From pathophysiology to targeted therapy for atherothrombosis: A role for the combination of statin and aspirin in secondary prevention

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 184-196

  Chapman, M John ^a  

^a PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Aspirin; Atherothrombosis; Combination therapy; Statin

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CERIVASTATIN; CHOLESTEROL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; APOPTOSIS; ARTERY INTIMA; ARTERY OCCLUSION; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; ATHEROTHROMBOSIS; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MACROPHAGE; MONOCYTE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOGENESIS; THROMBOSIS; THROMBUS; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; ASPIRIN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; INFLAMMATION; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOPROTEINS; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; MACROPHAGES; MONOCYTES; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33845904919     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.08.005     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Aikawa M., Rabkin E., Voglic S.J., Shing H., Nagai R., Schoen F.J., et al. Lipid lowering promotes accumulation of mature smooth muscle cells expressing smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms in rabbit atheroma. Circ Res 83 (1998) 1015-1026
2. Aikawa M., Rabkin E., Sugiyama S., Voglic S.J., Fukumoto Y., Furukawa Y., et al. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, cerivastatin, suppresses growth of macrophages expressing metalloproteases and tissue factor in vivo and in vitro. Circulation 103 (2001) 276-283
3. Ajjan R.A., and Grant P.J. Role of clotting factors and fibrin structure in predisposition to atherothrombotic disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 3 (2005) 1047-1059
4. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in high risk patients: Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration (ATT). BMJ 324 (2002) 71-86
5. Baetta R., Camera M., Comparato C., Altana C., Ezekowitz M.D., and Tremoli E. Fluvastatin reduces tissue factor expression and macrophage accumulaion in carotid lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits in the absence of lipid lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 (2002) 692-698
6. Baigent C., Keech A., Kearney P.M., Blackwell L., Buck G., Pollicino C., et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366 (2005) 1267-1278
7. Berliner J., and Haberland M. The role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 4 (1993) 373-381
8. Berliner J.A., and Heinecke J.W. The role of oxidised lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 20 (1996) 707-727
9. Bertrand M.E., Simoons M.L., Fox K.A., Wallentin L.C., Hamm C.W., McFadden E., et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 23 (2002) 1809-1840
10. Blumenthal R.S. Statins: effective antiatherosclerotic therapy. Am Heart J 139 (2000) 577-583
11. Casscells W., Naghavi M., and Willerson J.T. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: a multifocal disease. Circulation 107 (2003) 2072-2075
12. Chapman M.J. Atherogenicity of LDL. In: Barter P., and Rye K.-A. (Eds). Plasma Lipids and their Role in Disease (1999), Harwood Academic Publishers, Oxford, UK
13. Corti R., Hutter R., Badimon J.J., and Fuster V. Evolving concepts in the triad of atherosclerosis, inflammation and thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 17 (2004) 35-44
14. Crisby M., Nordin-Fredriksson G., Shah P.K., Yano J., Zhu J., and Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques, Implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation 103 (2001) 926-933
15. Crouse J.R., Byington R.P., Bond M.G., Espeland M.A., Craven T.E., Sprinkler J.W., et al. Pravastatin, lipids, and atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries (PLAC II). Am J Cardiol 75 (1995) 455-459
16. Dangas C., Badimon J.J., Smith D.A., Unger A.H., Levine D., Shao J.H., et al. Pravastatin therapy in hyperlipidemia: effects on thrombus formation and the systemic hemostatic profile. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1294-1304
17. Davi G., Ganci A., Averna M., Giammarresi C., Barbagallo C., Catalano I., et al. Thromboxane biosynthesis, neutrophil and coagulation activation in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Thromb Haemost 74 (1995) 1015-1019
18. Davies M.J. Stability and instability, two faces of coronary atherosclerosis: the Paul Dudley White Lecture. Circulation 94 (1996) 2013-2020
19. De Backer G., Ambrosioni E., Borch-Johnsen K., Brotons C., Cifkova R., Dallongeville J., et al. Executive summary. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 1601-1610
20. Dictionnaire VIDAL. (2006). Paris, Editions du Vidal.
21. EUROASPIRE II Study Group. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries. Principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. Eur Heart J 22 (2001) 554-572
22. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285 (2001) 2486-2497
23. Ferro D., Basili M., Alessandri C., Cara D., and Violi F. Inhibition of tissue-factor mediated thombin generation by simvastatin. Atherosclerosis 149 (2000) 111-116
24. Fuster V., Dyke M., Vokonas P.S., and Hennekens C. Aspirin as a therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease, AHA Medical/Scientific Statement. Circulation 87 (1993) 659-675
25. Gum P.A., Kottke-Marchant K., Welsh P.A., White J., and Topol E.J. A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003) 961-965
26. Hankey G., and Eikelboom J.W. Aspirin resistance. Lancet 367 (2006) 606-617
27. Hansson G.K. Inflammation, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. New Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1185-1195
28. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals. A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 7-22
29. Hennekens C.H., Sacks F.M., Tonkin A., Jukema J.W., Byington R.P., Pitt B., et al. Additive benefits of pravastatin and aspirin to decrease risks of cardiovascular disease: randomized and observational comparisons of secondary prevention trials and their meta-analyses. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004) 40-44
30. Hippisley-Cox J., and Coupland C. Effect of combinations of drugs on all cause mortality in patients with ischaemic heart disease: nested case-control analysis. BMJ 330 (2005) 1059-1068
31. International Atherosclerosis Society. Harmonized Clinical Guidelines on Prevention of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease (2003). http://www.athero.org Available from http://www.athero.org
32. John S., Schlaich M., Langenfeld M., Weihprecht H., Schmitz G., Weidinger G., et al. Increased bioavailability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Circulation 98 (1998) 211-216
33. Jones P., Kafonek S., Laurora I., and Hunninghake D. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study). Am J Cardiol 81 (1998) 582-587
34. Jukema J.W., Bruschke A.V.G., van Boven A.J., Reiber J.H., Bal F.T., Zwinderman A.H., et al. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 91 (1995) 2528-2540
35. Kawasaki M., Sano K., Okubo M., Yokoyama H., Ito Y., Murata I., et al. Volumetric quantitative analysis of tissue characteristics of coronary plaques after statin therapy using three-dimensional integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005) 1946-1953
36. Kearney D., and Fitzgerald D. The anti-thrombotic effects of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1305-1307
37. Ku D.N., Giddens D.P., Zarins C.K., and Glagov S. Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive correlation between plaque location and low oscillating shear stress. Arteriosclerosis 5 (1985) 293-302
38. La Rosa J.C., He J., and Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 282 (1999) 2340-2346
39. Launois R., Giroud M., Megnigbeto A.C., Le Lay K., Presenté M.A., Mahagne M.H., et al. Estimating the Cost-Effectiveness of Stroke Units in France compared with Conventional care. Stroke 35 (2004) 770-775
40. Leal J., Luengo-Fernandez R., Gray A., Petersen S., and Rayner M. Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union. Eur Heart J 27 (2006) 1610-1619
41. Lefer A.M., Scalia R., and Lefer D.J. Vascular effects of HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins) unrelated to cholesterol lowering: new concepts for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 49 (2001) 281-287
42. Li J.-J., Li Y.-S., Chen J., and Yang J.-Q. Rebound phenomenon of inflammatory response may be a major mechanism responsible for increased cardiovascular events after abrupt cessation of statin therapy. Med Hypotheses 66 (2006) 1199-1204
43. Libby P., and Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation 111 (2005) 3481-3488
44. Lusis A.J. Atheroscler. Nature 407 (2000) 233-240
45. Mallat Z., and Tedgui A. Apoptosis in the vasculature: mechanisms and functional importance. Br J Pharmacol 130 (2000) 947-962
46. Maro D.J., Fazio S., and Linton M.F. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 101 (2000) 207-213
47. Martin-Ventura J.L., Blanco-Colio L.M., Gomez-Hernandez A., Munoz-Garcia B., Vega M., Serrano J., et al. Intensive treatment with atorvastatin reduces inflammation in mononuclear cells and human atherosclerotic lesions in one month. Stroke 36 (2005) 1796-1800
48. Mehta S.R., and Yusuf S. Short-and long-term oral antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 suppl S (2003) 79S-88S
49. Montagne O., Chaix C., Harf A., Castaigne A., and Durand-Zaleski I. Costs for Acute myocardial Infarction in a tertiary Care Centre and nationwide in France. Pharmacoeconomics 17 (2000) 603-609
50. Munford R.S. Statins and the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 2016-2018
51. Musial J., Undas A., Gajewski P., Jankowski M., Sydor W., and Czczeklik A. Anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Int J Cardiol 77 (2001) 247-253
52. Naghavi M., Libby P., Falk E., Casscells S.W., Litovosky S., Rumberger J., et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient. A call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: part I. Circulation 108 (2003) 1664-1672
53. Nagy L., Tontonoz P., Alvarez J.G.A., Chen H., and Evans R.M. Oxidised LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPAR. Cell 93 (1998) 229-240
54. Nissen S.E. Who is at risk for atherosclerotic disease? Lessons from intravascular ultrasound. Am J Med 112 suppl 8A (2002) 27S-33S
55. Nissen S.E. Halting the progression of atherosclerosis with intensive lipid lowering: results from the Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) trial. Am J Cardiol 118 12A (2005) 22S-27S
56. Nissen S.E., Nicholls S.J., Sipahi I., Libby P., Raichlen J.S., Ballantyne C.M., et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The ASTEROID trial. JAMA 295 (2006) 1556-1565
57. Notarbartolo A., Davi G., Avena M., Barbagallo C.M., Ganci A., Giammarresi C., et al. Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 247-251
58. O'Driscoll G., Green D., and Taylor R.R. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 95 (1997) 1126-1131
59. Patrono C., Garcia Rodriguez L.A., Landolfi R., and Baigent C. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 2373-2383
60. Pearson T.A., and Peters T.D. The treatment gap in coronary artery disease and heart failure: community standards and the post-discharge patient. Am J Cardiol 80 8B (1997) 45H-52H
61. Petersen S., Peto V., Rayner M., Leal J., Luengo-Fernandez R., and Gray A. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics (2005), British Heart Foundation, London
62. Pitt B., Mancini G.B.J., Ellis S.G., Rosman H.S., Park J.S., and McGovern M.E. Pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 (1995) 1133-1139
63. Rauch U., Osende J.I., Chesebro J.H., Fuster V., Vorchheimer D.A., Harris K., et al. Statins and cardiovascular disease: the multiple effects of lipid-lowering therapy by statins. Atherosclerosis 153 (2000) 181-189
64. Ridker P.M., Cushman M., Stampfer M.J., Tracy R.P., and Hennekens C.H. Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 973-979
65. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Pfeffer M.A., Sacks F.M., Moye L.A., Goldman S., et al. Inflammation, pravastatin and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 98 (1998) 839-844
66. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Pfeffer M.A., Sack F., and Braunwald E. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 100 (1999) 230-235
67. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A., Rouleau J.L., Rutherford J.D., Cole T.G., et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1001-1009
68. Shepherd J., Blauw G.W., Murphy M.B., Bollen E.L., Buckley B.M., Cobbe S.M., et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 1623-1630
69. Sposito A.C., and Chapman M.J. Statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes. Mechanistic insight into clinical benefit. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 (2002) 1524-1534
70. Stary H.C., Chandler A.B., Dinsmore R.E., Fuster V., Glagov S., Insull W., et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis. American Heart Association. Circulation 92 (1995) 1355-1374
71. Steinhubl S., and Moliterno D.J. The role of the platelet in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 5 (2005) 399-408
72. Szczeklik A., Musial J., Undas A., Gajewski P., Gora P., Swadzba J., et al. Inhibition of thrombin generation by simvastatin and lack of additive effects of aspirin in patients with marked hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1286-1293
73. Takeda T., Hishida S., Nishino M., Tanouchi J., Otsu K., and Hori M. Relationship between effects of statins, aspirin and angiotensin II modulators on high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels. Atherosclerosis 169 (2003) 155-158
74. Takemoto M., and Liao J. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 1712-1719
75. Tedgui A., and Chapman M.J. Pathogenèse de l'athérosclérose : théories et mécanismes. In: Toussaint J.F., Jacob M.P., Lagrost L., and Chapman J. (Eds). L'athérosclérose: Physiopathologie, Diagnostics, Thérapeutiques (2003), Masson, Paris 245-256
76. Tedgui A., and Mallat Z. Atherosclérose et Inflammation. Med Sci 14 (2001) 162-169
77. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1349-1357
78. Tontonoz P., Nagy L., Alvarez J.G.A., Thomazy V.A., and Evans R.M. PPARγ promotes monocyte-macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidised LDL. Cell 93 (1998) 249-252
79. Toschi V., Gallo R., Lettino M., Fallon J.T., Gentz S.D., Fernandez-Ortiz A., et al. Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 95 (1997) 594-599
80. Traub O., and Berk B.C. Laminar shear stress: mechanisms by which endothelial cells transduce an atheroprotective force. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998) 677-685
81. Van de Werf F., Ardissino D., Betriu A., Cokkinos D.V., Falk E., Fox K.A., et al. Task Force Report. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 28-66
82. Vaugham C.J., Murphy M.B., and Buckley B.M. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 348 (1996) 1079-1082
83. Williams K.J., and Tabas I. The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 551-561
84. World Health Organization. Global Burden of Disease (2002), Geneva. http://ww3.who.int.whosis Available from http:// ww3.who.int.whosis
85. World Health Organization. The Report of the Second Meeting of the Global Forum on Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control. Shanghai, China, 4-6 November 2002 (2002)
86. World Health Organization. (2005). Active Ageing. A policy framework. WHO/NMH/NPH/02.8. Available from http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files.
87. Xu X.P., Meisel S.R., Ong J.M., Kaul S., Cerek B., Rajavashisth T.B., et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 99 (1999) 993-998
88. Yusuf S., Hawken S., Ounpuu S., Dans T., Avezum A., Lanas F., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364 (2004) 937-952