Inflammation, atrophy, and gastric cancer

Journal of Clinical Investigation

Volumn 117, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 60-69

  Fox, James G ^a   Wang, Timothy C ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

ACHLORHYDRIA; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BONE MARROW CELL; CANCER INCIDENCE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ERADICATION THERAPY; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HEREDITY; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATION; MICROORGANISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER;

ATROPHY; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33845981808     PISSN: 00219738     EISSN: 15588238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1172/JCI30111     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Ries, L.A.G., et al. 2005. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2002. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/ 1975_2002/.
2. Parkin, D.M., Pisani, P., and Ferlay, J. 1999. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 49:33-64.
3. Lauren, P. 1965. The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. An attempt at a histo-clinical classification. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 64:31-49.
4. Cuello, C., et al. 1979. Histopathology of gastric dysplasias: correlations with gastric juice chemistry. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 3:491-500.
5. Philip, M., Rowley, D.A., and Schreiber, H. 2004. Inflammation as a tumor promoter in cancer induction. Semin. Cancer Biol. 14:433-439.
6. Gilmour, J. 1958. Clinical aspects of carcinoma of stomach in diagnosis based upon the study of 146 cases. Br. Med. J. 5073:745-748.
7. Gilmour, J. 1961. The surgical aspects of gastritis and its role in gastric pathology. Br. J. Surg. 49:278-288.
8. Siurala, M., Isokoski, M., Varis, K., and Kekki, M. 1968. Prevalence of gastritis in a rural population. Bioptic study of subjects selected at random. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 3:211-223.
9. Correa, P. 1980. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastritis: three etiologic entities. Front. Gastrointest. Res. 6:98-108.
10. Correa, P. 1985. Clinical implications of recent developments in gastric cancer pathology and epidemiology. Semin. Oncol. 12:2-10.
11. Correa, P. 1983. Chronic atrophic gastritis as a precursor of cancer. In Precancerous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. P. Sherlock, B. Morson, L. Barbara, and U. Veronesi, editors. Raven Press. New York, New York, USA. 145-153.
12. Bonne, C., et al. 1938. Morphology of the stomach and gastric secretion in Malays and Chinese and the different incidence of gastric ulcer and cancer in these races. Am. J. Cancer. 33:265-279.
13. Siurala, M., Varis, K., and Wiljasalo, M. 1966. Studies of patients with atrophic gastritis: a 10-15-year follow-up. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1:40-48.
14. Fox, J.G., and Wang, T.C. 2001. Helicobacter pylori - not a good bug after all! N. Engl. J. Med. 345:829-832.
15. Correa, P. 1995. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 19(Suppl. 1):S37-S43.
16. Genta, R.M. 1997. Helicobacter pylori, inflammation, mucosal damage, and apoptosis: pathogenesis and definition of gastric atrophy. Gastroenterology. 113(Suppl. 6):S51-S55.
17. El-Zimaity, H.M., et al. 2002. Patterns of gastric atrophy in intestinal type gastric carcinoma. Cancer. 94:1428-1436.
18. Schmidt, P.H., et al. 1999. Identification of a metaplastic cell lineage associated with human gastric adenocarcinoma. Lab. Invest. 79:639-646.
19. Halldorsdottir, A.M., et al. 2003. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) associated with gastric cancer in Iceland. Dig. Dis. Sci. 48:431-441.
20. Fox, J.G., et al. 1996. Hypertrophic gastropathy in Helicobacter felis-infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice and p53 hemizygous transgenic mice. Gastroenterology. 110:155-166.
21. Wang, T.C., et al. 1998. Mice lacking secretory phospholipase A2 show altered apoptosis and differentiation with Helicobacter felis infection. Gastroenterology. 114:675-689.
22. Li, Q., Karam, S.M., and Gordon, J.I. 1996. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of parietal cells in the stomach of transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3671-3676.
23. Van den Brink, G.R., et al. 2001. Sonic hedgehog regulates gastric gland morphogenesis in man and mouse. Gastroenterology. 121:317-328.
24. Shiotani, A., et al. 2005. Evidence that loss of sonic hedgehog is an indicator of Helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis progressing to gastric cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:581-587.
25. Ramalho-Santos, M., Melton, D.A., and McMahon, A.P. 2000. Hedgehog signals regulate multiple aspects of gastrointestinal development. Development. 127:2763-2772.
26. Goldenring, J.R., et al. 2000. Reversible drug-induced oxyntic atrophy in rats. Gastroenterology. 118:1080-1093.
27. Nomura, S., et al. 2005. Alterations in gastric mucosal lineages induced by acute oxyntic atrophy in wild-type and gastrin-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288:G362-G375.
28. Houghton, J., et al. 2004. Gastric cancer originating from bone marrow-derived cells. Science. 306:1568-1571.
29. Taylor, D., and Parsonnet, J. 1995. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract. In Infections of the gastrointestinal tract. M.J. Blaser, P. Smith, J. Ravdin, H. Greenberg, and R. Guerrant, editors. Raven Press. New York, New York, USA. 551-563.
30. Hansson, L.E., et al. 1996. The risk of stomach cancer in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 335:242-249.
31. Oh, J.D., Karam, S.M., and Gordon, J.I. 2005. Intracellular Helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelial progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:5186-5191.
32. Wilkinson, S.M., Uhl, J.R., Kline, B.C., and Cockerill, F.R., 3rd. 1998. Assessment of invasion frequencies of cultured HEp-2 cells by clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori using an acridine orange assay. J. Clin. Pathol. 51:127-133.
33. Semino-Mora, C., et al. 2003. Intracellular and interstitial expression of Helicobacter pylori virulence genes in gastric precancerous intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma. J. Infect. Dis. 187:1165-1177.
34. Ilver, D., et al. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science. 279:373-377.
35. Backstrom, A., et al. 2004. Metastability of Helicobacter pylori bab adhesin genes and dynamics in Lewis b antigen binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:16923-16928.
36. Gerhard, M., et al. 1999. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:12778-12783.
37. Hansson, L.E., et al. 1993. Helicobacter pylori infection: independent risk indicator of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 105:1098-1103.
38. Mahdavi, J., et al. 2002. Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science. 297:573-578.
39. Linden, S., et al. 2002. Strain- and blood group-dependent binding of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric MUC5AC glycoforms. Gastroenterology. 123:1923-1930.
40. Clyne, M., et al. 2004. Helicobacter pylori interacts with the human single-domain trefoil protein TFF1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:7409-7414.
41. Peek, R.M., Jr., and Crabtree, J.E. 2006. Helicobacter infection and gastric neoplasia. J. Pathol. 208:233-248.
42. Parsonnet, J., Friedman, G.D., Orentreich, N., and Vogelman, H. 1997. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 40:297-301.
43. Enroth, H., et al. 2000. Helicobacter pylori strain types and risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9:981-985.
44. Shibata, A., et al. 2002. CagA status of Helicobacter pylori infection and p53 gene mutations in gastric adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 23:419-424.
45. Jenks, P.J., et al. 2003. Long-term infection with Helicobacter felis and inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene p53 cumulatively enhance the gastric mutation frequency in Big Blue transgenic mice. J. Pathol. 201:596-602.
46. Higashi, H., et al. 2002. SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intracellular target of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Science. 295:683-686.
47. Tsutsumi, R., et al. 2003. Attenuation of Helicobacter pylori CagA x SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278:3664-3670.
48. Higashi, H., et al. 2002. Biological activity of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA is determined by variation in the tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:14428-14433.
49. Crabtree, J.E., et al. 1995. Induction of interleukin-8 secretion from gastric epithelial cells by a cagA negative isogenic mutant of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Pathol. 48:967-969.
50. Censini, S., et al. 1996. cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:14648-14653.
51. Segal, E.D., et al. 1997. Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:7595-7599.
52. Viala, J., et al. 2004. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat. Immunol. 5:1166-1174.
53. Leunk, R.D., et al. 1988. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 26:93-99.
54. Harris, P.R., et al. 1996. Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin induces vacuolation of primary human mucosal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 64:4867-4871.
55. Smoot, D.T., et al. 1996. Effects of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on primary cultures of human gastric epithelial cells. Gut. 39:795-799.
56. Atherton, J.C., et al. 1995. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17771-17777.
57. Garza-Gonzalez, E., et al. 2004. Association of gastric cancer, HLA-DQA1, and infection with Helicobacter pylori CagA+ and VacA+ in a Mexican population. J. Gastroenterol. 39:1138-1142.
58. Figueiredo, C., et al. 2002. Helicobacter pylori and interleukin 1 genotyping: an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for gastric carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94:1680-1687.
59. Bravo, L.E., van Doom, L.J., Realpe, J.L., and Correa, P. 2002. Virulence-associated genotypes of Helicobacter pylori: do they explain the African enigma? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97:2839-2842.
60. Perez-Perez, G.I., Garza-Gonzalez, E., Portal, C., and Olivares, A.Z. 2005. Role of cytokine polymorphisms in the risk of distal gastric cancer development. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14:1869-1873.
61. Gebert, B., et al. 2003. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Science. 301:1099-1102.
62. Koh, T., and Wang, T. 2002. Tumors of the stomach. In Sleisenger & Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. M. Feldman, L. Friedman, and M. Sleisenger, editors. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 829-855.
63. El-Omar, E.M., et al. 2000. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature. 404:398-402.
64. Machado, J.C., et al. 2001. Interleukin 1B and interleukin 1RN polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 121:823-829.
65. Furuta, T., Shirai, N., and Sugimoto, M. 2004. Controversy in polymorphisms of interleukin-1beta in gastric cancer risks. J. Gastroenterol. 39:501-503.
66. Palli, D., et al. 2005. Interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk in a high-risk Italian population. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:1941-1948.
67. El-Omar, E.M., et al. 2003. Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology. 124:1193-1201.
68. Lee, W.P., et al. 2005. The -251T allele of the interleukin-8 promoter is associated with increased risk of gastric carcinoma featuring diffuse-type histopathology in Chinese population. Clin. Cancer Res. 11:6431-6441.
69. Taguchi, A., et al. 2005. Interleukin-8 promoter polymorphism increases the risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in Japan. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14:2487-2493.
70. Roth, K.A., Kapadia, S.B., Martin, S.M., and Lorenz, R.G. 1999. Cellular immune responses are essential for the development of Helicobacter felis-associated gastric pathology. J. Immunol. 163:1490-1497.
71. Eaton, K.A., Ringler, S.R., and Danon, S.J. 1999. Murine splenocytes induce severe gastritis and delayed-type hypersensitivity and suppress bacterial colonization in Helicobacter pylori-infected SCID mice. Infect. Immun. 67:4594-4602.
72. Eaton, K.A., Mefford, M., and Thevenot, T. 2001. The role of T cell subsets and cytokines in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in mice. J. Immunol. 166:7456-7461.
73. McCracken, V.J., Martin, S.M., and Lorenz, R.G. 2005. The Helicobacter felis model of adoptive transfer gastritis. Immunol. Res. 33:183-194.
74. Fox, J.G., et al. 2000. Concurrent enteric helminth infection modulates inflammation and gastric immune responses and reduces helicobacter-induced gastric atrophy. Nat. Med. 6:536-542.
75. Smythies, L.E., et al. 2000. Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosal inflammation is Th1 mediated and exacerbated in IL-4, but not IFN-gamma, gene-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 165:1022-1029.
76. Kang, W., Rathinavelu, S., Samuelson, L.C., and Merchant, J.L. 2005. Interferon gamma induction of gastric mucous neck cell hypertrophy. Lab. Invest. 85:702-715.
77. Zavros, Y., et al. 2003. Treatment of Helicobacter gastritis with IL-4 requires somatostatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:12944-12949.
78. Mitchell, H.M., et al. 2002. Major differences in the IgG subclass response to Helicobacter pylori in the first and third worlds. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 37:517-522.
79. Whary, M.T., et al. 2005. Intestinal helminthiasis in Colombian children promotes a Th2 response to Helicobacter pylori: possible implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14:1464-1469.
80. Elshal, M.F., et al. 2004. Role of concurrent S. mansoni infection in H. pylori-associated gastritis: a flow cytometric DNA-analysis and oxyradicals correlations. Clin. Chim. Acta. 346:191-198.
81. Du, Y., et al. 2006. Helicobacter pylori and Schistosoma japonicum co-infection in a Chinese population: helminth infection alters humoral responses to H. pylori and serum pepsinogen I/II ratio. Microbes Infect. 8:52-60.
82. Brittan, M., et al. 2002. Bone marrow derivation of pericryptal myofibroblasts in the mouse and human small intestine and colon. Gut. 50:752-757.
83. Forbes, S.J., et al. 2004. A significant proportion of myofibroblasts are of bone marrow origin in human liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 126:955-963.
84. Brittan, M., et al. 2005. A regenerative role for bone marrow following experimental colitis: contribution to neovasculogenesis and myofibroblasts. Gastroenterology. 128:1984-1995.
85. Houghton, J., Morozov, A., Smirnova, I., and Wang, T.C. 2006. Stem cells and cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.04.003.
86. Wang, X., et al. 2003. Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Nature. 422:897-901.
87. Rizvi, A.Z., et al. 2006. Bone marrow-derived cells fuse with normal and transformed intestinal stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:6321-6325.
88. Camargo, F.D., Chambers, S.M., and Goodell, M.A. 2004. Stem cell plasticity: from transdifferentiation to macrophage fusion. Cell Prolif. 37:55-65.
89. Orimo, A., et al. 2005. Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell. 121:335-348.
90. Williams, C., and McColl, K.E. 2006. Review article: proton pump inhibitors and bacterial overgrowth. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:3-10.
91. Ekstrom, A.M., et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer established by CagA immunoblot as a marker of past infection. Gastroenterology. 121:784-791.
92. Zavros, Y., et al. 2005. Chronic gastritis in the hypochlorhydric gastrin-deficient mouse progresses to adenocarcinoma. Oncogene. 24:2354-2366.
93. Zavros, Y., et al. 2002. Genetic or chemical hypochlorhydria is associated with inflammation that modulates parietal and G-cell populations in mice. Gastroenterology. 122:119-133.
94. Cai, X., et al. 2005. Helicobacter felis eradication restores normal architecture and inhibits gastric cancer progression in C57BL/6 mice. Gastroenterology. 128:1937-1952.
95. Rathinavelu, S., Zavros, Y., and Merchant, J.L. 2003. Acinetobacter lwoffii infection and gastritis. Microbes Infect. 5:651-657.
96. Bateman, D.N., et al. 2003. Mortality study of 18,000 patients treated with omeprazole. Gut. 52:942-946.
97. Kuipers, E.J., et al. 1996. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1018-1022.
98. Berstad, A.E., et al. 1997. Helicobacter pylori gastritis and epithelial cell proliferation in patients with reflux oesophagitis after treatment with lansoprazole. Gut. 41:740-747.
99. Eissele, R., et al. 1997. Gastric mucosa during treatment with lansoprazole: Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for argyrophil cell hyperplasia. Gastroenterology. 112:707-717.
100. Klinkenberg-Knol, E.C., et al. 2000. Long-term omeprazole treatment in resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy, safety, and influence on gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology. 118:661-669.
101. Lundell, L. 2000. Lack of effect of acid suppression therapy on gastric atrophy. Gastroenterology. 118:453.
102. Larkin, C.J., et al. 2000. Distribution of atrophy in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects taking proton pump inhibitors. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 35:578-582.
103. Wang, T.C., et al. 2000. Synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection in a mouse model of gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 118:36-47.
104. Fox, J.G., et al. 2003. Host and microbial constituents influence Helicobacter pylori-induced cancer in a murine model of hypergastrinemia. Gastroenterology. 124:1879-1890.
105. Cui, G., et al. 2006. Gastrin-induced apoptosis contributes to carcinogenesis in the stomach. Lab. Invest. 86:1037-1051.
106. Takaishi, S., et al. 2005. Synergistic inhibitory effects of gastrin and histamine receptor antagonists on Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 128:1965-1983.
107. Parsonnet, J., Harris, R.A., Hack, H.M., and Owens, D.K. 1996. Modelling cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer: a mandate for clinical trials. Lancet. 348:150-154.
108. Uemura, N., et al. 1997. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6:639-642.
109. Uemura, N., et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 345:784-789.
110. Wong, B.C., et al. 2004. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 291:187-194.
111. Zivny, J., et al. 2003. Role of therapy or monitoring in preventing progression to gastric cancer. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 36(Suppl. 5):S50-S60; discussion S61-S62.
112. Zhou, L., et al. 2003. A five-year follow-up study on the pathological changes of gastric mucosa after H. pylori eradication. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 116:11-14.
113. Ito, M., et al. 2002. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy improves atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: a 5-year prospective study of patients with atrophic gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16:1449-1456.
114. Ruiz, B., et al. 2001. Morphometric evaluation of gastric antral atrophy: improvement after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96:3281-3287.
115. Labenz, J., et al. 1997. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 112:1442-1447.
116. Moayyedi, P., et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori eradication does not exacerbate reflux symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 121:1120-1126.
117. Schwizer, W., et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori and symptomatic relapse of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 357:1738-1742.
118. Kuipers, E.J., et al. 2004. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with long term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 53:12-20.
119. Vaira, D., et al. 2003. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on development of dyspeptic and reflux disease in healthy asymptomatic subjects. Gut. 52:1543-1547.
120. Wang, T.C. 2006. Stem cells and cancer prevention. Cancer Prevention. Issue 7. http://www.nypcancerprevention.com/issue/7/pro/iss/ issues-insights.shtml.
121. Jordan, C.T., Guzman, M.L., and Noble, M. 2006. Cancer stem cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:1253-1261.
122. Leeson, C., Leeson, T., and Paparo, A. 1985. Textbook of histology. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 597 pp.
123. Correa, P. 1991. Is gastric carcinoma an infectious disease? N. Engl. J. Med. 325:1170-1171.
124. Rogers, A.B., and Fox, J.G. 2004. Inflammation and cancer. I. Rodent models of infectious gastrointestinal and liver cancer. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286:G361-G366.
125. Rogers, A.B., et al. 2005. Helicobacter pylori but not high salt induces gastric intraepithelial neoplasia in B6129 mice. Cancer Res. 65:10709-10715.
126. Fox, J.G., et al. 2003. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice is gender specific. Cancer Res. 63:942-950.