Climate and woody plant diversity in southern Africa: Relationships at species, genus and family levels

Ecography

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 495-509

  O'Brien, E M ^a   Whittaker, R J ^b   Field, R ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE EFFECT; SPECIES RICHNESS; TAXONOMY; WOODY PLANT;

(SOUTHERN); AFRICA;

EID: 0031787165     PISSN: 09067590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00441.x     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Adams, J. M. and Woodward, F. I. 1989. Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial extinction hypothesis. - Nature 339: 699-701.
2. Box, E. O. 1987. Modeling vegetation-environment relationships, with Mediterranean examples. - Annali Bot. 45: 7-36.
3. Brown, J. H. 1981. Two decades of homage to Santa Rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. - Am. Zool. 21: 877-888.
4. Brown, J. H. 1988. Species diversity. - In: Myers, A. A. and Giller, P. S. (eds), Analytical biogeography. Chapman and Hall, pp. 57-89.
5. Bush, M. B. 1994. Amazonian speciation: a necessarily complex model. - J. Biogeogr. 21: 5-17.
6. Coates Palgrave, K. 1983. Trees of Southern Africa (3rd, updated impression). - C. Struik Publ., Cape Town.
7. Connell, J. H. and Orias, E. 1964. The ecological regulation of species diversity. - Am. Nat. 98: 399-413.
8. Crowley, T. J. and North, G. R. 1991. Paleoclimatology. - Oxford Univ. Press.
9. Currie, D. J. and Paquin, V. 1987. Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness in trees. - Nature 329: 326-327.
10. Gaston, K. J. (ed.) 1996. Biodiversity: a biology of numbers and difference. - Blackwell.
11. Gentry, A. H. 1982. Patterns of Neotropical plant species diversity. - Evol. Biol. 15: 1-84.
12. Gibbs Russell, G. E. 1987. Preliminary floristic analysis of the major biomes in southern Africa. - Bothalia 17: 213-227.
13. Griffiths, J. F. 1976. Climate and the environment. - Westview Press, Boulder.
14. Hoffman, M. T., Midgley, G. F. and Cowling, R. M. 1994 Plant richness is negatively related to energy availability in semi-arid southern Africa. - Biodiv. Letts 2: 35-38.
15. Humboldt, A. von 1855. Geographie Botanique raisonee; ou, Exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution geographique des plantes de l'epoque actuelle. - V. Masson, Paris.
16. Hutchinson, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals? - Am. Nat. 93: 145-159.
17. Koeppen, W. 1900. Versucheiner Klassifikation der Klimate, vorzugsweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt. - Geogr. Z. 6: 593-611.
18. Koeppen, W. 1931. Grudiss der Klimkunde. - Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin.
19. Krumbein, W. C. and Sloss, L. L. 1963. Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. - W. H. Freeman.
20. Latham, R. E. and Ricklefs, R. E. 1993. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: energy-diversity theory does not account for variation in species richness. - Oikos 67: 325-333.
21. Lutkens, F. K. and Tarbuck, E. J. 1992. The atmosphere: an introduction to meteorology, 5. - Prentice-Hall.
22. Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. - Croom-Helm.
23. Mather, J. R. 1974. Climatology: fundamentals and applications. - McGraw-Hill.
24. Mather, J. R. 1978. The climatic water budget in environmental analysis. - Lexington Books, Lexington.
25. Mather, J. R. 1985. The water budget and the distribution of climates, vegetation and soils. - Publ. Climatol. 38: 1-36.
26. McGlone, M. S. 1996. When history matters: scale, time, climate and tree diversity. - Global Ecol. Biogeogr. Letts 5: 309-314.
27. Myers, A. A. and Giller, P. S. (eds) 1988. Analytical biogeography. - Chapman and Hall.
28. O'Brien, E. M. 1989. Climate and woody plant species richness: analyses based upon southern Africa's native flora with extrapolations to subsaharan Africa. - D. Phil. thesis, Univ. of Oxford, Oxford.
29. O'Brien, E. M. 1993. Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness: towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora. - J. Biogeogr. 20: 181-198.
30. O'Brien, E. M. 1998. Water-energy dynamics, climate, and prediction of woody plant species richness: an interim general model, J. Biogeogr. 25: in press.
31. Odum, E. P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. - Science 164: 262-270.
32. Odum, H. T. 1983. Systems ecology: an introduction. - Wiley.
33. Partridge, T. C. et al. 1995. Climatic effects of Late Neogene tectonism and volcanism. - In: Vrba. E. S. et al. (eds), Paleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins. Yale Univ. Press, pp. 8-23.
34. Pielou, E. C. 1975. Ecological diversity. - Wiley.
35. Rappaport, E. H. 1975. Areografia: estrategias geograficas de las especies. - Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico.
36. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The lifeforms of plants and statistical plant geography. - Oxford Univ. Press.
37. Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D. 1993. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. - Univ. of Chicago Press.
38. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1968. Net primary productivity of terrestrial plant communities: prediction from climatological data. - Am. Nat. 102: 67-74.
39. SAS 1985. SAS/Statistics. Version 6 ed. - SAS Inst., Cary, N.C.
40. Stevens, G. C. 1989. The latitudinal gradient in geographic ranges: how so many species coexist in the tropics. - Am. Nat. 133: 240-256.
41. Thomas, M. F. 1994. Geomorphology in the Tropics: a study of weathering and denudation in low latitudes. - Wiley.
42. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1933. The climate of the Earth. Geogr. Rev. 23: 433-440.
43. Thornthwaite, C. W. and Mather, J. R. 1955. The water balance - Publ. Climatol. 8. Lab. of Climatology, Centerton, N.J.
44. Thornthwaite, C. W. and Mather, J. R. 1962. Average climatic water balance data of the continents. - Publ. Climatol. 15. Lab. of Climatol., Centerton, N.J..
45. Turner, J. R. G., Lennon, J. J. and Lawrenson, J. A. 1988. British bird species distributions and energy theory. - Nature 335: 539-541.
46. Tyson, P. D. 1986. Climatic change and variability in southern Africa. - Oxford Univ. Press.
47. Upton, G. and Fingletter, B. 1985. Spatial data analysis by example. Point pattern and quantitative data. Vol. 1. - Wiley.
48. Wallace, A. R. 1878. Tropical nature and other essays. - Macmillan, London.
49. Walter, H. 1984. Vegetation of the Earth and ecological systems of the geo-biosphere. 3rd revised and enlarged ed. (tran. E. Ulmer). - Springer.
50. White, F. 1981. UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. - UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO, Paris.
51. White, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa: a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. - UNESCO, Paris.
52. Wright, D. H. 1993. Species-energy theory: an extension of species-area theory. - Oikos 41: 496-506.