Productivity and history as predictors of the latitudinal diversity gradient of terrestrial birds

Ecology

Volumn 84, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1608-1623

  Hawkins, Bradford A ^a   Porter, Eric E ^a,c   Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIÁS   (Brazil)

^c MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Birds; Energy hypothesis; Habitat heterogeneity; Historical contingency; Latitudinal diversity gradient; Productivity hypothesis; Spatial autocorrelation; Species richness; Water energy dynamics

Indexed keywords

AVIFAUNA; LATITUDINAL GRADIENT; PRODUCTIVITY; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

AVES;

EID: 0141525908     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1608:PAHAPO]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Adams, J. M., and F. I. Woodward. 1989. Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial extinction hypothesis. Nature 339:699-701.
2. Ahn, C.-H., and R. Tateishi. 1994. Development of a global 30-minute grid potential evapotranspiration data set. Journal of the Japanese Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 33:12-21.
3. Badgley, C., and D. L. Fox. 2000. Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients. Journal of Biogeography 27:1437-1467.
4. Balmford, A., J. L. Moore, T. Brooks, N. Burgess, L. A. Hanson, P. Williams, and C. Rahbek. 2001. Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science 291:2616-2619.
5. Boone, R. B., and W. B. Krohn. 2000. Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness. Journal of Biogeography 27:457-470.
6. Brown, L. H., E. K. Urban, and K. Newman. 1982. The birds of Africa. Volume I. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
7. Colwell, R. K., and D. C. Lees. 2000. The mid-domain effect: geometric constraints on the geography of species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:70-76.
8. Cook, R. E. 1969. Variation in species density of North American birds. Systematic Zoology 18:63-84.
9. Cramp, S., editor. 1985. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume IV: Terns to woodpeckers. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
10. Cramp, S., editor. 1988. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume V: Tyrant flycatchers to thrushes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
11. Cramp, S., editor. 1992. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume VI: Warblers. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
12. Cramp, S., and C. M. Perrins, editors. 1993. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume VII: Flycatchers to shrikes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
13. Cramp, S., and C. M. Perrins, editors. 1994a. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume VIII: Crows to finches. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
14. Cramp, S., and C. M. Perrins, editors. 1994b. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume IX: Buntings and New World warblers. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
15. Cramp, S., and K. E. L. Simmons, editors. 1977. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume I: Ostrich to ducks. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
16. Cramp, S., and K. E. L. Simmons, editors. 1980. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume II: Hawks to bustards. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
17. Cramp, S., and K. E. L. Simmons, editors. 1983. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Volume III: Waders to gulls. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
18. Currie, D. J. 1991. Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. American Naturalist 137:27-49.
19. Currie, D. J., and V. Paquin. 1987. Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329:326-327.
20. del Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, and J. Satargal. 1994. Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 2. New World vultures to guinea fowl. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona, Spain.
21. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., L. M. Bini, and B. A. Hawkins. 2002. Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12:53-64.
22. Dunning, J. S. 1987. South American birds. Harrowood Books, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
23. Dynesius, M., and R. Jansson. 2000. Evolutionary consequences of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:9115-9120.
24. Flint, V. E., R. L. Boehme, Y. V. Kostin, and A. A. Kuznetsov. 1984. A field guide to the birds of the USSR. [Translated from the Russian by N. Bourso-Leland.] Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
25. Forshaw, J. M., and W. T. Cooper. 1977. Parrots of the world. T.h.F Publications, Melbourne, Australia.
26. Francis, A. P., and D. J. Currie. 1998. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: another look. Oikos 81:598-602.
27. Fraser, R. H., and D. J. Currie. 1996. The species richness-energy hypothesis in a system where historical factors are thought to prevail: coral reefs. American Naturalist 148:138-159.
28. Fry, C. H., S. Keith, and E. K. Urban. 1988. The birds of Africa. Volume III. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
29. Fry, C. H., S. Keith, and E. K. Urban. 2000. The birds of Africa. Volume VI. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
30. Guégan, J.-F., S. Lek, and T. Oberdorff. 1998. Energy availability and habitat heterogeneity predict global riverine fish diversity. Nature 391:382-384.
31. Hall, B. P., and R. E. Moreau. 1970. An atlas of speciation in African passerine birds. British Museum of National History, London, UK.
32. Hawkins, B. A., and E. E. Porter. 2003. Does herbivore diversity depend on plant diversity? The case of California-butterflies. American Naturalist 161:40-49.
33. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
34. Hubbell, S. P. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
35. Huston, M. A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101.
36. Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
37. Jetz, W., and C. Rahbek. 2001. Geometric constraints explain much of the species richness pattern in African birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 98:5661-5666.
38. Keith, S., E. K. Urban, and C. H. Fry. 1992. The birds of Africa. Volume IV. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
39. Kerr, J. T., and D. J. Currie. 1999. The relative importance of evolutionary and environmental controls on broad-scale patterns of species richness in North America. Ecoscience 6:329-337.
40. Kerr, J. T., and L. Packer. 1997. Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature 385:252-254.
41. Kerr, J. T., and L. Packer. 1999. The environmental basis of North American species richness patterns among Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Biodiversity and Conservation 8:617-628.
42. Kerr, J. T., R. Vincent, and D. J. Currie. 1998. Lepidopteran richness patterns in North America. Ecoscience 5:448-453.
43. Koenig, W. D. 1999. Spatial autocorrelation of ecological phenomena. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:22-26.
44. Latham, R. E., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1993. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests - energy-diversity theory does not account for variation in species richness. Oikos 67:325-333.
45. Leathwick, J. R., B. R. Burns, and B. D. Clarkson. 1998. Environmental correlates of tree alpha-diversity in New Zealand primary forests. Ecography 21:235-246.
46. Leemans, R., and W. P. Cramer. 1991. The IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature, precipitation and cloudiness of a global terrestrial grid. Research Report RR-91, 18 November 1991, International Institute of Applied Systems Analyses, Laxenburg, Austria.
47. Legendre, P. 1993. Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology 74:1659-1673.
48. Legendre, P., and L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical ecology. Second English edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
49. Lennon, J. J., J. J. D. Greenwood, and J. R. G. Turner. 2000. Bird diversity and environmental gradients in Britain: a test of the species-energy hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 69:581-598.
50. MacArthur, J. W. 1975. Environmental fluctuations and species diversity. Pages 74-80 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
51. McGlone, M. S. 1996. When history matters: scale, time, climate and tree diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 5:309-314.
52. Mittelbach, G. G., C. F. Steiner, S. M. Scheiner, K. L. Gross, H. L. Reynolds, R. B. Waide, M. R. Willig, S. I. Dodson, and L. Gough. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82:2381-2396.
53. National Geographic Society. 1999. Field guide to the birds of North America. Third edition. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., USA.
54. Oberdorff, T., B. Hugueny, and J.-F. Guégan. 1995. Global scale patterns of fish species richness in rivers. Ecography 18:345-352.
55. Oberdorff, T., B. Hugueny, and J.-F. Guégan. 1997. Is there an influence of historical events on contemporary fish species richness in rivers? Comparisons between western Europe and North America. Journal of Biogeography 24:461-467.
56. O'Brien, E. M. 1993. Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness: towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora. Journal of Biogeography 20:181-198.
57. O'Brien, E. M. 1998. Water-energy dynamics, climate, and prediction of woody plant species richness: an interim general model. Journal of Biogeography 25:379-398.
58. O'Brien, E. M., R. Field, and R. J. Whittaker. 2000. Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity: water-energy dynamics, residual variation, and topography. Oikos 89:588-600.
59. O'Brien, E. M., R. J. Whittaker, and R. Field. 1998. Climate and woody plant diversity in southern Africa: relationships at species, genus and family levels. Ecography 21:495-509.
60. Pergamon. 1968. Pergamon World Atlas. Pergamon Press, New York, New York, USA.
61. Pianka, E. R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. American Naturalist 100:33-46.
62. Pianka, E. R. 1989. Desert lizard diversity, additional comments and some data. American Naturalist 134:344-364.
63. Pianka, E. R., and J. J. Schall. 1981. Species densities of Australian vertebrates. Pages 1676-1694 in A. Keast, editor. Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands.
64. Qian, H., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1999. A comparison of the taxonomic richness of vascular plants in China and the United States. American Naturalist 154:160-181.
65. Qian, H., and R. E. Ricklefs. 2000. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 407:180-182.
66. Rabinovich, J. E., and E. H. Rapoport. 1975. Geographical variation of diversity in Argentine passerine birds. Journal of Biogeography 2:141-157.
67. Rahbek, C., and G. R. Graves. 2001. Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 98:4534-4539.
68. Richerson, P. J., and K. Lum. 1980. Patterns of plant species diversity in California: relation to weather and topography. American Naturalist 116:504-536.
69. Ridgley, R. S., and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. Volume I: The oscine passerines. Texas University Press, Austin, Texas, USA.
70. Ridgley, R. S., and G. Tudor. 1994. The birds of South America. Volume II: The suboscine passerines. Texas University Press, Austin, Texas, USA.
71. Ritchie, M. E., and H. Olff. 1999. Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity. Nature 400:557-560.
72. Rohde, K. 1992. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65:514-527.
73. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1968. Net primary productivity of terrestrial environments: predictions from climatological data. American Naturalist 102:67-84.
74. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
75. Rutherford, S., S. D'Hondt, and W. Prell. 1999. Environmental controls on the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity. Nature 400:749-753.
76. Schall, J. J., and E. R. Pianka. 1977. Species densities of reptiles and amphibians on the Iberian Peninsula. Doñana, Acta Vetebrata 4:27-34.
77. Schall, J. J., and E. R. Pianka. 1978. Geographical trends in numbers of species. Science 201:679-686.
78. Sibley, C., and B. L. Monroe. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
79. Simpson, K., and N. Day. 1984. The birds of Australia. Lloyd O'Neil, South Yarra, Australia.
80. Stephenson, N. L. 1990. Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of water balance. American Naturalist 135:649-670.
81. Tateishi, R., and C. H. Ahn. 1996. Mapping evapotranspiration and water balance for global land surfaces. ISPRS [International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing] Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 51:209-215.
82. Terentev, P. W. 1963. Attempt at application of analysis of variation to the qualitative richness of the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates of the U.S.S.R. [Translated by E. J. Maly and edited by E. R. Pianka, Smithsonian Herpetological Information Services, 1968.] Vestnik Leningradskovo Universiteta 21:19-26.
83. Thornwaite, C. W., and J. R. Mather. 1955. The water balance. Publications in Climatology 8(1). Drexel Institute of Technology, Centertown, New Jersey, USA.
84. Turner, J. R. G., C. M. Gatehouse, and C. A. Corey. 1987. Does solar energy control organic diversity? Butterflies, moths and the British climate. Oikos 48:195-205.
85. Turner, J. R. G., J. J. Lennon, and J. A. Lawrenson. 1988. British bird species distributions and the energy theory. Nature 335:539-541.
86. Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith. 1986. The birds of Africa. Volume II. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
87. Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith. 1997. The birds of Africa. Volume V. Academic Press, New York. New York, USA.
88. van Rensburg, B. J., S. L. Chown, and K. J. Gaston. 2002. Species richness, environmental correlates, and spatial scale: a test using South African birds. American Naturalist 159:566-577.
89. von Humboldt, A. 1808. Ansichten der Natur mit wissenschaftlichen Erlauterungen. J. G. Cotta, Tübingen, Germany.
90. Wartenberg, D. 1989. SAAP 4.3: spatial autocorrelation analysis program. Exeter Software. Setauket, New York, USA.
91. Whittaker, R. J., and R. Field. 2000. Tree species richness modeling: an approach of global applicability? Oikos 89:399-402.
92. Willis, K. J., and R. J. Whittaker. 2002. Species diversity-scale matters. Science 295:1245-1248.
93. Wright, D. H. 1983. Species-energy theory: an extension of species-area theory. Oikos 41:496-506.