Brain edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure: Pathophysiology and management

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 12, Issue 46, 2006, Pages 7405-7412

  Detry, Olivier ^a   De Roover, Arnaud ^a   Honoré, Pierre ^a   Meurisse, Michel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Brain edema; Fulminant hepatic failure; Intracranial hypertension

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; GALACTOSAMINE; GLUTAMINE; INDOMETACIN; LACTULOSE; MANNITOL; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PARACETAMOL; PROPOFOL; SODIUM CHLORIDE; THIOPENTAL;

ALBUMIN DIALYSIS; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL MODEL; ASTROCYTE; BIOARTIFICIAL LIVER; BLOOD VOLUME; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN EDEMA; CASE MANAGEMENT; DETOXIFICATION; EDITORIAL; ENCEPHALITIS; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMOFILTRATION; HEPATOCYTE TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; HYPERVENTILATION; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING; LIVER CELL; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT POSITIONING; PLASMAPHERESIS; SIDE EFFECT; SWINE; VASODILATATION;

EID: 33845895245     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7405     Document Type: Editorial

References (95)

1. Trey C, Davidson CS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 1970; 3: 282-298
2. Detry O, Honore P, Meurisse M, Jacquet N. Management of fulminant hepatic failure. Acta Chir Belg 1998; 98: 235-240
3. Rahman T, Hodgson H. Clinical management of acute hepatic failure. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 467-476
4. Lucké B. The pathology of fatal epidemic hepatitis. Am J Pathol 1944; 20: 471-525
5. Ware AJ, D'Agostino AN, Combes B. Cerebral edema: a major complication of massive hepatic necrosis. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 877-884
6. Gazzard BG, Portmann B, Murray-Lyon IM, Williams R. Causes of death in fulminant hepatic failure and relationship to quantitative histological assessment of parenchymal damage. Q J Med 1975; 44: 615-626
7. Ede RJ, Gimson AE, Bihari D, Williams R. Controlled hyperventilation in the prevention of cerebral oedema in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1986; 2: 43-51
8. Canalese J, Gimson AE, Davis C, Mellon PJ, Davis M, Williams R. Controlled trial of dexamethasone and mannitol for the cerebral oedema of fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1982; 23: 625-629
9. Donovan JP, Schafer DF, Shaw BW Jr, Sorrell MF. Cerebral oedema and increased intracranial pressure in chronic liver disease. Lancet 1998; 351: 719-721
10. Crippin JS, Gross JB Jr, Lindor KD. Increased intracranial pressure and hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 879-882
11. Jalan R. Pathophysiological basis of therapy of raised intracranial pressure in acute liver failure. Neurochem Int 2005; 47: 78-83
12. Bingaman WE, Frank JI. Malignant cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin 1995; 13: 479-509
13. Czosnyka M, Pickard JD. Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 813-821
14. Munoz SJ, Robinson M, Northrup B, Bell R, Moritz M, Jarrell B, Martin P, Maddrey WC. Elevated intracranial pressure and computed tomography of the brain in fulminant hepatocellular failure. Hepatology 1991; 13: 209-212
15. Wijdicks EF, Plevak DJ, Rakela J, Wiesner RH. Clinical and radiologic features of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70: 119-124
16. Traber PG, Ganger DR, Blei AT. Brain edema in rabbits with galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatitis. Regional differences and effects on intracranial pressure. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 1347-1356
17. Ganz R, Swain M, Traber P, DalCanto M, Butterworth RF, Blei AT. Ammonia-induced swelling of rat cerebral cortical slices: implications for the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute hepatic failure. Metab Brain Dis 1989; 4: 213-223
18. Blei AT. The pathophysiology of brain edema in acute liver failure. Neurochem Int 2005; 47: 71-77
19. Larsen FS. Cerebral circulation in liver failure: Ohm's law in force. Semin Liver Dis 1996; 16: 281-292
20. Dixit V, Chang TM. Brain edema and the blood brain barrier in galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats. An animal model for evaluation of liver support systems. ASAIO Trans 1990; 36: 21-27
21. Horowitz ME, Schafer DF, Molnar P, Jones EA, Blasberg RG, Patlak CS, Waggoner J, Fenstermacher JD. Increased blood-brain transfer in a rabbit model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1003-1011
22. Kato M, Hughes RD, Keays RT, Williams R. Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1992; 15: 1060-1066
23. Ranjan P, Mishra AM, Kale R, Saraswat VA, Gupta RK. Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: in vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects. Metab Brain Dis 2005; 20: 181-192
24. Norenberg MD. Astrocytic-ammonia interactions in hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996; 16: 245-253
25. Swain M, Butterworth RF, Blei AT. Ammonia and related amino acids in the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute ischemic liver failure in rats. Hepatology 1992; 15: 449-453
26. Record CO, Buxton B, Chase RA, Curzon G, Murray-Lyon IM, Williams R. Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Clin Invest 1976; 6: 387-394
27. Brusilow SW, Traystman R. Hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 786-787; author reply 787
28. Norenberg MD, Baker L, Norenberg LO, Blicharska J, Bruce-Gregorios JH, Neary JT. Ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in primary culture. Neurochem Res 1991; 16: 833-836
29. Brusilow SW, Danney M, Waber LJ, Batshaw M, Burton B, Levitsky L, Roth K, McKeethren C, Ward J. Treatment of episodic hyperammonemia in children with inborn errors of urea synthesis. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1630-1634
30. Blei AT, Olasson S, Therrien G, Butterworth RF. Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1437-1444
31. Willard-Mack CL, Koehler RC, Hirata T, Cork LC, Takahashi H, Traystman RJ, Brusilow SW. Inhibition of glutamine synthetase reduces ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in rat. Neuroscience 1996; 71: 589-599
32. Takahashi H, Koehler RC, Brusilow SW, Traystman RJ. Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: H825-H829
33. Tanigami H, Rebel A, Martin LJ, Chen TY, Brusilow SW, Traystman RJ, Koehler RC. Effect of glutamine synthetase inhibition on astrocyte swelling and altered astroglial protein expression during hyperammonemia in rats. Neuroscience 2005; 131: 437-449
34. Tofteng F, Hauerberg J, Hansen BA, Pedersen CB, Jorgensen L, Larsen FS. Persistent arterial hyperammonemia increases the concentration of glutamine and alanine in the brain and correlates with intracranial pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26: 21-27
35. Almdal T, Schroeder T, Ranek L. Cerebral blood flow and liver function in patients with encephalopathy due to acute and chronic liver diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 299-303
36. Wendon JA, Harrison PM, Keays R, Williams R. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1407-1413
37. Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Hayes PC, Deutz NE, Lee A. Pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: inflammation, ammonia and cerebral blood flow. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 613-620
38. Aggarwal S, Kramer D, Yonas H, Obrist W, Kang Y, Martin M, Policare R. Cerebral hemodynanmic and metabolic changes in fulminant hepatic failure: a retrospective study. Hepatology 1994; 19: 80-87
39. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L. Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990; 2: 161-192
40. Larsen FS, Knudsen GM, Paulson OB, Vilstrup H. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation is absent in rats with thioacetamide-induced hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 491-495
41. Larsen FS, Ejlersen E, Hansen BA, Knudsen GM, Tygstrup N, Secher NH. Functional loss of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1995; 23: 212-217
42. Larsen FS, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 548-554
43. Vaquero J, Polson J, Chung C, Helenowski I, Schiodt FV, Reisch J, Lee WM, Blei AT. Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 755-764
44. Rolando N, Wade J, Davalos M, Wendon J, Philpott-Howard J, Williams R. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2000; 32: 734-739
45. Olafsson S, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after total hepatectomy. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1097-1103
46. Arkadopoulos N, Chen SC, Khalili TM, Detry O, Hewitt WR, Lilja H, Kamachi H, Petrovic L, Mullon CJ, Demetriou AA, Rozga J. Transplantation of hepatocytes for prevention of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ischemic liver failure. Cell Transplant 1998; 7: 357-363
47. Detry O, Arkadopoulos N, Ting P, Kahaku E, Margulies J, Arnaout W, Colquhoun SD, Rozga J, Demetriou AA. Intracranial pressure during liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 1999; 67: 767-770
48. Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Deutz NE, Davies NA, Garden OJ, Madhavan KK, Hayes PC, Lee A. Moderate hypothermia prevents cerebral hyperemia and increase in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Transplantation 2003; 75: 2034-2039
49. Jalan R, Pollok A, Shah SH, Madhavan K, Simpson KJ. Liver derived pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important in producing intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 536-538
50. Kim HB, Maller E, Redd D, Hebra A, Davidoff A, Buzby M, Hoffman MA. Orthotopic liver transplantation for inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the liver hilum. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31: 840-842
51. Hammer GB, So SK, Al-Uzri A, Conley SB, Concepcion W, Cox KL, Berquist WE, Esquivel CO. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration with dialysis in combination with total hepatectomy and portocaval shunting. Bridge to liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62: 130-132
52. Margulies J, Detry O, Rozga J, Demetriou AA. Differential display of gene expression in cerebral edema induced by fulminant hepatic failure. Surg Forum 1998; 45: 504-506
53. Desjardins P, Belanger M, Butterworth RF. Alterations in expression of genes coding for key astrocytic proteins in acute liver failure. J Neurosci Res 2001; 66: 967-971
54. Belanger M, Desjardins P, Chatauret N, Butterworth RF. Selectively increased expression of the astrocytic/endothelial glucose transporter protein GLUT1 in acute liver failure. Glia 2006; 53: 557-562
55. Margulies JE, Thompson RC, Wycoff K, Detry O, Demetriou AA. Aquaporin-4 water channel plays a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure. Surg Forum 1999; 46: 518-520
56. Knecht K, Michalak A, Rose C, Rothstein JD, Butterworth RF. Decreased glutamate transporter (GLT-1) expression in frontal cortex of rats with acute liver failure. Neurosci Lett 1997; 229: 201-203
57. Butterworth RF. Molecular neurobiology of acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 2003; 23: 251-258
58. Lidofsky SD, Bass NM, Prager MC, Washington DE, Read AE, Wright TL, Ascher NL, Roberts JP, Scharschmidt BF, Lake JR. Intracranial pressure monitoring and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1-7
59. Blei AT, Olafsson S, Webster S, Levy R. Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1993; 341: 157-158
60. Vaquero J, Fontana RJ, Larson AM, Bass NM, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, Han S, Harrison ME, Stravitz TR, Munoz S, Brown R, Lee WM, Blei AT. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1581-1589
61. Hoofnagle JH, Carithers RL Jr, Shapiro C, Ascher N. Fulminant hepatic failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology 1995; 21: 240-252
62. Ede RJ, Williams R. Hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema. Sem Liver Dis 1986; 6: 107-118
63. Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Effect of posture on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic and renal failure after acetaminophen self-poisoning. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 286-289
64. Jalan R. Acute liver failure: current management and future prospects. J Hepatol 2005; 42 Suppl: S115-S123
65. Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernel W, Wendon J. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2004; 39: 464-470
66. Strauss G, Hansen BA, Knudsen GM, Larsen FS. Hyperventilation restores cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with acute liver failure. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 199-203
67. Chung C, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Indomethacin prevents the development of experimental ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology 2001; 34: 249-254
68. Tofteng F, Larsen FS. The effect of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion and extracellular lactate and glutamate concentrations in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 798-804
69. Forbes A, Alexander GJ, O'Grady JG, Keays R, Gullan R, Dawling S, Williams R. Thiopental infusion in the treatment of intracranial hypertension complicating fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1989; 10: 306-310
70. Wijdicks EF, Nyberg SL. Propofol to control intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 1220-1222
71. Devictor D, Desplanques L, Debray D, Ozier Y, Dubousset AM, Valayer J, Houssin D, Bernard O, Huault G. Emergency liver transplantation for fulminant Liver failure in infants and children. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1156-1162
72. Ascher NL, Lake JR, Emond JC, Roberts JP. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 677-682
73. Brems JJ, Hiatt JR, Ramming KP, Quinones-Baldrich WJ, Busuttil RW. Fulminant hepatic failure: the role of liver transplantation as primary therapy. Am J Surg 1987; 154: 137-141
74. Bismuth H, Samuel D, Castaing D, Adam R, Saliba F, Johann M, Azoulay D, Ducot B, Chiche L. Orthotopic liver transplantation in fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis. The Paul Brousse experience. Ann Surg 1995; 222: 109-119
75. Bernuau J, Goudeau A, Poynard T, Dubois F, Lesage G, Yvonnet B, Degott C, Bezeaud A, Rueff B, Benhamou JP. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B. Hepatology 1986; 6: 648-651
76. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 439-445
77. Traber P, DalCanto M, Ganger D, Blei AT. Effect of body temperature on brain edema and encephalopathy in the rat after hepatic devascularization. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 885-891
78. Eguchi S, Kamlot A, Ljubimova J, Hewitt WR, Lebow LT, Demetriou AA, Rozga J. Fulminant hepatic failure in rats: survival and effect on blood chemistry and liver regeneration. Hepatology 1996; 24: 1452-1459
79. Jalan R, Damink SW, Deutz NE, Lee A, Hayes PC. Moderate hypothermia for uncontrolled intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Lancet 1999; 354: 1164-1168
80. Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Deutz NE, Hayes PC, Lee A. Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1338-1346
81. Jalan R, Rose C. Hypothermia in acute liver failure. Metab Brain Dis 2004; 19: 215-221
82. Arkadopoulos N, Detry O, Rozga J, Demetriou AA. Liver assist systems: state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 1998; 21: 781-787
83. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Risler T, Erley CM, Bader BD, Berger ED, Lauchart W, Peszynski P, Freytag J, Hickstein H, Loock J, Lohr JM, Liebe S, Emmrich J, Korten G, Schmidt R. Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 277-286
84. Sen S, Rose C, Ytrebo LM, Davies NA, Nedredal GI, Drevland SS, Kjonno M, Prinzen FW, Hodges SJ, Deutz NE, Williams R, Butterworth RF, Revhaug A, Jalan R. Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 158-164
85. Watanabe FD, Mullon CJ, Hewitt WR, Arkadopoulos N, Kahaku E, Eguchi S, Khalili T, Arnaout W, Shackleton CR, Rozga J, Solomon B, Demetriou AA. Clinical experience with a bioartificial liver in the treatment of severe liver failure. A phase I clinical trial. Ann Surg 1997; 225: 484-491; discussion 491-494
86. Detry O, Arkadopoulos N, Ting P, Kahaku E, Watanabe FD, Rozga J, Demetriou AA. Clinical use of a bioartificial liver in the treatment of acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Am Surg 1999; 65: 934-938
87. Demetriou AA, Brown RS, Jr., Busuttil RW, Fair J, McGuire BM, Rosenthal P, Am Esch JS, 2nd, Lerut J, Nyberg SL, Salizzoni M, Fagan EA, de Hemptinne B, Broelsch CE, Muraca M, Salmeron JM, Rabkin JM, Metselaar HJ, Pratt D, De La Mata M, McChesney LP, Everson GT, Lavin PT, Stevens AC, Pitkin Z, Solomon BA. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 660-667; discussion 667-670
88. Demetriou AA, Reisner A, Sanchez J, Levenson SM, Moscioni AD, Chowdhury JR. Transplantation of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes into 90% partially hepatectomized rats. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1006-1009
89. Aoki T, Jin Z, Nishino N, Kato H, Shimizu Y, Niiya T, Murai N, Enami Y, Mitamura K, Koizumi T, Yasuda D, Izumida Y, Avital I, Umehara Y, Demetriou AA, Rozga J, Kusano M. Intrasplenic transplantation of encapsulated hepatocytes decreases mortality and improves liver functions in fulminant hepatic failure from 90% partial hepatectomy in rats. Transplantation 2005; 79: 783-790
90. Hirai S, Kasai S, Mito M. Encapsulated hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of D-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic failure in rats. Eur Surg Res 1993; 25: 193-202
91. Nguyen TH, Mai G, Villiger P, Oberholzer J, Salmon P, Morel P, Buhler L, Trono D. Treatment of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in the mouse with conditionally immortalized human hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 1031-1037
92. Sandbichler P, Then P, Vogel W, Erhart R, Dietze O, Philadelphy H, Fridrich L, Klima G, Margreiter R. Hepatocellular transplantation into the lung for temporary support of acute liver failure in the rat. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 605-609
93. Ribeiro J, Nordlinger B, Ballet F, Cynober L, Coudray-Lucas C, Baudrimont M, Legendre C, Delelo R, Panis Y. Intrasplenic hepatocellular transplantation corrects hepatic encephalopathy in portacaval-shunted rats. Hepatology 1992; 15: 12-18
94. Habibullah CM, Syed IH, Qamar A, Taher-Uz Z. Human fetal hepatocyte transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 1994; 58: 951-952
95. Strom SC, Fisher RA, Thompson MT, Sanyal AJ, Cole PE, Ham JM, Posner MP. Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminal liver failure. Transplantation 1997; 63: 559-569