Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia: A review

Psychiatric Services

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 332-343

  Benca, Ruth M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; TRAZODONE; ZALEPLON; ZOLPIDEM;

BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; INSOMNIA; LONG TERM CARE; MALE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MENTAL DISEASE; MUSCLE RELAXATION; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; PUBLICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SLEEP; SOCIOECONOMICS; STIMULUS;

ACETAMIDES; BENZODIAZEPINES; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DRUGS, NON-PRESCRIPTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; OFFICE VISITS; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PYRIDINES; PYRIMIDINES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; TRAZODONE;

EID: 14744306916     PISSN: 10752730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.3.332     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Roth T: New developments for treating sleep disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62(suppl):10:3-4, 2001
2. Foley DJ, Monjan AA, Brown SL, et al: Sleep complaints among elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities. Sleep 18:425-432, 1995
3. Montgomery I, Oswald I, Morgan K, et al: Trazodone enhances sleep in subjective quality but not in objective duration. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 16:139-144, 1983
4. Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al: Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSM-III-R primary insomnia. Human Psychopharmacology 13:191-198, 1998
5. Rosen RC, Rosekind M, Rosevear C, et al: Physician education in sleep and sleep disorders: a national survey of US medical schools. Sleep 16:249-254, 1993
6. Papp KK, Penrod CE, Strohl KP: Knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians toward sleep and sleep disorders. Sleep and Breathing 6:103-109, 2002
7. Freeborn DK, Hooker RS, Pope CR: Satisfaction and well-being of primary care providers in managed care. Evaluation and the Health Professions 25:239-254, 2002
8. Hajak G: Insomnia in primary care. Sleep 23(suppl):3:S54-S63, 2000
9. Shochat T, Umphress J, Israel AG, et al: Insomnia in primary care patients. Sleep 22(suppl):2:S359-S365, 1999
10. Ford DE, Kamerow DB: Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? JAMA 262:1479-1484, 1989
11. Nowell PD, Mazumdar S, Buysse DJ, et al: Benzodiazepines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. JAMA 278:2170-2177, 1997
12. Physicians' Desk. Reference: 57th ed. Montvale, NJ, Medical Economics, 2003
13. National Institutes of Health: Consensus conference. Drugs and insomnia: The use of medications to promote sleep. JAMA 251:2410-2414, 1984
14. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Abernethy DR: Drug therapy. Current status of benzodiazepines. New England Journal of Medicine 309:354-358, 1983
15. Drugs and insomnia: the use of medications to promote sleep. NIH Consensus statement, 1983. Available at http://consensus.nih.gov/cons/039/ 039_intro.htm
16. Walsh J, Ustun B: Prevalence and health consequences of insomnia. Sleep 22:S427-S436, 1999
17. Simon GE, VonKorff M: Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:1417-1423, 1997
18. Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L, et al: Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry 39:411-418, 1996
19. Agargun MY, Kara H, Solmaz M: Sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58:249-251, 1997
20. Thase ME, Simons AD, Reynolds CF, III: Abnormal electroencephalographic sleep profiles in major depression: association with response to cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 53:99-108, 1996
21. Wehr TA: Sleep loss: a preventable cause of mania and other excited states. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50(suppl):8-16, 1989
22. Benca RM: Consequences of insomnia and its therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62(suppl 10):33-38, 2001
23. Erman MK: Sleep architecture and its relationship to insomnia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62(suppl 10):9-17, 2001
24. Youngstedt SD, Kripke DF: Long sleep and mortality: rationale for sleep restriction. Sleep Medicine Reviews 8:159-174, 2004
25. Perlis ML, Merica H, Smith MT, et al: Beta EEG activity and insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews 5:363-374, 2001
26. Krystal AD, Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, et al: NREM sleep EEG frequency spectral correlates of sleep complaints in primary insomnia subtypes. Sleep 25:630-640, 2002
27. Bonnet MH, Arand DL: Insomnia, metabolic rate, and sleep restoration. Journal of Internal Medicine 254:23-31, 2003
28. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Text revision. 4th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000
29. Stepanski EJ: The effect of sleep fragmentation on daytime function. Sleep 25:268-276, 2002
30. Hohagen F, Kappler C, Schramm E, et al: Sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintaining insomnia, and insomnia with early morning awakening: temporal stability of subtypes in a longitudinal study on general practice attenders. Sleep 17:551-554, 1994
31. Reynolds CF, III: Sleep disorders, in Comprehensive Review of Geriatric Psychiatry - II, 2nd ed. Edited by Sadavoy J, Lazarus LW, Jarvik LF, et al. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1996
32. Szuba MP, Fernando AT, Groh-Szuba G: Sleep abnormalities in treatment-resistant mood disorders, in Treatment Resistant Mood Disorders. Edited by Amsterdam JD, Nierenberg AA. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2001
33. Mellinger GD, Balter MB, Uhlenhuth EH: Insomnia and its treatment. Prevalence and correlates. Archives of General Psychiatry 42:225-232, 1985
34. McCracken LM, Iverson GL: Disrupted sleep patterns and daily functioning in patients with chronic pain. Pain Research and Management 7:75-79, 2002
35. Weyerer S, Dilling H: Prevalence and treatment of insomnia in the community: results from the Upper Bavarian Field Study. Sleep 14:392-398, 1991
36. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, III, Hauri PJ, et al: Diagnostic concordance for DSM-IV sleep disorders: a report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV field trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:1351-1360, 1994
37. Katz DA, McHorney CA: The relationship between insomnia and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic illness. Journal of Family Practice 51:229-235, 2002
38. Stein MA, Mendelsohn J, Obermeyer WH, et al: Sleep and behavior problems in school-aged children. Pediatrics 107:E60, 2001
39. Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, et al: Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:651-668, 1992
40. Reynolds CF, III, Hoch CC, Buysse DJ, et al: Sleep in late-life recurrent depression: changes during early continuation therapy with nortriptyline. Neuropsychopharmacology 5:85-96, 1991
41. Wilson KG, Eriksson MY, D'Eon JL, et al: Major depression and insomnia in chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 18:77-83, 2002
42. Manabe K, Matsui T, Yamaya M, et al: Sleep patterns and mortality among elderly patients in a geriatric hospital. Gerontology 46:318-322, 2000
43. Leppavuori A, Pohjasvaara T, Vataja R, et al: Insomnia in ischemic stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases 14:90-97, 2002
44. Mallon L, Broman JE, Hetta J: Sleep complaints predict coronary artery disease mortality in males: a 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged Swedish population. Journal of Internal Medicine 251:207-216, 2002
45. Webb WB: Sleep in older persons: sleep structures of 50- to 60-year-old men and women. Journal of Gerontology 37:581-586, 1982
46. Carskadon MA, Brown ED, Dement WC: Sleep fragmentation in the elderly: relationship to daytime sleep tendency. Neurobiology of Aging 3:321-327, 1982
47. Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, et al: Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 22:1134-1156, 1999
48. McClusky HY, Milby JB, Switzer PK, et al: Efficacy of behavioral versus triazolam treatment in persistent sleep-onset insomnia. American Journal of Psychiatry 148:121-126, 1991
49. Hauri PJ: Can we mix behavioral therapy with hypnotics when treating people with insomnia? Sleep 20:1111-1118, 1997
50. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, et al: Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 281:991-999, 1999
51. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R, et al: Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia. Archives of Internal Medicine 164:1888-1896, 2004
52. Morin CM, Culbert JP, Schwartz SM: Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:1172-1180, 1994
53. Bastien CH, Morin CM, Ouollet MC, et al: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: comparison of individual therapy, group therapy, and telephone consultations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72:653-659, 2004
54. Edinger JD, Sampson WS: A primary care "friendly" cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy. Sleep 26:177-182, 2003
55. Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK: Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews 7:215-225, 2003
56. Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T: Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation survey: I. Sleep 22(suppl 2):S347-S353, 1999
57. Weitzel KW, Wickman JM, Augustin SG, et al: Zaleplon: a pyrazolopyrimidine sedative-hypnotic agent for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical Therapeutics 22:1254-1267, 2000
58. Morin CM: Measuring outcomes in randomized clinical trials of insomnia treatments. Sleep Medicine Reviews 7:263-279, 2003
59. Kripke DF, Hauri P, Ancoli-Israel S, et al: Sleep evaluation in chronic insomniacs during 14-day use of flurazepam and midazolam. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 10:32S-43S, 1990
60. Kales A, Ansel RD, Markham CH, et al: Sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease and normal patients prior to and following levodopa administration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12:397-406, 1971
61. Vogel GW, Barker K, Gibbons P, et al: A comparison of the effects of flurazepam 30 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg on the sleep of people with insomnia. Psychopharmacology 47:81-86, 1976
62. Elie R, Ruther E, Farr I, et al: Sleep latency is shortened during 4 weeks of treatment with zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60: 536-544, 1999
63. Scharf MB, Roth T, Vogel GW, et al: A multicenter, placebo-controlled study evaluating zolpidem in the treatment of chronic insomnia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55: 192-199, 1994
64. Fry J, Scharf M, Mangano R, et al: Zaleplon improves sleep without producing rebound effects in outpatients with insomnia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 15: 141-152, 2000
65. Allen RP, Mendels J, Nevins DB, et al: Efficacy without tolerance or rebound insomnia for midazolam and temazepam after use for one to three months. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27:768-775, 1987
66. Scharf MB, Roth PB, Dominguez RA, et al: Estazolam and flurazepam: a multicenter, placebo-controlled comparative study in outpatients with insomnia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30:461-467, 1990
67. Melo de Paula AJ: Comparative study of lormetazepam and flurazepam in the treatment of insomnia. Clinical Therapeutics 6:500-508, 1984
68. Aden GC, Thatcher C: Quazepam in the short-term treatment of insomnia in outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44:454-456, 1983
69. Hernandez LR, Del Rosal PL, Ponce MC: Short-term study of quazepam 15 milligrams in the treatment of insomnia. The Journal of International Medical Research 11:162-166, 1983
70. Cohn JB, Wilcox CS, Bremner J, et al: Hypnotic efficacy of estazolam compared with flurazepam in outpatients with insomnia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31:747-750, 1991
71. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, et al: Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. Canadian Medical Association Journal 162:225-233, 2000
72. Kales A, Manfredi RL, Vgontzas AN, et al: Rebound insomnia after only brief and intermittent use of rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 49:468-476, 1991.
73. Mitler MM, Seidel WF, van den Hoed J, et al: Comparative hypnotic effects of flurazepam, triazolam, and placebo: a long-term simultaneous nighttime and daytime study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 4:2-13, 1984
74. IMS Health. National Prescription Audit Plus. Fairfield, Conn, IMS Health, 2003
75. Mitler MM, Carskadon MA, Phillips RL, et al: Hypnotic efficacy of temazepam: a long-term sleep laboratory evaluation. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 8:63S-68S, 1979
76. Roehrs T, Vogel G, Vogel F, et al: Dose effects of temazepam tablets on sleep. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 12:693-699, 1986
77. Gilbert SS, Burgess HJ, Kennaway DJ, et al: Attenuation of sleep propensity, core hypothermia, and peripheral heat loss after temazepam tolerance. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279:R1980-R1987, 2000
78. Ngen CC, Hassan R: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zopiclone 7.5 mg and temazepam 20 mg in insomnia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5:165-171, 1990
79. Mauri MC, Gianetti S, Pugnetti L, et al: Quazepam versus triazolam in patients with sleep disorders: a double-blind study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 13:173-177, 1993
80. Ancoli-Israel S, Richardson GS, Mangano RM: Long-term exposure to zaleplon is safe and effective in younger-elderly and older-elderly patients with primary insomnia. Sleep 26:A77, 2003
81. Kummer J, Guendel L, Linden J, et al: Long-term polysomnographic study of the efficacy and safety of zolpidem in elderly psychiatric in-patients with insomnia. Journal of International Medical Research 21:171-184, 1993
82. Walsh JK, Roth T, Randazzo A, et al: Eight weeks of non-nightly use of zolpidem for primary insomnia. Sleep 23:1087-1096, 2000
83. Verster JC, Volkerts ER, Schreuder AH, et al: Residual effects of middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions, and psychomotor performance. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22:576-583, 2002
84. Hesse LM, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Clinically important drug interactions with zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. CNS Drugs 17:513-532, 2003
85. Ware JC, Walsh JK, Scharf MB, et al: Minimal rebound insomnia after treatment with 10- mg zolpidem. Clinical Neuropharmacology 20:116-125, 1997
86. Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Anderer P, Brandstatter N, et al: Placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies on the acute effects of zolpidem on objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality in nonorganic insomnia related to neurotic and stress-related disorder. Neuropsychobiology 41:139-148, 2000
87. Shaw SH, Curson H, Coquelin JP: A double-blind, comparative study of zolpidem and placebo in the treatment of insomnia in elderly psychiatric in-patients. Journal of International Medical Research 20:150-161, 1992
88. Wang PS, Bohn RL, Glynn RJ, et al: Zolpidem use and hip fractures in older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49:1685-1690, 2001
89. Mendelson WB: Clinical distinctions between long-acting and short-acting benzodiazepines. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53(suppl):4-7, 1992
90. Brassington GS, King AC, Bliwise DL: Sleep problems as a risk factor for falls in a sample of community-dwelling adults aged 64-99 years. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 48:1234-1240, 2000
91. Pies RW: Dose-related sensory distortions with zolpidem. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56:35-36, 1995
92. Hedner J, Yaeche R, Emilien G, et al: Zaleplon shortens subjective sleep latency and improves subjective sleep quality in elderly patients with insomnia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:704-712, 2000
93. Haria M, Fitton A, McTavish D: Trazodone: a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use in depression, and therapeutic potential in other disorders. Drugs and Aging 4:331-355, 1994
94. Rush CR, Baker RW, Wright K: Acute behavioral effects and abuse potential of trazodone, zolpidem, and triazolam in humans. Psychopharmacology 144:220-233, 1999
95. Maxmen JS: Antidepressants, in Psychotropic Drugs: Fast Facts 1st ed., New York, Norton, 1991
96. Janowsky D, Curtis G, Zisook S, et al: Ventricular arrhythmias possibly aggravated by trazodone. American Journal of Psychiatry 140:796-797, 1983
97. Thompson JW, Jr, Ware MR, Blashfleld RK: Psychotropic medication and priapism: a comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51:430-433, 1990
98. Parrino L, Spaggiari MC, Boselli M, et al: Clinical and polysomnographic effects of trazodone CR in chronic insomnia associated with dysthymia. Psychopharmacology 116:389-395, 1994
99. Scharf MB, Sachais BA: Sleep laboratory evaluation of the effects and efficacy of trazodone in depressed insomniac patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51(suppl): 13-17, 1990
100. Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Abu-Bakr MH, Anderer P, et al: Insomnia in depression: differences in objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality to normal controls and acute effects of trazodone. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 26:249-260, 2002
101. Blacker R, Shanks NJ, Chapman N, et al: The drug treatment of depression in general practice: a comparison of nocte administration of trazodone with mianserin, dothiepin, and amitriptyline. Psychopharmacology 95(suppl):S18-S24, 1988
102. Moon CA, Davey A: The efficacy and residual effects of trazodone (150 mg nocte) and mianserin in the treatment of depressed general practice patients. Psychopharmacology 95(suppl):S7-13, 1988
103. Meuleman JR, Nelson RC, Clark RL, Jr.: Evaluation of temazepam and diphenhydramine as hypnotics in a nursing-home population. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 21:716-720, 1987
104. 2002 Sleep in America Poll. Washington, DC, National Sleep Foundation, 2002
105. Rickels K, Morris RJ, Newman H, et al: Diphenhydramine in insomniac family practice patients: a double-blind study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23:234-242, 1983
106. Kudo Y, Kurihara M: Clinical evaluation of diphenhydramine hydrochloride for the treatment of insomnia in psychiatric patients: a double-blind study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30:1041-1048, 1990
107. Richardson GS, Roehrs TA, Rosenthal L, et al: Tolerance to daytime sedative effects of H1 antihistamines. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22:511-515, 2002
108. Roth T, Roehrs T, Koshorek G, et al: Sedative effects of antihistamines. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 80:94-98, 1987
109. Witek TJ, Jr., Canestrari DA, Miller RD, et al: Characterization of daytime sleepiness and psychomotor performance following H1 receptor antagonists. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 74:419-426, 1995
110. Lessard E, Yessine MA, Hamelin BA, et al: Diphenhydramine alters the disposition of venlafaxine through inhibition of CYP2D6 activity in humans. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21:175-184, 2001
111. Katzung BG: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. New York, Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill, 2001
112. Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Lauter SA, et al: Effects of triazolam on sleep, daytime sleepiness, and morning stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 23:245-252, 1996
113. Asnis GM, Chakraburtty A, DuBoff EA, et al: Zolpidem in SSRI-treated patients with persistent insomnia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60:668-676, 1999
114. Haffmans PM, Vos MS: The effects of trazodone on sleep disturbances induced by brofaromine. European Psychiatry 14:167-171, 1999
115. Nierenberg AA, Adler LA, Peselow E, et al: Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:1069-1072, 1994
116. Nowlin-Finch NL, Altshuler LL, Szuba MP, et al: Rapid resolution of first episodes of mania: sleep related? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55:26-29, 1994
117. Morin CM, Stone J, McDonald K, et al: Psychological treatment of insomnia: a clinical replication series with 100 patients. Behaviour Therapy 25:159-177, 1994
118. Spielman AJ, Saskin P, Thorpy MJ: Treatment of chronic insomnia by restriction of time in bed. Sleep 10:45-56, 1987
119. Espie CA, Lindsay WR, Brooks DN, et al: A controlled comparative investigation of psychological treatments for chronic sleep onset insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 27:79-88, 1989
120. Leese P, Maier G: Eszopiclone: pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of a novel anti-insomnia agent after daytime administration in healthy patients. Sleep 25:A45, 2002
121. Krystal AD, Walsh JK, Laska E, et al: Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over six months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 26:793-799, 2003
122. Zammit G, Gillin JC, McNabb L, et al: Eszopiclone, a novel nonbenzodiazepine anti-insomnia agent: a six-week efficacy and safety study in adult patients with chronic insomnia. Sleep 26:A297, 2003
123. Walsh JK, Lankford DD, Krystal A, et al: Efficacy and tolerability of four doses of indiplon (NBI-34060) modified-release in elderly patients with sleep maintenance insomnia. Sleep 26:A78, 2003