Insomia: Recent developments in definition and treatment

Primary Care and Community Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 81-91

  Atalay, Hakan ^a,b  

^a YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b NONE   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Cognitive behavioral therapy; Hypnotics; Insomia; Sleep hygiene

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CAFFEINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; COCAINE; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DIAMORPHINE; ESTAZOLAM; ESZOPICLONE; FLURAZEPAM; FLUVOXAMINE; GABAPENTIN; GABOXADOL; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HORMONE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; KAVA; MELATONIN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PHENOBARBITAL; QUAZEPAM; RAMELTEON; STEROID; TRAZODONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALERIAN; ZALEPLON; ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE;

ACTIMETRY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AGITATION; AMNESIA; ANAMNESIS; ANTICHOLINERGIC SYNDROME; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BLURRED VISION; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DELIRIUM; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COMPETITION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; FATIGUE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; INSOMNIA; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; LIVER INJURY; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG TERM CARE; MEDLINE; MENTAL DISEASE; NAUSEA; NERVOUSNESS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIAPISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SORE THROAT; TASTE DISORDER; URINE RETENTION; XEROSTOMIA; YOGA;

EID: 33751324170     PISSN: 17468841     EISSN: 14734885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1185/135525706X121138     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Billiard M, Bentley A. Is insomnia best categorized as a symptom or a disease? Sleep Med 2004;5(suppl 1):S35-S40
2. Harvey AG. Insomnia: symptom or diagnosis? Clin Psychol Rev 2001;21:1037-59
3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Insomnia. Insomnia: assessment and management in primary care. Am Fam Physician 1999;59:3029-38
4. NSF 2005. Sleep in America poll. Available at: http:// www.sleep-solutions.com/phys/education/ NSF_2005_Sleep_in_America_Poll_Results.htm [Last accessed December 9, 2005]
5. Estivill E, Bow A, Garcia-Borreguero D, and members of the Consensus Group. Consensus on drug treatment, definiton and diagnosis for insomnia. Clin Drug Invest 2003;23:351-85
6. Thase ME. Correlates and consequences of chronic insomnia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005;27:100-12
7. Benca RM. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia: a review. Psychiatr Serv 2005;56:332-43
8. Morin CM. Combined therapeutics for insomnia: Should our first approach be behavioral or pharmacological? Sleep Med, in press
9. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Second Edition. Westchester, III: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005
10. National Institutes of Health. State-of-the-Science Conference on Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults, June 13-15, 2005. Sleep 2005;28:1049-57
11. Ohayon MM. Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev 2002;6:97-111
12. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2003;37:9-15
13. Simon GE, Von Korff M. Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiat 1997;154:1417-23
14. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Version for 2006. Available at: http://www3.who.int/icd/currentversion/fr.icd/htm
15. American Psychiatric Association. Sleep Disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 1994:597-661
16. Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, et al. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:131-6
17. Roth T, Drake C. Evolution of insomnia. Sleep Med 2004;5 (Suppl 1):S23-S30
18. Lichstein KL, Stone KC, Donaldson J, et al. Actigraphy validation with insomnia. Sleep 2006;29:232-9
19. Stepanski EJ, Rybarczyk B. Emerging research on the treatment and etiology of secondary or comorbid insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2006;10:7-18
20. Bastien CH, Morin CM. Familial incidence of insomnia. J Sleep Res 2000;9:49-54
21. Dauvilliers Y, Morin C, Cervena K, et al. Family studies in insomnia. J Psychosom, Res 2005;58:271-8
22. Erman MK. Sleep architecture and its relationship to insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(suppl 10):9-17
23. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric research. Psychiatry Res 1989;28:193-213
24. Bastien CH, Valleres A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001;2:297-307
25. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW, Sack RL. Assessment and management of insomnia. JAMA 2003;289:2475-8
26. Lichstein KL. Behavioral intervention for special insomnia populations: Hypnotic-dependent insomnia and comorbid insomnia. Sleep Med, in press
27. Standards of Practice Committee of the Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for using polysomnography to evaluate insomnia: an update for 2002. Sleep 2003;26:754-60
28. Hailey D, Tran K, Dlaes R, et al. Recommendations and supporting evidence in guidelines for referral of patients to sleep laboratories. Sleep Med Rev 2006;10:287-99
29. Martinez-Gonzalez D, Obermeyer WH, Benca RM. Comorbidity of insomnia with medical and psychiatric disorders. Prim Psychiatry 2002;9:37-49
30. Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L. Pain and sleep in medical diseases. Sleep Rev Online 2001;4:67-76
31. Rocha FL, Hara C, Rodrigues CV, et al. Is insomnia a marker for psychiatric disorder in general hospital? Sleep Med 2005;6:549-553
32. Doghramji K. The epidemiology and diagnosis of insomnia. Am J Manag Care 2006;12:S214-S220
33. Ebert B, Wafford KA, Deacon S. Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches. Pharm Ther, in press
34. Erman MK. Therapeutic options in the treatment of insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(Suppl 9):18-23
35. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R, et al. Cognitive-behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1888-96
36. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, et al. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;281:991-9
37. Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, et al. Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. Sleep 1999;22:1-23
38. Smith MT, Perlis ML, Park A, Set al Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:5-11
39. Smith MT, Neubauer DN. Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia. Clin Cornerstone 2003;5:28-40
40. Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:215-25
41. Mendelson WB, Roth T, Cassella J, et al. The treatment of chronic insomnia: drug indications, chronic use and abuse liability. Summary of a 2001 New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit meeting symposium. Sleep Med Rev 2004;8:7-17
42. Morin CM, Bastien C, Guay B, et al. Randomized clinical trial of supervise tapering and cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate benzodiazepine discontinuation in older adults with chronic insomnia. Am J Psychiat 2004;161:332-42
43. Jefferson CD, Drake CL, Scofield HM, et al. Sleep hygiene practices in a population-based sample of insomniacs. Sleep 2005;28:611-5
44. Edinger JD, Means MK. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Clin Psychol Rev 2005;25:539-58
45. Smith MT, Huang MI, Manber R. Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia occurring within the context of medical and psychiatric disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2005;25:559-92
46. Harvey AG, Tang NKY, Browning L. Cognitive approaches to insomnia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:593-611
47. Jindal RP, Buysse DJ, Thase ME. Maintenance treatment of insomnia: what can we learn from the depression literature? Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:19-24
48. Morin CM. Cognitive behavioral approaches to the treatment of insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65 (suppl 16):33-40
49. Cervena. K, Dauvilliers Y, Espa F, et al. Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power spectra in psychophysiological insomnia. J Sleep Res 2004;13:385-93
50. Espie CA, Inglis SJ, Tessier S, Harvey L. The clinical effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic insomnia: implementation and evaluation of a sleep clinic in general medical practice. Behav Res Ther 2001;39:45-60
51. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Precipitating factors of insomnia. Behav Sleep Med 2004;2:50-62
52. Wykowski DK, Barash D. Adverse behavioral reactions attributed to triazolam in the Food and Drug Admisitration's spontaneous reporting system. Arch Intern Med 1991;151: 3003-8
53. Bateson AN. Further potential of the GABA receptor in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med, in press
54. Hesse LM, vonMoltke LL, Greeblatt DJ. Clinically important drug interactions with zopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon. CNS Drugs 2003;17:513-32
55. Carson S, Yen P-Y, McDonagh MS. Drug Class Review on Newer Drugs for Insomnia. 2006. Available at: http://www.ohsu.edu/drugeffectiveness/ reports/final.cfm
56. Wagner J, Wagner ML. Non-benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2000;4:551-81
57. Weitzel KW, Wickman JM, Augustin SG, Strom SG. Zaleplon: a pyrazolopyrimidine sedative-hypnotic agent for the treatment of insomnia. Clin Ther 2000;22:1254-67
58. Harrison TS, Keating GM. Zolpidem. CNS Drugs 2005;19: 65-89
59. Hindmarch I, Legangeux E, Emegbo S, Nixon A. A randomized double-blind placeb-controlled 10-way cross-over study to show that a new formulation improves sleep maintenance compared to standard zolpidem. Clin Pharm Ther 2005;77:P26
60. Perlis M, McCall WV, Krystal AD, Walsh J. Long-term, Non-nightly administration of zolpidem in the treatment of patients with primary insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1128-37
61. Brielmeier BD. Eszopiclone (Lunesta): a new benzodiazepine hypnotic agent. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2006;19:54-9
62. Krystal AD, Walsh JK, Laska E, et al. Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over six months of nightly treatment: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 2003;26:793-9
63. Roth T, Walsh HK, Krystal A, et al. An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone over 12 months in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2005;6:487-95
64. Zammit GK, McNabb SJ, Caron J, et al. Efficacy and safety of eszopiclone across 6 weeks of treatment for primary insomnia. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:1979-91
65. Rosenberg R, Caron J, Roth T, Amato D. An assessment of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone in the treatment of transient insomnia in healthy adults. Sleep Med 2006;6:15-22
66. Willner AN. Conference Report - Highlights of the American Psychiatric Association 56th Institute on Psychiatric Services. http:// www.medscape.com/viewarticle/495341 (Release date: December 9; 2004)
67. Krystal AD. Advances in the Treatment of Insomnia. http:// www.medscape.com/viewarticle/507421 (Release Date: June 30, 2005)
68. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, et al. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ 2000;162:225-33
69. Mitler MM. Nonselective and selective benzodiazepine receptor agonists-where are we today? Sleep 2000;23(suppl 1): S39-S47
70. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Arbus L, et al. Are prescribed medications effective in the treatment of insomnia complaints? J Psychosom Res 1999;47:359-68
71. Hajak G. New paradigms in the pharmacological treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med, in press
72. Erman MK, Seiden D, Zammit G, et al. An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2006;7:17-24
73. Roth T, Stubbs C, Walsh JK. Ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MTI/ MT2-receptor agonist, reduces latency to persistent sleep in a model of transient insomnia related to a novel sleep environment. Sleep 2005;28:303-7
74. Roth T, Seiden D, Sainati S, et al. Effects of ramelteon on patient-reported sleep latency in older adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep Med 2006;7:312-8
75. McGechan M. Ramelteon. CNS Drugs 2005;19:1057-65
76. Shen J, Chung SA, Kayumov L, et al. Polysomnographic and symptomatological analyses of major depressive disorder patients treated with mirtazapine. Can J Psychiatry 2006;51: 27-34
77. Dorsey CM, Lukas SE, Cunnungham SR. Fluoxetine-induced sleep disturbance in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;14:437-42
78. Jindal RD, Thase ME. Treatment of insomnia associated with clinical depression. Sleep Med Rev 2004;8:19-30
79. Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSM-III-R primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol 1998;13:191-8
80. Winokur A, Sateia MJ, Hayes JB, et al. Acute effects of mirtazapine on sleep continuity and sleep architecture in depressed patients: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:75-8
81. Fava M, McCall V, Krystal A, et al. Eszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisting with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1052-60
82. Lustberg L, Reynolds CF. Depression and insomnia: questions of cause and effect. Sleep Med Rev 2000;4:253-62
83. Morawetz D. Insomnia and depression. Sleep Res Online 2003;5:77-81
84. Roehrs T, Papineau K, Rosenthal L, Roth T. Ethanol as a hypnotic in insomniacs: self-administration and effects on sleep and mood. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20:279-86
85. Ringdahl EN, Pereira SL, Delzell JE. Treatment of primary insomnia. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004;17:212-9
86. Swift W, Gates P, Dillon P. Survey of Australians using cannabis for medical purposes. Harm Reduction J 2005; 2(18):1-10
87. Turek FW, Gillette MU. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms: rationale for development of specific melatonin agonists. Sleep Med 2004;5:523-32
88. Zhdanova IV. Over-the-counter insomnia treatments. http:// www.medscape.com/viewarticle/495339 (Release Date: December 9, 2004)
89. Zhdanova IV. Melatonin as a hypnotic: Pro Sleep Med Rev 2005;9:51-65
90. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2005;9:41-50
91. Malhotra S, Sawhny G, Pandhi P. Therapeutic potential of melatonin: a review of the science. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/472385 (Release Date: April 23, 2004)
92. Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Hughes RJ. Guidelines for prescribing melatonin for sleep and circadian rhythm disorders. Ann Med 1998;30:115-21
93. Burgess HJ, Sharkey KM, Eastman CI. Bright light, dark and melatonin can promote circadian adaptation in night shift workers. Sleep Med Rev 2002;6:407-20
94. Agostini JV, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK. Cognitive and other adverse effects of diphenhydramine use in hospitalized older patients. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:2097
95. Gyllenhaal C, Merritt SL, Peterson SD, et al. Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2000;4:229-51
96. Meoli AL, Rosen C, Kristo D, et al. Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence. J Clin Sleep Med 2005;1:173-87
97. Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, et al. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005;28:1465-71
98. Dietz BM, Mahady GB, Pauli GF, Famsworth NR. Valerian extract and valerenic acid are partial agonists of the 5-HT-5a receptor in vitro. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005;138:191-7
99. Wing YK. Herbal treatment of insomnia. Hong Kong Med J 2001;7:392-402
100. Corrigan BW, Miller R, Chappell PB, et al. Dose-response for the effect of indiplon on sleep time duration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79(2):PI-39
101. Lydiard RB, Lankford DA, Seiden DJ, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of modified-release indiplon in elderly patients with chronic insomnia: results of a 2-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med 2006;2:309-15
102. Miller R, Ouellet D, Farber R, et al. Dose-response relationship of indiplon for sleep onset. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79(2):PII-29
103. Neubauer DN. Indiplon: the development of a new hypnotic. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005;14:1269-76
104. Ouellet D, Chappell PB, Farber R, Corrigab BW. Dose-response analysis of the effect of indiplon for sleep maintenance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79(2):PIII-40
105. Ouellet D, Miller R, Chappell PB, et al. Dose-response analysis of the effect of indiplon on subjective wake after sleep onset. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79(2):PI-40
106. Asscoiated Press. FDA delays approval of new sleeping pill. Posted July 27, 2006. Available at: www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12816453 [Last accessed: September 28, 2006]
107. Krogsgaard-Larsen P, FrØlund B, Liljefors T, Ebert B. GABA-A agonists and partial agonists: THIP (Gaboxadol) as a non-opioid analgesic and a novel type of hypnotic. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:1573-80
108. Mathias S, Wetter TC, Steiger A, Lancel M. The GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine promotes slow wave sleep in normal elderly subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2001;22:247-53
109. Wafford KA, Ebert B. Gaboxadol - a new awakening in sleep. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006;6:30-6
110. Mathias S, Zihl J, Steiger A, Lancel M. Effect of repeated gaboxadol administration on night sleep and next-day performance in healthy elderly subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:833-41
111. Roth T, Wright KP, Walsh J. Effect of tiagabine on sleep in elderly subjects with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Sleep 2006;29:335-41
112. Walsh JK, Roth T, Jochelson P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of indiplon-IR in elderly patients with chronic insomnia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-week trial. Program and Abstracts of the American Psychiatric Association 2005 Annual Meeting; May 21-26, 2005, Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract NR542
113. Walsh JK, Zammit G, Schweitzer PK, Ondrasik J, Roth T. Tiagabine enhances slow wave sleep and sleep maintenance in primary insomnia. Sleep Med, in press
114. Karam-hage M, Brower KJ. Gabapentine treatment for insomnia associated with alcohol dependence [letter]. Am J Psychiat 2000;157:151
115. Chouinard G. The search for new off-label indications for antidepressants, antianxiety, antipsychitic and anticonvulsant drugs. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2006;31:168-76
116. Riley WT, Hunt CE. Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia: NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Findings and Implications. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/517618