Geographical gradients of species richness: A test of the water-energy conjecture of Hawkins et al. (2003) using European data for five taxa

Global Ecology and Biogeography

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 76-89

  Whittaker, Robert J ^a   Nogués Bravo, David ^a,b   Araújo, Miguel B ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ÉVORA   (Portugal)

^c DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^d MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES   (Spain)

Author keywords

Amphibians; Birds; Climate models; Europe; GAM; Mammals; Plants; Species richness gradients; Water energy dynamics

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIAN; BIRD; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; MAMMAL; PLANT; REPTILE; SPECIES RICHNESS;

AMPHIBIA; AVES; MAMMALIA; REPTILIA;

EID: 33845699690     PISSN: 1466822X     EISSN: 14668238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00268.x     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Araújo, M.B. (2003) The coincidence of people and biodiversity in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 5-12.
2. Araújo, M.B. & Pearson, R.G. (2005) Equilibrium of species'distributions with climate. Ecography, 28, 693-695.
3. Araújo, M.B., Thuiller, W., Williams, P.H. & Reginster, I. (2005a) Downscaling European species atlas distributions to a finer resolution: Implications for conservation planning. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 17-30.
4. Araújo, M.B., Whittaker, R.J., Ladle, R.J. & Erhard, M. (2005b) Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 529-538.
5. Araújo, M.B., Thuiller, W. & Pearson, R.G. (2006) Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Journal of Biogeography, doi: 10.1111/j.1365_2699.2006.01482.x.
6. Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N.A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J.W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species - discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475-2491.
7. Baquero, R.A. & Tellería, J.L. (2001) Species richness, rarity and endemicity of European mammals: A biogeographical approach. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 29-44.
8. Bhattarai, K.R. & Vetaas, O.R. (2003) Variation in plant species richness of different life forms along a subtropical elevation gradient in the Himalayas, east Nepal. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 327-340.
9. Blondel, J. & Aronson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
10. Blondel, J., Chessel, D. & Frochot, B. (1988) Bird species impoverishment, niche expansion, and density inflation in Mediterranean Island habitats. Ecology, 69, 1899-1917.
11. Crawley, M.J. (1993) GLIM for ecologists. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
12. Currie, D.J. (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137, 27-49.
13. Currie, D.J., Mittelbach, G.G., Cornell, H.W., Field, R., Guégan, J.-F., Hawkins, B.A., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M. & Turner, J.R.G. (2004) Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters, 7, 1121-1134.
14. Diniz-Filho, J.A., Bini, L.M. & Hawkins, B.A. (2003) Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 53-64.
15. Field, R., O'Brien, E.M. & Whittaker, R.J. (2005) Global models for predicting woody plant richness from climate: Development and evaluation. Ecology, 86, 2263-2277.
16. Francis, A.P. & Currie, D.J. (2003) A globally consistent richness-climate relationship for angiosperms. The American Naturalist, 161, 523-536.
17. Gasc, J.-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica, J.P., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M.E., Sofianidou, T.S. & Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997) Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
18. Gaston, K.J. & Evans, K.L. (2004) Birds and people in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 271, 1649-1655.
19. Habel, J.C., Schmitt, T. & Müller, P. (2005) The fourth paradigm pattern of post-glacial range expansion of European terrestrial species: The phylogeography of the Marbled White butterfly (Satyrinae, Lepidoptera). Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1489-1497.
20. Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. (1997) The EBCC atlas of European breeding birds, their distribution and abundance. Poyser, London.
21. Hampe, A. & Petit, R.J. (2005) Conserving biodiversity under climate change: The rear edge matters. Ecology Letters, 8, 461-467.
22. Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. (1990) Generalized additive models. Chapman & Hall, London.
23. Hawkins, B.A. & Pausas, J.G. (2004) Does plant richness influence animal richness?: The mammals of Catalonia (NE Spain). Diversity and Distributions, 10, 247-252.
24. Hawkins, B.A. & Porter, E.E. (2003) Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 475-481.
25. Hawkins, B.A., Field, R., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Guégan, J.-F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M., Porter, E.E. & Turner, J.R.G. (2003a) Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84, 3105-3117.
26. Hawkins, B.A., Porter, E.E. & Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. (2003b) Productivity and history as predictors of the latitudinal diversity gradient for terrestrial birds. Ecology, 4, 1608-1623.
27. Hawkins, B.A., Montoya, D., Rodríguez, M.Á., Olalla-Tárraga, M.Á. & Zavala, M.Á. Global models for predicting woody plant richness from climate: Comment. Ecology, in press.
28. Hewitt, G.M. (2000) The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature, 405, 907-913.
29. Ihaka, R. & Gentleman, R. (1996) R: A language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5, 299-314.
30. Jalas, J. & Suominen, J. (1972-96) Altas Florae Europaeae. The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica, Vanamo.
31. Kalmar, A. & Currie, D.J. (2006) A global model of island biogeography. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 72-81.
32. Kerr, J.T. & Packer, L. (1997) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385, 252-254.
33. Lahti, T. & Lampinen, R. (1999) From dot maps to bitmaps - Altas Florae Europaeae goes digital. Acta Botanica Fennica, 162, 5-9.
34. Lennon, J.J., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Turner, J.R.G. (2000) Bird diversity and environmental gradients in Britain: A test of the species-energy hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 581-598.
35. Lennon, J.J., Koleff, P., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Gaston, K.J. (2001) The geographical structure of British bird distributions: Diversity, spatial turnover and scale. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70, 966-979.
36. Lomolino, M.V., Sax, D.F. & Brown, J.H. (eds) (2004) Foundations of biogeography. Chicago University Press, Chicago.
37. McGlone, M.S. (1996) When history matters: Scale, time, climate and tree diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 5, 309-314.
38. Meliadou, A. & Troumbis, A.Y. (1997) Aspects of heterogeneity in the distribution of diversity of the European herpetofauna. Acta Oecologica, 18, 393-412.
39. Mitchell-Jones, A.J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., Krystufek, B., Reijnders, P.J.H., Spitzenberger, F., Stubbe, M., Thissen, J.M.B., Vohralik, V. & Zima, J. (1999) Atlas of European mammals. Academic Press, London.
40. Newton, I. (2003) The speciation and biogeography of birds. Academic Press, London.
41. Nogués-Bravo, D. & Araújo, M.B. (2006) Area, species richness and climate correlates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, doi: 10.1111/j.1566-822X.2006.00240.x.
42. Nogués-Bravo, D. & Martínez-Rica, J.P. (2004) Factors controlling the spatial species richness of four groups of terrestrial vertebrates in an area between two different biogeographic regions in northern Spain. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 629-640.
43. O'Brien, E.M. (1993) Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness: towards an explanation based on an analysis of Southern Africa's woody flora. Journal of Biogeography, 20, 181-198.
44. O'Brien, E.M. (1998) Water-energy dynamics, climate, and prediction of woody plant species richness: An interim general model. Journal of Biogeography, 25, 379-398.
45. O'Brien, E.M. (2006) Biological relativity to water-energy dynamics. Journal of Biogeography, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01534.x
46. O'Brien, E.M., Whittaker, R.J. & Field, R. (1998) Climate and woody plant diversity in southern Africa: Relationships at species, genus and family levels. Ecography, 21, 495-509.
47. O'Brien, E.M., Field, R. & Whittaker, R.J. (2000) Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity: Water-energy dynamics, residual variation, and topography. Oikos, 89, 588-600.
48. Prentice, I.C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S.P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R.A. & Solomon, A.M. (1992) A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of Biogeography, 19, 117-134.
49. Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M. & Williamson, M. (2004) Predicting and explaining plant invasions through analysis of source area floras: Some critical considerations. Diversity and Distributions, 10, 179-187.
50. Rahbek, C. (2005) The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns. Ecology Letters, 8, 224-239.
51. Rahbek, C. & Graves, G.R. (2001) Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 4534-4539.
52. Rangel, T.F.L.V.B., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. & Bini, L.M. (2006) Towards an integrated computational tool for spatial analysis in macroecology and biogeography. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 321-327.
53. Robledo-Arnuncio, J.J., Collada, C., Alía, R. & Gil, L. (2005) Genetic structure of montane isolates of Pinus sylvestris L. in a Mediterranean refugial area. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 595-605.
54. Rodríguez, M.A., Belmontes, J.A. & Hawkins, B.A. (2005) Energy, water and large-scale patterns of reptile and amphibian species richness in Europe. Acta Oecologica -International Journal of Ecology, 28, 65-70.
55. Schmitt, T. & Hewitt, G.M. (2004) Molecular biogeography of the arctic-alpine disjunct burnet moth species Zygaena exulans (Zygaenidae, Lepidoptera) in the Pyrenees and Alps. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 885-893.
56. Schmitt, T. & Krauss, J. (2004) Reconstruction of the colonization route from glacial refugium to the northern distributional range of the European butterfly Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Diversity and Distributions, 10, 271-274.
57. Segurado, P., Araújo, M.B. & Kunin, W.E. (2006) Consequences of spatial autocorrelation for niche-based models. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43, 433-444.
58. Shafer, S.L., Bartlein, P.J. & Thompson, R.S. (2001) Potential changes in the distributions of Western North America tree and shrub taxa under future climate scenarios. Ecosystems, 4, 200-215.
59. Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I.C., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J.O., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M.T., Thonicke, K. & Venevsky, S. (2003) Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Global Change Biology, 9, 161-185.
60. Svenning, J.-C. & Skov, F. (2004) Limited filling of the potential range in European tree species. Ecology Letters, 7, 565-573.
61. Svenning, J.-C. & Skov, F. (2005) The relative roles of environment and history as controls of tree species composition and richness in Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1019-1033.
62. Sykes, M.T., Prentice, I.C. & Cramer, W. (1996) A bioclimatic model for the potential distributions of north European tree species under present and future climate. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 203-233.
63. Taberlet, P., Fumagalli, L., Wust-Saucy, A.-G. & Cosson, J.-F. (1998) Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 7, 453-464.
64. Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araújo, M.B., Sykes, M.T. & Prentice, I.C. (2005) Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 8245-8250.
65. Whittaker, R.J. & Field, R. (2000) Tree species richness modelling: an approach of global applicability? Oikos, 89, 399-402.
66. Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J. & Field, R. (2001) Scale and species richness: Towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 453-470.
67. Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J. & Field, R. (2003) Climatic-energetic explanations of diversity: A macroscopic perspective. Macroecology: concepts and consequences, British Ecological Society Symposia Series (ed. by T.M. Blackburn and K.J. Gaston), pp. 107-129. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
68. Williams, P.H., Humphries, C.J., Araújo, M.B., Lampinen, R., Hagemeijer, W., Gasc, J.-P. & Mitchell-Jones. A. (2000) Endemism and important areas for conserving European biodiversity: A preliminary exploration of atlas data for plants and terrestrial vertebrates. Belgian Journal of Entomology, 2, 21-46.
69. Willis, K.J. & van Andel, T.H. (2004) Trees or no trees? The environments of central and eastern Europe during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2369-2387.
70. Willis, K.J. & Whittaker, R.J. (2000) The refugial debate. Science, 281, 1406-1407.
71. Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D. & Walker, D. (eds) (2004) The evolutionary legacy of the ice ages. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 359 (Special Issue), Number 1442.
72. Wood, S.N. & Augustin, N.H. (2002) GAMs with integrated model selection using penalized regression splines and applications to environmental modelling. Ecological Modelling, 157, 157-177.
73. Woodward, F.I. & Williams, B.G. (1987) Climate and plant distribution at global and local scales. Vegetatio, 69, 189-197.