Firm-specific characteristics of R&D collaborators and non-collaborators in US biotechnology clusters and elsewhere

International Journal of Technology and Globalisation

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 92-118

  Bagchi Sen, Sharmistha ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

biotechnology; clusters; collaboration; R D

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845284981     PISSN: 14765667     EISSN: 17418194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/ijtg.2004.004553     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Hagedoorn, J., Link, A.N. and Vonortas, N.S. (2000) ‘Research partnerships’, Research Policy, Vol. 29, pp.567–586.
2. Biotechnology is defined as "a group of techniques and technologies that apply the principles of genetics, immunology and molecular, cellular and structural biology to the discovery and development of novel products" [3, p.3]. The biotechnology industry applies "various biotechnologies to develop commercially viable products. The biotech industry is typically an input in the health care, food and agriculture, industrial processes, and environmental cleanup industries" [3, p.3].
3. Audretsch, D. (2001) ‘The role of small firms in U.S. biotechnology clusters’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.3–15.
4. Cooke, P. (2002) ‘Rational drug design and the rise of bioscience megacentres’, Presented at the Fourth Triple Helix Conference, Breaking Boundaries-Building Bridges, Copenhagen, Denmark-Lund, Sweden, November 6-9.
5. Coombs, J.E. and Deeds, D.L. (2000) ‘International alliances as sources of capital: evidence from the biotechnology industry’, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.235–253.
6. Powell, W.W., Koput, K.W., Bowie, J.I. and Smith-Doerr, L. (2002) ‘The spatial clustering of science and capital: accounting for biotech firm-venture capital relationships’, Regional Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp.291–305.
7. Zucker, L.G., Darby, M.R. and Armstrong, J.S. (2002) ‘Commercializing knowledge: university science, knowledge capture, and firm performance in biotechnology’, Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp.138–153.
8. Malmberg, A., Solvell, O. and Zander, I. (1996) ‘Spatial clustering, local accumulation of knowledge and firm competitiveness’, Geografiska Annaler B, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp.85–97.
9. Swann, G.M.P., Prevezer, M. and Stout, D. (1998) The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
10. Liebeskind, J.P., Oliver, A.L., Zucker, L.G. and Brewer, M.B. (1995) Social Networks, Learning and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms, NBER Working Paper Series, No. 5320, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
11. Persidis, A. (2001) ‘Strategies of biotechnology firms towards new, platform technologies’, International Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 3, Nos.1/2, pp.23–32.
12. Small Business Economics (2001) Articles on biotechnology industry in different countries in Vol. 17, No. 3.
13. Malecki, E.J. (1997) Technology and Economic Development: the Dynamics of Local, Regional, and National Competitiveness, Essex, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.
14. Pisano, G., Shan, W. and Teece, D.J. (1988) ‘Joint ventures and collaboration in the biotechnology industry’, in D. Mowery (Ed.), International Collaborative Ventures in U.S. Manufacturing, Cambridge, MA, Ballinger Publishing Co.
15. Pisano, G. (1991) ‘The governance of innovation: vertical integration and collaborative arrangements in the biotechnology industry’, Research Policy, Vol. 20, pp.237–249.
16. Deeds, D.L. and Hill, C.W.L. (1996) ‘Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development: an empirical study of entrepreneurial biotechnology firms’, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 11, pp.41–55.
17. Dibner, M. and White, R. (1989) ‘Biotechnology in the United States and Japan: Who’s on First?’, BioPharm, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.22–29.
18. Greis, N.P., Dibner, M.D. and Bean, A.S. (1995) ‘External partnering as a response to innovation barriers and global competition in biotechnology’, Research Policy, Vol. 24, pp.609–630.
19. Arora, A. and Gambardella, A. (1994) ‘Evaluating technological information and utilizing it’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 24, pp.91–114.
20. Kenney, M. (1986) ‘Schumpeterian innovation and entrepreneurs in capitalism: a case study of the U.S. biotechnology industry’, Research Policy, Vol. 15, pp.21–31.
21. Kenney, M. (1986) Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
22. Orsenigo, L. (1989) The Emergence of Biotechnology: Institutions and Markets in Industrial Innovation, New York, St. Martin’s Press.
23. Zucker, L.G., Darby, M.R. and Brewer, M.B. (1998) ‘Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises’, The American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp.291–306.
24. Oinas, P. and Malecki, E.J. (2002) ‘The evolution of technologies in time and space: from national and regional to spatial innovation systems’, International Regional Science Review, Vol. 25, pp.102–131.
25. Marshall, A. (1920) Industry and Trade, London, MacMillan.
26. Florida, R. (2000) ‘Competing in the new age of talent: quality of place and the new economy’, a report prepared for the R.K. Mellon Foundation, Heinz Endowments and Sustainable, Pittsburgh.
27. Birkinshaw, J. and Hood, N. (2000) ‘Characteristics of foreign subsidiaries in industry clusters’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 31, pp.141–154.
28. Myrdal, G. (1957) Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions, London, Duckworth.
29. Pred, A.R. (1977) City-Systems in Advanced Economies, London, Hutchinson.
30. Nachum, L. (2000) ‘Economic geography and the location of TNCs: financial and professional service FDI to the USA’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 31, p.367.
31. Brouwer, E., Budil-Nadvorinikova, H. and Kleinnecht, A. (1999) ‘Are urban agglomerations a better breeding place for product innovation? An analysis of new product announcements’, Regional Studies, Vol. 33, pp.541–549.
32. Baptista, R. and Swann, P. (1998) ‘Do firms in clusters innovate more?’, Research Policy, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp.525–540.
33. Coombs, J. and Deeds, D. (2000) ‘International alliances as sources of capital: evidence from the biotechnology industry’, Journal of High Technology and Management Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.235–253.
34. Audretsch, D.B. and Stephan, P. (1996) ‘Company-scientist locational links: the case of biotechnology’, The American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp.641–652.
35. Audretsch, D. and Stephan, P. (2000) ‘Knowledge spillovers in biotechnology: sources and incentives, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 9, pp.97–107.
36. Oliver, A.L., and Liebeskind, J.P. (1998) ‘Three levels of networking for sourcing intellectual capital in biotechnology: implications for studying interorganizational networks’, International Studies of Management & Organization, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.76–103.
37. Powell, W.W. and Brantley, P. (1992) ‘Competitive cooperation in biotechnology: learning through networks?’, in N. Nohria and R. Eccles (Eds.) Networks and Organizations, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press, pp.366–394.
38. Powell, W.W., Koput, K.W. and Smith-Doerr, L. (1996) ‘Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: networks of learning in biotechnology’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp.116–145.
39. Powell, W.W. (1998) ‘Learning from collaboration: knowledge and networks in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries’, California Management Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp.228–240.
40. Chakrabarti, A.K. and Weisenfeld, U. (1991) ‘An empirical analysis of innovation strategies of biotechnology firms in the U.S.’, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 8, Nos. 3-4, pp.243–260.
41. Deeds, D. (2001) ‘The role of R&D intensity, technical development and absorptive capacity in creating entrepreneurial wealth in high technology start-ups’, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 18, pp.29–47.
42. della Valle, F. and Gambardella, A. (1993) ‘‘Biological’ revolution and strategies for innovation in pharmaceutical companies’, R&D Management, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.287–302.
43. Feldman, M.P. and Ronzio, C.R. (2001) ‘Closing the innovative loop: moving from the laboratory to the shop floor in biotechnology manufacturing’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 13, pp.1–16.
44. Gray, M., and Parker, E. (1998) ‘Industrial change and regional development: the case of the US biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries’, Environment & Planning A, Vol. 30, pp.1757–1774.
45. Hall, L. and Bagchi-Sen, S. (2001) ‘An analysis of R&D, innovation and business performance in the US biotechnology industry’, International Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 3, Nos. 3-4, pp.267–286.
46. Hall, L. and Bagchi-Sen, S. (2002) ‘A study of R&D, innovation and business performance in the Canadian biotechnology industry’, Technovation, Vol. 22, pp.231–244.
47. Hamilton, W.F., Vila, J. and Dibner, M.D. (1990) ‘Patterns of strategic choice in emerging firms: positioning for innovation in biotechnology’, California Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.73–86.
48. Haug, P. and Ness, P. (1992) ‘Technological infrastructure and regional economic development of biotechnology firms’, Technovation, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp.423–432.
49. Kenney, M. and Florida, R. (1994) ‘The organization and geography of Japanese R&D: results from a survey of Japanese electronics and biotechnology’, Research Policy, Vol. 23, pp.305–323.
50. Oakey, R.P. (1993) ‘Predatory networkingt role of small firms in the development of the British biotechnology industry’, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp.9–22.
51. Pfirrmann, O. (1999) ‘Neither soft nor hard – pattern of development of new technology based firms on biotechnology’, Technovation, Vol. 19, pp.651–659.
52. Prevezer, M. (1997) ‘The dynamics of industrial clustering in biotechnolog’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.255–271.
53. Prevezer, M. (2001) ‘Ingredients in the early development of the U.S. biotechnology industry’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 17, pp.17–29.
54. Zucker, L.G. and Darby, M.R. (1997) ‘Present at the biotechnological revolution: transformation of technological identity for a large incumbent pharmaceutical firm’, Research Policy, Vol. 26, pp.429–446.
55. Argyres, N.S. and Liebeskind, J.P. (1998) ‘Privatizing the intellectual commons: universities and the commercialization of biotechnology’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp.427–454.
56. Bonaccorsi, A. and Piccaluga, A. (1994) ‘A theoretical framework for the evolution of university-industry relationships’, R&D Management, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.229–247.
57. Stephan, P., Audretsch, D. and Hawkins, R. (2000) ‘The knowledge production function: lessons from biotechnology’, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 19, Nos. 1–2, pp.165–178.
58. Barley, S.R., Freeman, J. and Hybels, R.C. (1992) ‘Strategic alliances in commercial biotechnology’, in N. Nohria and R.G. Eccles (Eds.) Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, Boston, Harvard Business School Press.
59. Peters, L., Groenewegen, P. and Fiebelkorn, N. (1998) ‘A comparison of networks between industry and public sector research in materials technology and biotechnology’, Research Policy, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.255–271.
60. Prevezer, M. and Toker, S. (1996) ‘The degree of integration in strategic alliances in biotechnology’, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.117–133.
61. Shan, W., Walker, G. and Kogut, B. (1994) ‘Interfirm cooperation and startup innovation in the biotechnology industry’, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, pp.387–394.
62. Bartholomew, S. (1997) ‘National systems of biotechnology innovation: complex interdependence in the global system’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.241–266.
63. McCutchen, W.W. Jr. and Swamidass, P.M. (1998) ‘Explaining the differences in domestic and cross-boundary strategic alliances in the pharmaceutical/biotech industry’, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 15, pp.490–506.
64. Madhok, A. and Osegowitsch, T. (2000) ‘The international biotechnology industry: dynamic capabilities perspective’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp.325–336.
65. Serapio, M.G. and Dalton, D.H. (1999) ‘Globalization of industrial R&D: an examination of foreign direct investment in R&D in the United States’, Research Policy, Vol. 28, Nos. 2–3, pp.303–316.
66. Shan, W. and Song, J. (1997) ‘Foreign direct investment and the sourcing of technological advantage: evidence from the biotechnology industry’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.267–284.
67. Shohet, S. and Prevezer, M. (1996) ‘UK biotechnology: institutional linkages, technology transfer and the role of intermediaries’, R&D Management, Vol. 26, pp.283–298.
68. Woiceshyn, J. (1995) ‘Lessons in product innovation: a case study of biotechnology firms’, R&D Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.395–409.
69. Zucker, L.G. and Darby, M.R. (1996) Star Scientists, Institutions, and the Entry of Japanese Biotechnology Enterprises, NBER Working Paper Series, No. 5795, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
70. Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P. (1991) ‘Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation’, Organization Science, Vol. 2, pp.40–57.
71. Cyert, R. and March, J.C. (1963) A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
72. Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. (2000) ‘The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and "mode 2" to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations’, Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.109–123.
73. Granovetter, M. (1985) ‘Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 91, pp.481–510.
74. Levinthal, D.A. and March, J.G. (1994) ‘The myopia of learning’, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14, pp.95–112.
75. McMillan, G.S., Narin, F. and Deeds, D.L. (2000) ‘An analysis of the critical role of public science in innovation: the case of biotechnology’, Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.1–8.
76. Nelson, R. and Winter, S. (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
77. Shane, S. and Stuart, T. (2002) ‘Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups’, Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp.154–171.
78. Stinchcombe, A. (1990) Information and Organization, Berkeley, University of California Press.
79. von Hippel, E. (1988) Sources of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press.
80. Jaffe, A.B. (1989) ‘Real effects of academic research’, The American Economic Review, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp.957–970.
81. Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg, M. and Henderson, R. (1994) ‘Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp.577–598.
82. Acs, Z.J., Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M.P. (1994) ‘R&D spillovers and innovative activity’, Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 15, pp.131–138.
83. Anselin, L., Varga, A. and Acs, Z. (1996) ‘Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations’, Paper presented at the Forty-Third North American Meeting of the Regional Science Association International, Washington, DC, November.
84. Link, A. and Rees, J. (1989) ‘Firm size, university based research, and the returns to R&D’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 2, pp.25–31.
85. Feldman, M.P. and Florida, R. (1994) ‘The geographic sources of innovation: technological infrastructure and product innovation in the United States’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp.210–229.
86. Florida, R. (1999) ‘The role of the university: leveraging talent, not technology’, Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp.67–74.
87. Mansfield, E. (1990) ‘Academic research and industrial innovation’, Research Policy, Vol. 20, pp.1–12.
88. Westhead, P. and Storey, D.J. (1995) ‘Links between higher education institutions and high technology firms’, Omega, International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.345–360.
89. Markusen, A., Hall, P. and Glasmeier, A. (1986) To What, How, Where and Why of the Sunrise Industries, London, Allen and Unwin.
90. Oakey, R.P. (1985) ‘High technology industry and agglomeration economies’, in P. Hall and A. Markusen (Eds.) Silicon Landscapes, Boston, Allen and Unwin, pp.94–117.
91. Quintas, P., Wield, D. and Massey, D. (1992) ‘Academic-industry links and innovation: questioning the science park model’, Technovation, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.161–175.
92. Rosenberg, N. and Nelson, R. (1994) ‘American universities and technical advance in industry’, Research Policy, Vol. 23, pp.323–348.
93. Blumenthal, D., Gluck, M., Seashore, K., Stoto, M.A. and Wise, D. (1986) ‘University-industry research relationships in biotechnology: implications for the university’, Science, Vol. 232, pp.1361–1367.
94. Camagni, R. (1991) ‘Local ‘milieu’, uncertainty and innovation networks: towards a new dynamic theory of economic space’ in R. Camagni (Ed.) Innovation Networks: Spatial Perspectives, pp.121–144, London, Pinter.
95. Hendry, C., Brown, J. and Defillippi, R. (2000) ‘Regional clustering of high technology-based firms: opto-electronics in three countries’, Regional Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.129–144.
96. Porter, M.E. (1998) ‘Clusters and the new economics of competition’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 76, pp.77–90.
97. Camagni, R. (1995) ‘Global network and local milieu: towards a theory of economic space’, in S. Conti, E.J. Malecki and P. Oinas (Eds.) The Industrial Space and its Environment: Spatial Perspectives, Aldershot, Avebury, pp.195–214.
98. Gordon, I.R. and McCann, P. (2000) ‘Industrial clusters: complexes, agglomeration and/or social networks?’, Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp.513–532.
99. Birkinshaw, J. (2000) ‘Upgrading of industry clusters and foreign investment’, International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.93–113.
100. Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (1993) ‘Globalization, institutional thickness and local prospects’, Revue d’Economie Regionale et Urbaine, Vol. 3, pp.405–427.
101. Massey, D., Quintas, P. and Wield, D. (1992) High Tech Fantasies: Science Parks in Society, Science and Space, London, Routledge.
102. Johannisson, B., Alexanderson, O., Norwicki, K. and Senneseth, K. (1994) ‘Beyond anarchy and organization: entrepreneurs in contextual networks’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 6, pp.329–356.
103. st Century Industrial Complexes, Routledge, London.
104. Stöhr, W.B. (1986) Regional innovation complexes, Papers of the Regional Science Association, Vol. 59, pp.29–44.
105. Cortright, J. and Mayer, H. (2002) Signs of Life: The Growth of Biotechnology Centers in the U.S., Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy.
106. Ernst and Young. (2000) The Economic Contributions of the Biotechnology Industry to the U.S. Economy, Prepared for the Biotechnology Industry Organization by Ernst and Young Economics Consulting and Quantitative Analysis.
107. Dillman, D.A. (1978) Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method, New York, John Wiley & Sons.
108. Fink, A. (series editor) (1995) How to Ask Survey Questions, The Survey Kit Series, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
109. Eyles, J. (1988) ‘Interpreting the geographical world: qualitative approaches in geographical research’, in J. Eyles D.M. and Smith (Eds.) Qualitative Methods in Human Geography, Cambridge, Polity Press, pp.1–16.
110. Healey, M.J. and Rawlinson, M.B. (1993) ‘Interviewing business owners and managers: a review of methods and techniques’, Geoforum, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.339–355.
111. (2000) North American Biotechnology Directory, 1999 Houston, TX, Atlantic Communications (formerly I.E.I. Publishing).
112. Biotechnology Industry Guide (1996) Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Institute for Biotechnology Information.
113. Lee, Jr., K.B., and Burrill, G.S. (1996) Biotech 97: Alignment, Palo Alto, CA, Ernst & Young, LLP.
114. More than 20% of total revenue being expended for R&D.