture craniosynostosis: Preliminary report of pre-surgery development. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 42:377-384
68. Kates WR, Frederikse M, Mostofsky SH, Folley BS, Cooper K, Mazur-Hopkins P (2002) MRI parcellation of the frontal lobe in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res 116:63-81
69. Kjaer I (1995) Human prenatal craniofacial development related to brain development under normal and pathologic conditions. Acta Odontol Scan 53:135-143
70. Kreiborg S (2000) Postnatal growth and development of the craniofacial complex in premature craniosynostosis. In: Cohen MMJ, MacLean RE (eds) Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, evaluation, and management. University Press, New York
71. Kress W, Petersen B, Collmann H, Grimm T (2000) An unusual FGFR1 mutation (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 mutation) in a girl with non-syndromic trigonocephaly. Cytogenet Cell Genet 91:138-140
72. Lajeunie E, LeMerrer M, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Marchac D, Renier D (1996) Genetic study of scaphocephaly. Am J Med Genet 62:282-285
73. Lajeunie E, Le Merrer M, Marchac D, Renier D (1998) Syndromal and nonsyndromal primary trigonocephaly: Analysis of a series of 237 patients. Am J Med Genet 75
74. Leonard CM, Eckert MA, Lombardino LJ, Oakland T, Kranzler J, Mohr CM, King WM, Freeman A (2001) Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia. Cereb Cortex 11:148-157
75. Leonard CM, Lombardino LJ, Walsh K, Eckert MA, Mockler JL, Rowe LA, Williams S, DeBose CB (2002) Anatomical risk factors that distinguish dyslexia from SLI predict reading skill in normal children. J Commun Disord 35:501-531
76. Magge SN, Westerveld M, Pruzinsky T, Persing JA (2002) Long-term neuropsychological effects of sagittal craniosynostosis on child development. J Craniofac Surg 13:99-104
77. Marsh JL, Jenny A, Galic M, Picker S, Vannier MW (1991) Surgical management of sagittal synostosis. A quantitative evaluation of two techniques. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2:629-640
78. Marsh JL (2000) Surgical research on Craniosynostosis in. In: Cohen MM, Jr, MacLean RE (eds) Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, evaluation, and management, pp 292-306
79. McPartland J, Dawson G, Webb SJ, Panagiotides H, Carver LJ (2004) Event-related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45:1235-1245
80. Morton JB, Munakata Y (2005) What's the difference? Contrasting modular and neural network approaches to understanding developmental variability. J Dev Behav Pediatr 26:128-139
81. Mostofsky SH, Cooper K, Kates WR, Denckla MB, Kaufmann W (2002) Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 52:785-794
82. Mueller R-A, Cauich CC, Rubio MA, Mizuno A, Courchesne E (2004) Abnormal activity patterns in premotor cortex during sequence learning in autistic patients. Biol Psychiatry 56:323-332
83. Mulliken JB, Gripp KW, Stolle CA, Steinberger D, Muller U (2004) Molecular analysis of patients with synostotic frontal plagiocephaly (unilateral coronal synostosis). Plast Reconstr Surg 113:1899-1909
84. Munakata Y, Casey BJ, Diamond A (2004) Developmental cognitive neuroscience: Progress and potential. Trends Cogn Sci 8:122-128
85. Nopoulos P, Choe I, Berg S, Van Demark D, Canady J, Richman LC (2005) Ventral frontal cortex morphology in adult males with isolated orofacial clefts: Relationship to abnormalities in social function. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 42:138-140
86. Olshan AF, Faustman EM (1989) Nitrosatable drug exposure during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome. Int J Epidemiol 18:891-899
87. Panchal J, Marsh J, Kaufman B, Pilgram TK, Huang SH (1999) Sagittal craniosynostosis outcomes assessment for two methods and timings of intervention. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:1574-1584
88. Panchal J, Amirsheybani H, Gurwitch R, Cook V, Francel P, Neas B, Levine N (2001) Neurodevelopment in children with single-suture craniosynostosis and plagiocephaly without synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1492-1498, discussion 1499-1500
89. Pennington BF (1991) Diagnosing learning disorders: A neuropsychological framework. Guilford, New York
90. Pennington BF (2002) The development of psychopathology. Guilford, New York, pp 32-63
91. Pierce K, Haist F, Sedaghat F, Courchesne E (2004) The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: Findings of fusiform activity and beyond. Brain 127:2703-2716
92. Polley JW, Charbel GT, Kim D, MaFee MF (1998) Nonsyndromal craniosynostosis: Longitudinal outcomes following cranio-orbital reconstruction in infancy. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:619
93. Posnick JC, Armstrong D, Bite U (1995) Metopic and sagittal synostosis: intracranial volume measurements prior to and after cranio-orbital reshaping in childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:299-309
94. Renier D, Sainte-Rose C, Marchac D, Hirsch JF (1982) Intracranial pressure in craniostenosis. J Neurosurg 57:370-377
95. Renier D, Brunet L, Marchac D (1987) IQ and craniosynostosis: Evolution in treated and untreated cases. In: Marchac D (ed) Craniofacial surgery. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 114-117
96. Renier D, Lajeunie E, Arnaud E, Marchac D (2000) Management of craniosynostosis. Child's Nerv Syst 16:645-658
97. Richtsmeier JT, Aldridge K, Deleon VB, Panchal J, Kane AA, Marsh JL, Yan P, Cole TM 3rd (2006) Phenotypic integration of neurocranium and brain. J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol 306(4):360-378
98. Romine CB, Reynolds CR (2004) Sequential memory: A developmental perspective on its relation to frontal lobe functioning. Neuropsychol Rev 14:43-64
99. Rourke BP (1987) Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: The final common pathway of white-matter disease/dysfunction? Clin Neuropsychol 1:209-234
100. Scerif G, Karmiloff-Smith A (2005) The dawn of cognitive genetics? Crucial developmental caveats. Trends Cogn Sci 9:126-135
101. Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N (2005) Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1263-1272
102. Semrud-Clikeman M, Filipek PA, Biederman J, Steingard R, Kennedy DN, Renshaw P, Bekken K (1994) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psych 33:875-881
103. Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard R, Flipek P, Biederman J, Bekken K, Renshaw P (2000) Using MRI to examine brain-behavior relationships in males with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psych 39:477-484
104. Seto ML, Hing AV, Chang J, Hu M, Kapp-Simon KA, Patel PK, Burton BK, Kane A, Smyth MD, Hopper R, Ellenbogen RG, Stevenson K, Speltz ML, Cunningham ML (2006) Isolated sagittal and coronal craniosynostosis associated with TWIST Box mutations. Am J Med Genet (in press)
105. Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Fullbright RK, Skudlarski P, Constable RT, Marchione KE, Fletcher JM, Lyon GR, Gore JC (2002) Disruption of the posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biol Psychiatry 52:101-110
106. Shimoji T, Shimabukuro S, Sugama S, Ochiai Y (2002) Mild trigonocephaly with clinical symptoms: Analysis of surgical results in 65 patients. Child's Nerv Syst 18:215-224
107. Shipster C, Hearst D, Somerville A, Stackhouse J, Hayward R, Wade A (2003) Speech, language, and cognitive development in children with isolated sagittal synostosis. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:34-43
108. Shuper A, Merlob P, Grunebaum M, Reisner SH (1985) The incidence of isolated craniosynostosis in the newborn infant. Am J Dis Child 139:85-86
109. Sidoti EJ Jr, Marsh J, Marty-Grames L, Noetzel MJ (1996) Long-term studies of metopic synostosis: Frequency of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances. Plast Reconstr Surg 97:276-281
110. Simos PG, Breier JI, Fletcher JM, Bergman E, Papanicolaou AC (2000) Cerebral mechanisms involved in word reading in dyslexic children: A magnetic source imaging approach. Cereb Cortex 10:809-816
111. Simos PG, Breier JI, Fletcher JM, Foorman BR, Bergman E, Fishbeck K, Papanicolaou AC (2000) Brain activation profiles in dyslexic children during non-word reading: A magnetic source imaging study. Neurosci Lett 290:61-65
112. Singer S, Bower C, Southall P, Goldblatt J (1999) Craniosynostosis in Western Australia, 1980-1994: A population-based study. Am J Med Genet 83:382-387
113. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW, Peterson BS (2003) Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 362:1699-1707
114. Speltz ML, Kapp-Simon KA, Cunningham M, Marsh J, Dawson G (2004) Single-suture craniosynostosis: A review of neurobehavioral research and theory. J Pediatr Psychol 29:651-668
115. Speltz ML, Kapp-Simon KA, Collett B, Keich Y, Gaither R, Cradock MM, Buono L, Cunningham M (2006) Neurodevelopment of infants with single-suture craniosynostosis: Pre-surgery comparisons with case-matched controls. Plast Reconstr Surg (in press)
116. Spreen O (1989) The relationship between learning disabilities, emotional disorders, and neuropsychology; some results and observations. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 11:117-140
117. Stuss DT, Levine B (2002) Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from the frontal lobes. Annu Rev Psychol 53:401-433
118. Sze RW, Hopper RA, Ghouzzi VE, Gruss JS, Ellenbogen RG, King D, Hing AV, Cunningham ML (2005) MDCT Diagnosis of the child with posterior plagiocephaly. Am J Roentgenol 185:11342-11346
119. Tamburrini G, Caldarelli M, Massimi L, Santini P, Di Rocco C (2005) Intracranial pressure monitoring in children with single suture and complex craniosynostosis: A review. Child's Nerv Syst 21:913-921
120. Temple E, Poldrack RA, Salidis J, Deutch GK, Tallal P, Merzenich MM (2001) Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: An fMRI study. Neuroreport 12:299-307
121. Thomas GPL, Wilkie AOM, Richards PG, Wall SA (2005) FGFR3 P250R Mutations increases the risk of reoperations in apparent 'nonsyndromic'coronal craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 16:347-352
122. Tubbs RS, Elton S, Blount JP, Oakes WJ (2001) Preliminary observations on the association between simple metopic ridging in children without trigonocephaly and the Chiari I malformation. Pediatr Neurosurg 35:136-139
123. Vannier MW, Hildebolt CF, Marsh JL, Pilgram TK, McAlister WH, Shackelford GD, Offutt CJ, Knapp RH (1989) Craniosynostosis: Diagnostic value of three-dimensional CT reconstruction. Radiology 173:669-673
124. Vannier MW, Pilgram TK, Marsh JL, Kraemer BB, Rayne SC, Gado MH, Moran CJ, McAlister WH, Shackelford GD, Hardesty RA (1994) Craniosynostosis: diagnostic imaging with three-dimensional CT presentation. Am J Neuroradiol 15:1861-1869
125. Warschausky S, Angobaldo J, Kewman D, Buchman S, Muraszko KM, Azengart A (2005) Early development of infants with untreated metopic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:1518-1523
126. Woods SP, Weinborn M, Ball JD, Tiller-Nevin S, Pickett TC (2000) Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): An identical twin case study illustration of white matter dysfunction and nonverbal learning disability (NLD). Child Neuropsychol 6:274-285