메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 371-378

Reinforcement learning signals predict future decisions

Author keywords

Decision making; Dopamine; ERN; Event related potential; Reinforcement learning; Reward prediction error

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COMPUTER MODEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEARNING; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; NORMAL HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 33846225079     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 02706474     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4421-06.2007     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (269)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 0025321039 scopus 로고
    • Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing
    • Alexander GE, Crutcher MD (1990) Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci 13:266-271.
    • (1990) Trends Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 266-271
    • Alexander, G.E.1    Crutcher, M.D.2
  • 2
    • 0022930826 scopus 로고
    • Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex
    • Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9:357-381.
    • (1986) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 357-381
    • Alexander, G.E.1    DeLong, M.R.2    Strick, P.L.3
  • 3
    • 1842612383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prefrontal cortex and decision making in a mixed-strategy game
    • Barraclough DJ, Conroy ML, Lee D (2004) Prefrontal cortex and decision making in a mixed-strategy game. Nat Neurosci 7:404-410.
    • (2004) Nat Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 404-410
    • Barraclough, D.J.1    Conroy, M.L.2    Lee, D.3
  • 4
    • 0003066445 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement learning
    • Arbib MA, ed, pp, Cambridge, MA: MIT
    • Barto AG (1995) Reinforcement learning. In: Handbook of brain theory and neural networks (Arbib MA, ed), pp 804-809. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
    • (1995) Handbook of brain theory and neural networks , pp. 804-809
    • Barto, A.G.1
  • 5
    • 21544435722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal
    • Bayer HM, Glimcher PW (2005) Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal. Neuron 47:129-141.
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.47 , pp. 129-141
    • Bayer, H.M.1    Glimcher, P.W.2
  • 6
    • 0038364163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of pleasure prediction: Specifying the neural dynamics of human reward learning
    • Braver TS, Brown JW (2003) Principles of pleasure prediction: specifying the neural dynamics of human reward learning. Neuron 38:150-152.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.38 , pp. 150-152
    • Braver, T.S.1    Brown, J.W.2
  • 8
    • 33746191322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb (hand vs. foot) and response conflict have similar effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded during motor imagery and overt execution
    • Carrillo-de-la-Pena MT, Lastra-Barreira C, Galdo-Alvarez S (2006) Limb (hand vs. foot) and response conflict have similar effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded during motor imagery and overt execution. Eur J Neurosci 24:635-643.
    • (2006) Eur J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 635-643
    • Carrillo-de-la-Pena, M.T.1    Lastra-Barreira, C.2    Galdo-Alvarez, S.3
  • 9
    • 33846228516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences and the neural representations of reward expectation and reward prediction error. Soc Cogn Affect
    • in press
    • Cohen MX (2006) Individual differences and the neural representations of reward expectation and reward prediction error. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, in press.
    • (2006) Neurosci
    • Cohen, M.X.1
  • 10
    • 32944471205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and neural predictors of upcoming decisions
    • Cohen MX, Ranganath C (2005) Behavioral and neural predictors of upcoming decisions. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 5:117-126.
    • (2005) Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 117-126
    • Cohen, M.X.1    Ranganath, C.2
  • 11
    • 0037057808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward, motivation, and reinforcement learning
    • Dayan P, Balleine BW (2002) Reward, motivation, and reinforcement learning. Neuron 36:285-298.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 285-298
    • Dayan, P.1    Balleine, B.W.2
  • 12
    • 30744465379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trial-by-trial coupling of concurrent electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies the dynamics of performance monitoring
    • Debener S, Ullsperger M, Siegel M, Fiehler K, von Cramon DY, Engel AK (2005) Trial-by-trial coupling of concurrent electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies the dynamics of performance monitoring. J Neurosci 25:11730-11737.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 11730-11737
    • Debener, S.1    Ullsperger, M.2    Siegel, M.3    Fiehler, K.4    von Cramon, D.Y.5    Engel, A.K.6
  • 14
    • 0029076257 scopus 로고
    • Highly restricted origin of prefrontal cortical inputs to striosomes in the macaque monkey
    • Eblen F, Graybiel AM (1995) Highly restricted origin of prefrontal cortical inputs to striosomes in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 15:5999-6013.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 5999-6013
    • Eblen, F.1    Graybiel, A.M.2
  • 15
    • 0031788392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A computational role for dopamine delivery in human decision-making
    • Egelman DM, Person C, Montague PR (1998) A computational role for dopamine delivery in human decision-making. J Cogn Neurosci 10:623-630.
    • (1998) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 623-630
    • Egelman, D.M.1    Person, C.2    Montague, P.R.3
  • 17
    • 0037459319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons
    • Fiorillo CD, Tobler PN, Schultz W (2003) Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science 299:1898-1902.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 1898-1902
    • Fiorillo, C.D.1    Tobler, P.N.2    Schultz, W.3
  • 18
    • 12544251990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: A neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism
    • Frank MJ (2005) Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism. J Cogn Neurosci 17:51-72.
    • (2005) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 51-72
    • Frank, M.J.1
  • 19
    • 23744467723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error-related negativity predicts reinforcement learning and conflict biases
    • Frank MJ, Woroch BS, Curran T (2005) Error-related negativity predicts reinforcement learning and conflict biases. Neuron 47:495-501.
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.47 , pp. 495-501
    • Frank, M.J.1    Woroch, B.S.2    Curran, T.3
  • 20
    • 4644236659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERP evidence of MI activation without motor response execution
    • Galdo-Alvarez S, Carrillo-de-la-Pena MT (2004) ERP evidence of MI activation without motor response execution. NeuroReport 15:2067-2070.
    • (2004) NeuroReport , vol.15 , pp. 2067-2070
    • Galdo-Alvarez, S.1    Carrillo-de-la-Pena, M.T.2
  • 21
    • 0036942784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: Inhibition, error detection, and correction
    • Garavan H, Ross TJ, Murphy K, Roche RA, Stein EA (2002) Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: inhibition, error detection, and correction. NeuroImage 17:1820-1829.
    • (2002) NeuroImage , vol.17 , pp. 1820-1829
    • Garavan, H.1    Ross, T.J.2    Murphy, K.3    Roche, R.A.4    Stein, E.A.5
  • 22
    • 0023753615 scopus 로고
    • Burst firing induced in midbrain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices
    • Gariano RF, Groves PM (1988) Burst firing induced in midbrain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Brain Res 462:194-198.
    • (1988) Brain Res , vol.462 , pp. 194-198
    • Gariano, R.F.1    Groves, P.M.2
  • 23
    • 0035576317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functions of the medial frontal cortex in the processing of conflict and errors
    • Gehring WJ, Fencsik DE (2001) Functions of the medial frontal cortex in the processing of conflict and errors. J Neurosci 21:9430-9437.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 9430-9437
    • Gehring, W.J.1    Fencsik, D.E.2
  • 24
    • 0037155597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses
    • Gehring WJ, Willoughby AR (2002) The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science 295:2279-2282.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2279-2282
    • Gehring, W.J.1    Willoughby, A.R.2
  • 26
    • 0034704894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands
    • Gold JI, Shadlen MN (2000) Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands. Nature 404:390-394.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 390-394
    • Gold, J.I.1    Shadlen, M.N.2
  • 27
    • 0035379766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A new functional anatomy
    • Gurney K, Prescott TJ, Redgrave P (2001) A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A new functional anatomy. Biol Cybern 84:401-410.
    • (2001) Biol Cybern , vol.84 , pp. 401-410
    • Gurney, K.1    Prescott, T.J.2    Redgrave, P.3
  • 28
    • 17244366692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes
    • Hajcak G, Holroyd CB, Moser JS, Simons RF (2005) Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes. Psychophysiology 42:161-170.
    • (2005) Psychophysiology , vol.42 , pp. 161-170
    • Hajcak, G.1    Holroyd, C.B.2    Moser, J.S.3    Simons, R.F.4
  • 31
    • 85047670409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity
    • Holroyd CB, Coles MG (2002) The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev 109:679-709.
    • (2002) Psychol Rev , vol.109 , pp. 679-709
    • Holroyd, C.B.1    Coles, M.G.2
  • 32
    • 0037204942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holroyd CB, Coles MG, Nieuwenhuis S (2002) Medial prefrontal cortex and error potentials. Science 296:1610-1611; author reply 1610-1611.
    • Holroyd CB, Coles MG, Nieuwenhuis S (2002) Medial prefrontal cortex and error potentials. Science 296:1610-1611; author reply 1610-1611.
  • 33
    • 85026140894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors in reward prediction are reflected in the event-related brain potential
    • Holroyd CB, Nieuwenhuis S, Yeung N, Cohen JD (2003) Errors in reward prediction are reflected in the event-related brain potential. NeuroReport 14:2481-2484.
    • (2003) NeuroReport , vol.14 , pp. 2481-2484
    • Holroyd, C.B.1    Nieuwenhuis, S.2    Yeung, N.3    Cohen, J.D.4
  • 34
    • 0034008608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The connections of the dopaminergic system with the striatum in rats and primates: An analysis with respect to the functional and compartmental organization of the striatum
    • Joel D, Weiner I (2000) The connections of the dopaminergic system with the striatum in rats and primates: an analysis with respect to the functional and compartmental organization of the striatum. Neuroscience 96:451-474.
    • (2000) Neuroscience , vol.96 , pp. 451-474
    • Joel, D.1    Weiner, I.2
  • 37
    • 0032251894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence properties of the Nelder-Mead simplex method in low dimensions
    • Lagarias JC, Reeds JA, Wright MH, Wright PE (1998) Convergence properties of the Nelder-Mead simplex method in low dimensions. SIAM J Optim 9:112-147.
    • (1998) SIAM J Optim , vol.9 , pp. 112-147
    • Lagarias, J.C.1    Reeds, J.A.2    Wright, M.H.3    Wright, P.E.4
  • 38
    • 85121937338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y, Ma Z, Lu W (2006) Automatic removal of the eye blink artifact from EEG using an ICA-based template matching approach. Physiol Meas 27:425-436.
    • Y, Ma Z, Lu W (2006) Automatic removal of the eye blink artifact from EEG using an ICA-based template matching approach. Physiol Meas 27:425-436.
  • 40
    • 0037057753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation
    • Montague PR, Berns GS (2002) Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation. Neuron 36:265-284.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 265-284
    • Montague, P.R.1    Berns, G.S.2
  • 41
    • 7244240565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control
    • Montague PR, Hyman SE, Cohen JD (2004) Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature 431:760-767.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 760-767
    • Montague, P.R.1    Hyman, S.E.2    Cohen, J.D.3
  • 42
    • 0002053554 scopus 로고
    • Learning behavior in an experimental matching pennies game
    • Mookherjee D, Sopher B (1994) Learning behavior in an experimental matching pennies game. Games Econ Behav 7:62-91.
    • (1994) Games Econ Behav , vol.7 , pp. 62-91
    • Mookherjee, D.1    Sopher, B.2
  • 43
    • 0034114912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting the onset of the lateralized readiness potential: A comparison of available methods and procedures
    • Mordkoff JT, Gianaros PJ (2000) Detecting the onset of the lateralized readiness potential: a comparison of available methods and procedures. Psychophysiology 37:347-360.
    • (2000) Psychophysiology , vol.37 , pp. 347-360
    • Mordkoff, J.T.1    Gianaros, P.J.2
  • 44
    • 0034854286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: Evidence from an antisaccade task
    • Nieuwenhuis S, Ridderinkhof KR, Blom J, Band GP, Kok A (2001) Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophysiology 38:752-760.
    • (2001) Psychophysiology , vol.38 , pp. 752-760
    • Nieuwenhuis, S.1    Ridderinkhof, K.R.2    Blom, J.3    Band, G.P.4    Kok, A.5
  • 46
    • 4043101976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: Origins and functional significance
    • Nieuwenhuis S, Holroyd CB, Mol N, Coles MG (2004) Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: origins and functional significance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:441-448.
    • (2004) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.28 , pp. 441-448
    • Nieuwenhuis, S.1    Holroyd, C.B.2    Mol, N.3    Coles, M.G.4
  • 47
    • 21444443526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential modulation of anterior cingulate cortical activity by afferents from ventral tegmental area and mediodorsal thalamus
    • Onn SP, Wang XB (2005) Differential modulation of anterior cingulate cortical activity by afferents from ventral tegmental area and mediodorsal thalamus. Eur J Neurosci 21:2975-2992.
    • (2005) Eur J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 2975-2992
    • Onn, S.P.1    Wang, X.B.2
  • 48
    • 0036812523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of dopaminergic denervation on the metabolic activity of the cortical neurons projecting to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat
    • Orieux G, Francois C, Feger J, Hirsch EC (2002) Consequences of dopaminergic denervation on the metabolic activity of the cortical neurons projecting to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat. J Neurosci 22:8762-8770.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 8762-8770
    • Orieux, G.1    Francois, C.2    Feger, J.3    Hirsch, E.C.4
  • 49
    • 0027998259 scopus 로고
    • Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: A new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain
    • Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D (1994) Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Int J Psychophysiol 18:49-65.
    • (1994) Int J Psychophysiol , vol.18 , pp. 49-65
    • Pascual-Marqui, R.D.1    Michel, C.M.2    Lehmann, D.3
  • 50
    • 0041382930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors are foreshadowed in brain potentials associated with action monitoring in cingulate cortex in humans
    • Ridderinkhof KR, Nieuwenhuis S, Bashore TR (2003) Errors are foreshadowed in brain potentials associated with action monitoring in cingulate cortex in humans. Neurosci Lett 348:1-4.
    • (2003) Neurosci Lett , vol.348 , pp. 1-4
    • Ridderinkhof, K.R.1    Nieuwenhuis, S.2    Bashore, T.R.3
  • 52
    • 7044241190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning
    • Ridderinkhof KR, van den Wildenberg WP, Segalowitz SJ, Carter CS (2004b) Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain Cogn 56:129-140.
    • (2004) Brain Cogn , vol.56 , pp. 129-140
    • Ridderinkhof, K.R.1    van den Wildenberg, W.P.2    Segalowitz, S.J.3    Carter, C.S.4
  • 53
    • 0037076877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human anterior cingulate cortex is activated by negative feedback: Evidence from event-related potentials in a guessing task
    • Ruchsow M, Grothe J, Spitzer M, Kiefer M (2002) Human anterior cingulate cortex is activated by negative feedback: evidence from event-related potentials in a guessing task. Neurosci Lett 325:203-206.
    • (2002) Neurosci Lett , vol.325 , pp. 203-206
    • Ruchsow, M.1    Grothe, J.2    Spitzer, M.3    Kiefer, M.4
  • 54
    • 28144449057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of action-specific reward values in the striatum
    • Samejima K, Ueda Y, Doya K, Kimura M (2005) Representation of action-specific reward values in the striatum. Science 310:1337-1340.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 1337-1340
    • Samejima, K.1    Ueda, Y.2    Doya, K.3    Kimura, M.4
  • 55
    • 0029036250 scopus 로고
    • Neural basis of saccade target selection
    • Schall JD (1995) Neural basis of saccade target selection. Rev Neurosci 6:63-85.
    • (1995) Rev Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 63-85
    • Schall, J.D.1
  • 56
    • 18244371699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision making
    • Schall JD (2005) Decision making. Curr Biol 15:R9-R11.
    • (2005) Curr Biol , vol.15
    • Schall, J.D.1
  • 57
    • 1842684992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology
    • Schultz W (2004) Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:139-147.
    • (2004) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.14 , pp. 139-147
    • Schultz, W.1
  • 58
    • 0030896968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural substrate of prediction and reward
    • Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR (1997) A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275:1593-1599.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1593-1599
    • Schultz, W.1    Dayan, P.2    Montague, P.R.3
  • 59
    • 2942726234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching behavior and the representation of value in the parietal cortex
    • Sugrue LP, Corrado GS, Newsome WT (2004) Matching behavior and the representation of value in the parietal cortex. Science 304:1782-1787.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 1782-1787
    • Sugrue, L.P.1    Corrado, G.S.2    Newsome, W.T.3
  • 60
    • 34249831562 scopus 로고
    • Introduction: The challenge of reinforcement learning
    • Sutton RS (1992) Introduction: the challenge of reinforcement learning. Mach Learn 8:225-227.
    • (1992) Mach Learn , vol.8 , pp. 225-227
    • Sutton, R.S.1
  • 63
    • 0035811464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
    • Waelti P, Dickinson A, Schultz W (2001) Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory. Nature 412:43-48.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 43-48
    • Waelti, P.1    Dickinson, A.2    Schultz, W.3
  • 64
    • 12744280680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of human anterior cingulate cortex microdomains to error detection, conflict monitoring, stimulus-response mapping, familiarity, and orienting
    • Wang C, Ulbert I, Schomer DL, Marinkovic K, Halgren E (2005) Responses of human anterior cingulate cortex microdomains to error detection, conflict monitoring, stimulus-response mapping, familiarity, and orienting. J Neurosci 25:604-613.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 604-613
    • Wang, C.1    Ulbert, I.2    Schomer, D.L.3    Marinkovic, K.4    Halgren, E.5
  • 65
    • 17344367728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system
    • Williams SM, Goldman-Rakic PS (1998) Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system. Cereb Cortex 8:321-345.
    • (1998) Cereb Cortex , vol.8 , pp. 321-345
    • Williams, S.M.1    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.2
  • 66
    • 9644265114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error-related negativity reflects detection of negative reward prediction error
    • Yasuda A, Sato A, Miyawaki K, Kumano H, Kuboki T (2004) Error-related negativity reflects detection of negative reward prediction error. NeuroReport 15:2561-2565.
    • (2004) NeuroReport , vol.15 , pp. 2561-2565
    • Yasuda, A.1    Sato, A.2    Miyawaki, K.3    Kumano, H.4    Kuboki, T.5
  • 67
    • 3242706795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain
    • Yeung N, Sanfey AG (2004) Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain. J Neurosci 24:6258-6264.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 6258-6264
    • Yeung, N.1    Sanfey, A.G.2
  • 68
    • 17744363898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERP correlates of feedback and reward processing in the presence and absence of response choice
    • Yeung N, Holroyd CB, Cohen JD (2005) ERP correlates of feedback and reward processing in the presence and absence of response choice. Cereb Cortex 15:535-544.
    • (2005) Cereb Cortex , vol.15 , pp. 535-544
    • Yeung, N.1    Holroyd, C.B.2    Cohen, J.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.