Securing democracy in complex environments

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 709-723

  Buxton, Julia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33845530611     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340601010594     Document Type: Editorial

References (65)

1. Democracy promotion is understood here to mean those activities that are undertaken by governments and regional, international, and non-governmental organizations to uphold democratic forms of government and expanding these political arrangements to non-democratic country settings. See for example Special Issue, 'Democratization in the Muslim World: Changing Patterns of Power and Authority', Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2006);
2. Special Issue; 'On the State of Democracy', Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 5 (2005); Peter Burnell (ed.), Democratization Through the Looking-Glass (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003);
3. and Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
4. See for example Valerie Bunce, 'Should Transitologists be Grounded?', Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 1 (1995), pp. 111-27;
5. Valerie Bunce, 'Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations', Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 33, No. 6 (2000), pp. 703-34;
6. Philippe Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, 'The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East Should They Go?', Slavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 (1994), pp. 173-85;
7. Thomas Carothers, 'Democracy's Sobering State', Current History, Vol. 103, No. 677 (2004), pp. 412-16;
8. Thomas Carothers, 'The End of the Transition Paradigm', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2002), pp. 5-21.
9. For example, membership of the European Union (EU), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Organization of American States (OAS), African Union (AU).
10. For example, Mercosur (Mercado Comun del Sur), the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), the Andean Community, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Commonwealth.
11. For example, the United Nations, which in July 2005 established a UN Democracy Fund.
12. An example being the EU-ACP Cotonou Agreement, 1994.
13. See the Freedom House World Audit available at http://www.worldaudit.org/ press.htm
14. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948); International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976).
15. On the liberal peace thesis see Charles Lipson, Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made a Separate Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003);
16. R.J. Rummell, The Just Peace, Volume 5 of Understanding Conflict and War (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981);
17. Bruce Russett and John O' Neal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001);
18. Spencer Weart, Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight Each Other (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).
19. The Club of Madrid comprises former heads of government as full members. See the organization's website at http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/ index.php?id=14. Of course Spain, like the UK, has its own 'home-grown' terrorists too.
20. The Madrid agenda is available at http://www.demcoalition.org/pdf/ Madrid_Agenda.pdf.
21. See for example Morton Halperin, Joe Siegle, and Michael Weinstein, The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace (New York: Routledge Press, 2005);
22. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1999).
23. Most recent demonstrated by the Millennium Challenge Account for international development cooperation.
24. Through mechanisms such as the New Economic Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). See for example Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa (London: Zed Books, 2000);
25. EU Development Policy (Brussels, 2005).
26. Ted Piccone and Richard Youngs (eds), Strategies for Democratic Change: Assessing the Global Response (Democracy Coalition Project and Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior, Madrid and Washington, 2006), p. 9. Available at http://www.demcoalition.org/2005_html/activ_publi.html.
27. See Michael McFaul, 'Democracy Promotion as a World Value', The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2004-05),
28. Larry Diamond, 'Universal Democracy?', Policy Review, No. 119 (June/July 2003), pp. 3-25.
29. See Peter Burnell and Peter Calvert, 'Promoting Democracy Abroad', Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 433-8.
30. As most clearly evidenced in the US government's September 2002 National Security Strategy.
31. The work in this area is diffuse, but see for example Pauline Baker, 'Conflict Resolution versus Democratic Governance: Divergent Paths to Peace?', in Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (eds), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace, 2001), pp. 563-72;
32. Richard Gillespie and Richard Youngs, The European Union and Democracy Promotion: The Case of North Africa (London: Frank Cass, 2002);
33. Peter Harris and Ben Reilly 'Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict (Stockholm: International IDEA, 1998);
34. Adrian Leftwich 'Democracy and Development: Is there Institutional Incompatibility?', Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 5 (2005), pp. 686-703;
35. Terrence Lyons, 'Post-conflict Elections: War Termination, Democratization and Demilitarising Politics', Working Paper No. 20 (Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Washington DC: George Mason University, February 2002);
36. Jennifer Miliken (ed.), State Failure, Collapse and Reconstruction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003);
37. Marina Ottaway, 'Promoting Democracy After Conflict: The Difficult Choices', International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2003), pp. 314-22;
38. Peter J. Schraeder, 'The State of the Art in International Democracy Promotion: Results of a Joint-European-North American Research Network', Democratization, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2003), pp. 21-44;
39. James M. Scott and Carie A. Steele, 'Assisting Democrats or Resisting Dictators? The Nature and Impact of Democracy Support by the United States National Endowment for Democracy, 1990-99', Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 439-60;
40. Timothy Sisk and Andrew Reynolds, 'Elections and Electoral Systems: Implications for Conflict Management' in Timorthy Sisk and Andrew Reynolds (eds), Elections and Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace, 1998);
41. Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder (eds), Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999);
42. Richard Youngs, The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: Europe's Mediterranean and Asian Policies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 314-22.
43. As in Burma, Cuba, China, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia.
44. For analysis of illiberal democracies, see for example Larry Diamond, 'Thinking about Hybrid Regimes', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002), pp. 21-35;
45. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, 'The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002), p. 59;
46. Andreas Schedler, 'Elections without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002), pp. 36-49. The governments in Venezuela, Belarus, and Russia count among those that have been criticized for their 'semi'-democratic characteristics.
47. As exemplified by a number of West African states such as Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.
48. Such as Islamicist organizations in the Middle East, North Africa, South East and South West Asia; populist movements in South America and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist in Nepal).
49. See the testimony of Carl Gershman, President of the National Endowment for Democracy, 'The Assault on Democracy Assistance: The Challenge to the OSCE'. Delivered to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe hearing on The OSCE's Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights at Fifteen: Successes and the Future (Washington, DC, 17 May 2006).
50. Thomas Carothers, 'Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 1 (2003), pp. 84-97.
51. As in Nepal, Palestine, Ecuador, Bolivia. See Amy W. Hawthorne, Democracy Deficit: US Democracy Promotion Efforts in the Arab World (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001);
52. William I. Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
53. Piccone and Youngs (note 15).
54. In relation to the AU and EU, see for example Julia Buxton 'Promoting Democratisation, Good - Governance, Human Rights Protection and Conflict Prevention in Africa', Conflict Prevention, Management and Reduction in Africa (Joint Project of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs and the Centre for International Cooperation and Security, 2006). Available at http://www.upi-fiia.fi/fin/tilaisuudet/ menneet_tilaisuudet_2006/ conflict_prevention_management_and_reduction_in_africa
55. On DDR processes see Mats Berdal, 'Disarmament and Demobilization after Civil Wars', Adelphi Paper 303 (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1996);
56. Kees Kingma (ed.), Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa; the Development and Security Impacts (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).
57. See Jeroen de Zeeuw, 'Projects Do Not Create Institutions: The Record of Democracy Assistance in Post-Conflict Societies', Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 481-504.
58. Krishna Kumar's 'Reflections on International Political Party Assistance', Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 505-27;
59. see also Peter Burnell, Building Better Democracies. Why Political Parties Matter (London: Westminster Foundation for Democracy, 2004);
60. C. Gershman, 'Democracy Promotion: The Relationship of Political Parties and Civil Society', Democratization, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2004), pp. 27-35.
61. See for example Gabriel A. Almond, 'Comparative Political Systems', Journal of Politics, Vol. 18, No. 3 (1956), pp. 381-409;
62. G. Bingham Powell, Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982);
63. Donald L. Horowitz, 'Democracy in Divided Societies', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4, No. 4 (1993);
64. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbia, OH: Merrill, 1972).
65. David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild, 'Spreading Fear: The Genesis of Transnational Ethnic Conflict', in David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 3-34.