Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone antagonizes antidepressant-like effect of neuropeptide Y in Porsolt's test in rats

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 369-377

  Goyal, Sameer N ^a   Kokare, Dadasaheb M ^a   Chopde, Chandrabhan T ^a   Subhedar, Nishikant K ^a  

^a RTM NAGPUR UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone; Depression; Forced swim test; Melanocortin 4 receptor; Neuropeptide Y

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERMEDIN; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BETA INTERMEDIN[11-22][11 (N ACETYLCYSTEINE) 14 [3 (2 NAPHTHYL) DEXTRO ALANINE] 18 CYSTEINE 22 ASPARTIC ACID AMIDE] 11,18 CYCLIC DISULFIDE; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NEUROPEPTIDE Y1 RECEPTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE Y5 RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; IMMOBILIZATION; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SWIMMING;

ALPHA-MSH; ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; IMMOBILIZATION; MALE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; PEPTIDES, CYCLIC; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 3; RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 4; RECEPTORS, NEUROPEPTIDE Y; SWIMMING;

EID: 33845465747     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adan R.A.H., Cone R.D., Burbach J.P.H., and Gispen W.H. Differential effects of melanocortin peptides on neural melanocortin receptors. Mol Pharmacol 46 (1994) 1182-1190
2. Adan R.A., Szklarczyk A.W., Oosterom J., Brakkee J.H., Nijenhuis W.A., Schaaper W.M., et al. Characterization of melanocortin receptor ligands on cloned brain melanocortin receptors and on grooming behavior in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 378 (1999) 249-258
3. Argiolas A., Melis M.R., Murgia S., and Schioth H.B. ACTH- and α-MSH-induced grooming, stretching, yawning and penile erection in male rats: site of action in the brain and role of melanocortin receptors. Brain Res Bull 51 (2000) 425-431
4. Bagnol D., Lu X.Y., Kaelin C.B., Day H.E., Ollmann M., Gantz I., et al. Anatomy of an endogenous antagonist: relationship between Agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin in brain. J Neurosci 15 (1999) RC26
5. Baker R.A., Herkenham M., and Brady L.S. Effects of long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs on proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rats. J Neuroendocrinol 8 (1996) 337-343
6. Baran K., Preston E., Wilks D., Cooney G.J., Kraegen E.W., and Sainsbury A. Chronic central melanocortin-4 receptor antagonism and central neuropeptide-Y infusion in rats produce increased adiposity by divergent pathways. Diabetes 51 (2002) 152-158
7. Benoit S.C., Schwartz M.W., Lachey J.L., Hagan M.M., Rushing P.A., Blake K.A., et al. A novel selective melanocortin-4 receptor agonist reduces food intake in rats and mice without producing aversive consequences. J Neurosci 20 (2000) 3442-3448
8. Bertolini A., and Gessa G.L. Behavioral effects of ACTH and MSH peptides. J Endocrinol Investig 4 (1981) 241-251
9. Blasquez C., Jegou S., Tranch Bunel D., Fournier A., and Vaudry H. Neuropeptide Y inhibits alpha-MSH release from rat hypothalamic slices through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Brain Res 596 (1992) 163-168
10. Blasquez C., Jegou S., Friard O., Tonon M.C., Fournier A., and Vaudry H. Effect of centrally administered neuropeptide Y on hypothalamic and hypophyseal proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the rat. Neuroscience 68 (1995) 221-227
11. Blessing W.W., Howe P.R., Joh T.H., Oliver J.R., and Willoughby J.O. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive neurons in rabbit medulla oblongata, with attention to colocalization studies, presumptive adrenaline-synthesizing perikarya, and vagal preganglionic cells. J Comp Neurol 248 (1986) 285-300
12. Broberger C., Landry M., Wong H., Walsh J.N., and Hokfelt T. Subtypes Y1 and Y2 of the neuropeptide Y receptor are respectively expressed in pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 66 (1997) 393-408
13. Broberger C., Johansen J., Johansson C., Schalling M., and Hokfelt T. The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 15043-15408
14. Brown K.S., Gentry R.M., and Rowland N.E. Central injection in rats of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog: effects on food intake and brain Fos. Regul Pept 78 (1998) 89-94
15. Caberlotto L., Fuxe K., Overstreet D.H., Gerrard P., and Hurd Y.L. Alterations in neuropeptide Y and Y1 receptor mRNA expression in brains from an animal model of depression: region specific adaptation after fluoxetine treatment. Mol Brain Res 59 (1998) 58-65
16. Caberlotto L., Jimenez P., Overstreet D.H., Hurd Y.L., Mathe A.A., and Fuxe K. Alterations in neuropeptide Y levels and Y1 binding sites in the Flinders Sensitive Line rats, a genetic animal model of depression. Neurosci Lett 265 (1999) 191-194
17. Campeau S., Akil H., and Watson S.J. Lesions of the medial geniculate nuclei specifically block corticosterone release and induction of c-fos mRNA in the forebrain associated with audiogenic stress in rats. J Neurosci 17 (1997) 5979-5992
18. Chaki S., and Okuyama S. Involvement of melanocortin-4 receptor in anxiety and depression. Peptides 26 (2005) 1952-1964
19. Chaki S., Hirota S., Funakoshi T., Suzuki Y., Suetake S., Okubo T., et al. Anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like activities of MCL0129 (1-[(S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-isopropylpiperadin-1-yl)ethyl]-4-[4-(2-m ethoxynapthalen-1-yl)butyl]piperazine), a novel and potent nonpeptide antagonist of the melanocortin-4 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304 (2003) 818-826
20. Chaki S., Ogawa S., Toda Y., Funakoshi T., and Okuyama S. Involvement of the melanocortin MC4 receptor in stress-related behavior in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 474 (2003) 95-101
21. Chaki S., Oshida Y., Ogawa S., Funakoshi T., Shimazaki T., Okubo T., et al. MCL0042: a nonpeptidic MC4 receptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor with anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 82 (2005) 621-626
22. Chhajlani V., Muceniece R., and Wikberg J.E.S. Molecular cloning of a novel human melanocortin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195 (1993) 866-873
23. Chronwall B.M., DiMaggio D.A., Massari V.J., Pickel V.M., Ruggiero D.A., and O'Donohue T.L. The anatomy of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15 (1985) 1159-1181
24. Chrousos G.P., and Gold P.W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267 (1992) 1244-1252
25. Colmers W.F., and Bleakman D. Effects of neuropeptide Y on the electrical properties of neurons. Trends Neurosci 17 (1994) 373-379
26. Corda M.G., Orlandi M., and Fratta W. Proconflict effect of ACTH1-24: interaction with benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36 (1990) 631-634
27. Cowley M.A., Pronchuk N., Fan W., Dinulescu D.M., Colmers W.F., and Cone R.D. Integration of NPY, AGRP, and melanocortin signals in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence of cellular basis for the adipostat. Neuron 24 (1999) 155-163
28. Csiffary A., Gorcs T.J., and Palkovits M. Neuropeptide Y innervation of ACTH-immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of rats: a correlated light and electron microscopic double immunolabeling study. Brain Res 506 (1990) 215-222
29. Dantzer R. Peptides and anxiety. Encephale 9 (1983) 117B-182B
30. De Barioglio S.R., Lezcano N., and Celis M.E. Alpha MSH-induced excessive grooming behavior involves a GABAergic mechanism. Peptides 12 (1991) 203-205
31. Delbende C., Jegou S., Tranchand-Bunel D., Leroux P., Tonon M.C., Mocaer E., et al. Role of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the central nervous system. Rev Neurol 141 (1985) 429-439
32. Delbende C., Jegou S., Tranchand-Bunel D., Blasquez C., and Vaudry H. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid inhibits the release of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone from rat hypothalamic slices. Brain Res 497 (1989) 86-93
33. de Quidt M.E., and Emson P.C. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system-I. Radioimmunoassay and chromatographic characterization. Neuroscience 18 (1986) 527-543
34. Doods H.N., Wieland H.A., Engel W., Eberlein W., Willim K.D., Entzeroth M., et al. BIBP 3226, the first selective neuropeptide Y1 receptor antagonist: a review of its pharmacological properties. Regul Pept 65 (1996) 71-77
35. Dumont Y., Fournier A., and Quirion R. Expression and characterization of the neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor subtype in the rat brain. J Neurosci 18 (1998) 5565-5574
36. Eberle A.N. The melanotropins (1988), Karger, New York 272-308
37. Ehlers C.L., Somes C., Seifritz E., and Rivier J.E. CRF/NPY interactions: a potential role in sleep dysregulation in depression and anxiety. Depress Anxiety 6 (1997) 1-9
38. Eipper B.A., and Mains R.E. Structure and biosynthesis of pro-adrenocorticotropin/ endorphin and related peptides. Endocr Rev 1 (1980) 1-27
39. Eskay R.L., Giraud P., Oliver C., and Brown-Stein M.J. Distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the rat brain: evidence that alpha-MSH-containing cells in the arcuate region send projections to extrahypothalamic areas. Brain Res 178 (1979) 55-67
40. Everitt B.J., Hokfelt T., Terenius L., Tatemoto K., Mutt V., and Goldstein M. Differential co-existence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience 11 (1984) 443-462
41. Fan W., Boston B.A., Kesterson R.A., Hruby V.J., and Cone R.D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in the feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature 385 (1997) 165-168
42. Finta E.P., Regenold J.T., and Illes P. Depression by neuropeptide Y of noradrenergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of locus coeruleus neurones. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 346 (1992) 472-474
43. Flood J.F., Hernandez E.N., and Morley J.E. Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res 421 (1987) 280-290
44. Gantz I., Konda Y., Tashiro T., Shimoto Y., Miwa H., Munzert G., et al. Molecular cloning of a novel melanocortin receptor. J Biol Chem 268 (1993) 8246-8250
45. Gantz I., Miwa H., Konda Y., Shimoto Y., Tashiro T., Watson S.J., et al. Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor. J Biol Chem 268 (1993) 15174-15179
46. Garcia de Yebenes E., Li S., Fournier A., St-Pierre S., and Pelletier G. Regulation of proopiomelanocortin gene expression by neuropeptide Y in the rat arcuate nucleus. Brain Res 674 (1995) 112-116
47. Gonzalez M.I., Vaziri S., and Wilson C.A. Behavioral effects of alpha-MSH and MCH after central administration in the female rat. Peptides 17 (1996) 171-177
48. Gonzalez M.I., Kalia V., Hole D.R., and Wilson C.A. Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) modify monoaminergic levels in the preoptic area of the rat. Peptides 18 (1997) 387-392
49. Gribkoff V.K., Pieschl R.L., Wisialowski T.A., van den Pol A.N., and Yocca F.D. Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes. J Neurosci 18 (1998) 3014-3022
50. Hadley M.E., and Haskell-Luevano C. The proopiomelanocortin system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 885 (1999) 1-21
51. Hahn T.M., Breininger J.F., Baskin D.G., and Schwartz M.W. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat Neurosci 1 (1998) 271-272
52. Hansen M.J., and Morris M.J. Evidence for an interaction between neuropeptide Y and the melanocortin-4 receptor on feeding in the rat. Neuropharmacology 42 (2002) 792-797
53. 34] neuropeptide Y potentiate potassium-induced noradrenaline release in the paraventricular nucleus of the aged rat. Brain Res 750 (1997) 301-304
54. Heilig M., Wahlestedt C., Ekman R., and Widerlov E. Antidepressant drugs increase the concentration of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 147 (1988) 465-467
55. Heilig M., Söderpalm B., Engel J.A., and Widerlöv E. Centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic-like effects in animal anxiety models. Psychopharmacology 98 (1989) 524-529
56. Herzog H., Hort Y.J., Ball H.J., Hayes G., Shine J., and Selbie L.A. Cloned human neuropeptide Y receptor couples to two different second messenger systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89 (1992) 5794-5798
57. Hofliger M.M., Castejon G.L., Kiess W., and Beck Sickinger A.G. Novel cell line selectively expressing neuropeptide Y-Y2 receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 23 (2003) 351-360
58. Husum H., Bolwig T.G., Sanchez C., Mathe A.A., and Hansen S.L. Levetiracetam prevents changes in levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide Y mRNA and of Y1- and Y5-like receptors in the hippocampus of rats undergoing amygdala kindling: implications for antiepileptogenic and mood-stabilizing properties. Epilepsy Behav 5 (2004) 204-215
59. Jain M.R., and Subhedar N.K. Increase in number of LHRH neurones in septal-preoptic area of rats following chronic amitriptyline treatment: implication in antidepressant effect. Brain Res 604 (1993) 7-15
60. Karl T., Burne T.H., and Herzog H. Effect of Y1 receptor deficiency on motor activity, exploration, and anxiety. Behav Brain Res 167 (2006) 87-93
61. Kask A., and Schioth H.B. Tonic inhibition of food intake during inactive phase is reversed by the injection of the melanocortin receptor antagonist into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and central amygdala of the rat. Brain Res 887 (2000) 460-464
62. Kask A., Rago L., and Harro J. Evidence for involvement of neuropeptide Y receptors in the regulation of food intake: studies with Y1-selective antagonist BIBP3226. Br J Pharmacol 124 (1998) 1507-1515
63. Kawakubo K., Yang H., and Tache Y. Intracisternal PYY inhibits gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rats: role of PYY-preferring receptors?. Brain Res 854 (2000) 30-34
64. Kishi T., Aschkenasi C.J., Lee C.E., Mountjoy K.G., Saper C.B., and Elmquist J.K. Expression of melanocortin 4 receptor mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 457 (2003) 213-235
65. Kokare D.M., Dandekar M.P., Chopde C.T., and Subhedar N. Interaction between neuropeptide Y and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in amygdala regulates anxiety in rats. Brain Res 1043 (2005) 107-114
66. A receptors mediate orexin-A induced stimulation of food intake. Neuropharmacology 50 (2006) 16-24
67. Kokare D.M., Chopde C.T., and Subhedar N.K. Participation of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone in ethanol-induced anxiolysis and withdrawal anxiety in rats. Neuropharmacology 51 (2006) 536-545
68. Lucki I. The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behav Pharmacol 8 (1997) 523-532
69. Martire M., Pistritto G., Mores N., Agnati L.F., and Fuxe K. Region-specific inhibition of potassium-evoked [3H]noradrenaline release from rat brain synaptosomes by neuropeptide Y-(13-36). Involvement of NPY receptors of the Y2 type. Eur J Pharmacol 230 (1993) 231-234
70. Menyhert J., Wittmann G., Hrabovszky E., Keller E., Liposits Z., and Fekete C. Interconnection between orexigenic neuropeptide Y- and anorexigenic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-synthesizing neuronal systems of the human hypothalamus. Brain Res 1076 (2006) 101-105
71. Mounien L., Bizet P., Boutelet I., Vaudry H., and Jegou S. Expression of Melanocortin MC3 and MC4 Receptor mRNAs by Neuropeptide Y Neurons in the Rat Arcuate Nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 82 (2006) 164-170
72. Mountjoy K.G., Robbins L.S., Mortrud M.T., and Cone R.D. The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors. Science 257 (1992) 1248-1251
73. Mountjoy K.G., Mortrud M.T., Low M.J., Simerly R.B., and Cone R.D. Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol Endocrinol 8 (1994) 1298-1308
74. Nestler E.J., Barrot M., DiLeone R.J., Eisch A.J., Gold S.J., and Monteggia L.M. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 34 (2002) 13-25
75. O'Donohue T.L., and Dorsa D.M. The opiomelanotropinergic neuronal and endocrine systems. Peptides 3 (1982) 353-395
76. O'Donohue T.L., Miller R.L., and Jacobowitz D.M. Identification, characterization and stereotaxic mapping of intraneuronal alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like immunoreactive peptides in discrete regions of the rat brain. Brain Res 176 (1979) 101-123
77. Overstreet D.H. The Flinders sensitive line rats: a genetic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 17 (1993) 51-68
78. Overstreet D.H., Pucilowski O., Rezvani A.H., and Janowsky D.S. Administration of antidepressants, diazepam and psychomotor stimulants further confirms the utility of Flinders Sensitive Line rats as an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology 121 (1995) 27-37
79. Palmiter R.D., Erickson J.C., Hollopeter G., Baraban S.C., and Schwartz M.W. Life without neuropeptide Y. Recent Prog Horm Res 53 (1998) 163-199
80. Parker R.M., and Herzog H. Regional distribution of Y-receptor subtype mRNAs in rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 11 (1999) 1431-1448
81. Paxinos G., and Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates (1998), Academic Press, London
82. Pelletier G. Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 611 (1990) 232-246
83. Pelletier G., and Leclerc R. Immunohistochemical localization of adrenocorticotropin in the rat brain. Endocrinology 104 (1979) 1426-1433
84. Perney T.M., and Miller R.J. Two different G-proteins mediate neuropeptide Y and bradykinin-stimulated phospholipid breakdown in cultured rat sensory neurons. J Biol Chem 264 (1989) 7317-7327
85. Porsolt R.D., Anton G., Blavet N., and Jalfre M. Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47 (1978) 379-391
86. Rao T.L., Kokare D.M., Sarkar S., Khisti R.T., Chopde C.T., and Subhedar N. GABAergic agents prevent alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone induced anxiety and anorexia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 76 (2003) 417-423
87. Redrobe J.P., Dumont Y., St-Pierre J.A., and Quirion R. Multiple receptors for neuropeptide Y in the hippocampus: putative roles in seizures and cognition. Brain Res 848 (1999) 153-166
88. Redrobe J.P., Dumont Y., and Quirion R. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and depression: from animal studies to the human condition. Life Sci 71 (2002) 2921-2937
89. Redrobe J.P., Dumont Y., Fournier A., Baker G.B., and Quirion R. Role of serotonin (5-HT) in the antidepressant-like properties of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the mouse forced swim test. Peptides 26 (2005) 1394-1400
90. Rudolf K., Eberlein W., Engel W., Wieland H.A., Willim K.D., Entzeroth M., et al. The first highly potent and selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist: BIBP3226. Eur J Pharmacol 271 (1994) R11-R13
91. Schlicker E., Gross G., Fink K., Glaser T., and Gothert M. Serotonin release in the rat brain cortex is inhibited by neuropeptide Y but not affected by ACTH1-24, angiotensin II, bradykinin and delta-sleep-inducing peptide. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 343 (1991) 117-122
92. Schwartz M.W., and Wisse B.E. Role of melanocortins in control of obesity. Nat Genet 26 (2000) 8-9
93. Shimazaki T., and Chaki S. Anxiolytic-like effect of a selective and non-peptidergic melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist, MCL0129, in a social interaction test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 80 (2005) 395-400
94. Small C.J., Morgan D.G., Meeran K., Heath M.M., Gunn I., Edwards C.M., et al. Peptide analogue studies of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor mediating pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone release. Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 (1997) 11686-11691
95. Song C., Earley B., and Leonard B.E. The effects of central administration of neuropeptide Y on behavior, neurotransmitter, and immune functions in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 10 (1996) 1-16
96. Stanley B.G., and Leibowitz S.F. Neuropeptide Y injected in the paraventricular hypothalamus: a powerful stimulant of feeding behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82 (1985) 3940-3943
97. Stogner K.A., and Holmes P.V. Neuropeptide-Y exerts antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 387 (2000) R9-R10
98. Suda T., Tozawa F., Iwai I., Sato Y., Sumitomo T., Nakano Y., et al. Neuropeptide Y increases the corticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid level in the rat hypothalamus. Mol Brain Res 18 (1993) 311-315
99. Thorsell A., Slawecki C.J., and Ehlers C.L. Effects of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor on ethanol intake in Wistar rats: interaction with chronic ethanol exposure. Behav Brain Res 161 (2005) 133-140
100. Tiligada E., and Wilson J.F. Regulation of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone release from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus by serotonin and the interaction of serotonin with the dopaminergic system inhibiting peptide release. Brain Res 503 (1989) 225-228
101. Tsagarakis S., Rees L.H., Besser G.M., and Grossman A. Neuropeptide-Y stimulates CRF1-41 release from rat hypothalami in vitro. Brain Res 502 (1989) 167-170
102. Toufexis D.J., Kyriazis D., and Woodside B. Chronic neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor stimulation suppresses reproduction in virgin female and lactating rats. J Neuroendocrinol 14 (2002) 492-497
103. Vecsernyes M., Biro E., Gardi J., Julesz J., and Telegdy G. Involvement of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in mediation of neuroendocrine and behavioral effects to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Endocr Res 26 (2000) 347-356
104. Vezzani A., Sperk G., and Colmers W.F. Neuropeptide Y: emerging evidence for a functional role in seizure modulation. Trends Neurosci 22 (1999) 25-30
105. Woldbye D.P., Klemp K., and Madsen T.M. Neuropeptide Y attenuates naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal via Y5-like receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284 (1998) 633-636