Absinthism: A fictitious 19th century syndrome with present impact

Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2006, Pages

  Padosch, Stephan A ^a   Lachenmeier, Dirk W ^b   Kröner, Lars U ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt ^*  (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750932770     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1747597X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1747-597X-1-14     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Hemphill RE The illness of Vincent Van Gogh Proc R Soc Med 1961 54 1083-1088 13906376
2. Blumer D The illness of Vincent van Gogh Am J Psychiatry 2002 159 519-526 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519 11925286
3. Arnold WN Vincent van Gogh and the thujone connection JAMA 1988 260 3042-3044 10.1001/jama.260.20.3042 3054185
4. Lee TC Van Gogh's vision. Digitalis intoxication? JAMA 1981 245 727-9 10.1001/jama.245.7.727 7007674
5. Arnold WN Loftus LS Xanthopsia and van Gogh's yellow palette Eye 1991 5 503-510 1794418
6. Loftus LS Arnold WN Vincent van Gogh's illness: Acute intermittent porphyria? BMJ 1991 303 1589-91 1773180
7. Arnold WN The Illness of Vincent van Gogh J Hist Neurosci 2004 13 22-43 10.1080/09647040490885475 15370335
8. Council Directive (EEC) No 88/388 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to flavourings for use in foodstuffs and to source materials for their production Off J Europ Comm 1988 L184 61-66
9. The Papyrus Ebers: The greatest Egyptian medical document translated by B. Ebell Copenhagen, Levin & Munksgaard 1937
10. Baker P The book of absinthe: A cultural history New York, USA, Grove Press 2001
11. Pliny the Elder: Book XXVII. Chap. 28. Absinthium or wormwood The natural history London, UK, Taylor and Francis Bostock J and Riley HT 1855
12. Smith G A compleat body of distilling, explaining the mysteries of that science, in a most easy and familiar manner London, Henry Lintot 1731 136-138
13. Lanier D Absinthe-the cocaine of the nineteenth century: A history of the hallucinogenic drug and its effect on artists and writers in Europe and the United States Jefferson, North Carolina, USA, McFarland 1995
14. Paris JA Pharmacologia, 4th American Edition New York, W. E. Dean 1831 79
15. The conquest of absinthe - French national curse suppressed The Times, Issue 40819 1915 Apr 03 7
16. Adams J Hideous Absinthe. A history of the devil in a bottle Madison, USA, The University of Wisconsin Press 2004
17. Lachenmeier DW Frank W Athanasakis C Padosch SA Madea B Rothschild MA Kröner LU Absinthe, a spirit drink - its history and future from a toxicological-analytical and food regulatory point of view Deut Lebensm-Rundsch 2004 100 117-129
18. Prestwich PE Temperance in France: The curious case of absinth Hist Reflect 1979 6 301-319 11632115
19. Arnold WN Absinthe Sci Am 1989 260 112-117 2658044
20. Arnold WN Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, crises, and creativity Boston, Birkhäuser 1992
21. Conrad B Absinthe. History in a bottle. San Francisco, CA, Chronicle Books 1988
22. Marrus MR Social drinking in the belle epoque J Soc Hist 1974 7 115-141
23. Hood WP Absinthe and its artifacts Magazine Antiques 2005 167 134-143
24. Bundesversammlung Bundesgesetz betreffend das Absinthverbot Schweiz Wochschr Chem Pharm 1910 48 677-678
25. Schweizer Bundesrat: Vollziehungsgesetz zum Bundesgesetz betreffend das Absinthverbot Schweiz Wochschr Chem Pharm 1910 48 678-679
26. Brannt WT A practical treatise on the raw materials and the distillation and rectification of alcohol, and the preparation of alcoholic liquors, liqueurs, cordials, and bitters Philadelphia, USA, Henry Capey Bairs & Co. 1885
27. Fritsch J Nouveau traité de la fabrication des liqueurs d'aprés les procédés les plus récents Paris, France, G. Masson 1891
28. de Brevans J La fabrication des liqueurs Paris, France, J.-B. Bailliére et fils 1908
29. Ströhmer G Rohstoffe und Halbfabrikate zur Herstellung von Likören Spirituosen-Technologie Hamburg, Germany, Behr's Verlag Kolb E 2002 161-343
30. Duplais P Traité de la fabrication des liqueurs et de la distillation des alcools Paris, France, Gauthier-Villars 1882
31. Bedel A Traité complet de la fabrication des liqueurs Paris, France, Garnier Frères 1899
32. Goettler H Lexikon der Spirituosen- und alkoholfreien Getränke-Industrie Berlin, Germany, Carl Knoppke Grüner Verlag 4th 1958
33. Lancet Medical Annotations: Absinthism Lancet 1873 101 22 10.1016/ S0140-6736(02)63210-6
34. Emerson ER Beverages, Past and Present - A historical sketch of their production, together with a study of the customs connected with their use. Volume II New York and London, G P Putnam's Sons 1908 176-177
35. Tibbles W Foods - their origin, composition and manufacture London, Ballière, Tindall and Cox 1912
36. Vogt DD Montagne M Absinthe: Behind the emerald mask Int J Addict 1982 17 1015-1029 6754635
37. Walker EE The effects of absinthe Med Rec 1906 Oct. 13 568-572
38. Amory R Experiments and observations on absinth and absinthism Boston Med Surg J 1868 68-71 83-85
39. Lamy L Étude de statistique clinique de 134 cas de cancer de l'œsophage et du cardia Archives des maladies de l'appareil digestif et des malnutrition 1910 4 451-456
40. Corning JL The efficacy of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) in certain conditions of the cerebrospinal axis Med Rec 1890 Jan. 25 88-89
41. Dowbiggin I Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885-1925 Soc Hist Med 1996 9 383-408 10.1093/shm/9.3.383 11618728
42. Magnan V Accidents déterminés par l'abus de la liqueur d'absinthe L'union médicale 1864 92&94 227-232 257-262
43. Magnan V On the comparative action of alcohol and absinthe Lancet 1874 104 410-412 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)42231-3
44. Holstege CP Baylor MR Rusyniak DE Absinthe: Return of the Green Fairy Semin Neurol 2002 22 89-93 10.1055/s-2002-33051 12170397
45. Magnan V Fillassier A Alcoholism and Degeneracy. Statistics of the Central Service for the Admission of Insane Persons for the town of Paris and for the Department of the Seine, from 1867-1912 Problems in Eugenics. Papers communicated to the First International Eugenics Conference held at the University of London July 24th to 30th, 1912 Adelphi,W.C., The Eugenics Education Society 1912
46. Bonkovsky HL Cable EE Cable JW Donohue SE White EC Greene YJ Lambrecht RW Srivastava KK Arnold WN Porphyrogenic properties of the terpenes camphor, pinene, and thujone (with a note on historic implications for absinthe and the illness of Vincent van Gogh) Biochem Pharmacol 1992 43 2359-2368 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90314-9 1610401
47. Lancet Absinthe and alcohol Lancet 1869 93 334
48. Baker KD Vivisection debate in nineteenth century Great Britain: A muted echo in colonial and early post-colonial Australia Aust Vet J 1998 76 683-689 9830569
49. Boyce R A Contribution to the study of descending degenarations in the brain and spinal cord, and of the seat of origin and paths of conduction of the fits in absinthe epilepsy Phil Transact Royal Soc 1895 321-382
50. Ott I The seat of absinthic epilepsy J Nerv Ment Dis 1892 19 696-698
51. Ossipow WP Über die Dosierung der Absinthessenz (essence d'absinthe cultivée) beim Hervorrufen von Anfällen experimenteller Epilepsie bei Hunden Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1914 85 516-525
52. Cunningham RH The restoration of coordinated, volitional movement after nerve "crossing" Am J Physiol 1898 1 239-254
53. Lesieur C Nouvelles Recherches sur la toxicité expérimentale des essences usuelles Archives de médecine expérimentale et d'anatomie pathologique 1907 18 803-817
54. Magnan The degenerate American Journal of insanity 1895 52 193-198
55. JAMA The indiscriminate use of alcohol JAMA 1900 35 1632-1633
56. Strang J Arnold WN Peters T Absinthe: What's your poison? Br Med J 1999 319 1590-1592
57. Carnat AP Madesclaire M Chavignon O Lamaison JL cis-Chrysanthenol, a main component in essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. growing in Auvergne (Massif Central), France J Essent Oil Res 1992 4 487-490
58. Ariño A Arberas I Renobales G Arriaga S Dominguez JB Essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. from the Spanish Pyrenees J Essent Oil Res 1999 11 182-184
59. Mucciarelli M Caramiello R Maffei M Essential Oils from some Artemisia species growing spontaneously in North-West Italy Flavour Fragr J 1995 10 25-32
60. Chialva F Liddle PAP Doglia G Chemotaxonomy of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) I. Composition of the essential oil of several chemotypes Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1983 176 363-366
61. Vostrowsky O Brosche T Ihm H Zintl R Knobloch K Über die Komponenten des ätherischen Öls aus Artemisia absinthium L. Z Naturforsch 1981 36c 369-377
62. Pino JA Rosado A Fuentes V Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. from Cuba J Essent Oil Res 1997 9 87-89
63. Sacco T Chialva F Chemical characteristics of the oil from Artemisia absinthium collected in Patagony (Argentina) Planta Med 1988 54:93
64. Nin S Arfaioli P Bosetto M Quantitative determination of some essential oil components of selected Artemisia absinthium plants J Essent Oil Res 1995 7 271-277
65. WHO Thujone Toxicological Evaluation of certain food additives WHO food additives series 16 1981
66. Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Thujone http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/ fs/sc/scf/index_en.html 2003
67. Codex Alimentarius Commission of the FAO/WHO Report of the 13th session of the codex committee on food additives. Alinorm 79/12-A 1979
68. EDI Verordnung des EDI über Fremd- und Inhaltsstoffe in Lebensmitteln SR 2002 817.021.23
69. FDA Code of Federal Regulations - 21CFR172.510 www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr 2005
70. U.S.Customs and Border Protection: Prohibited and Restricted Items www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/kbyg/prohibited_restricted.xml 2006
71. Turner J Green Gold. The return of absinthe The New Yorker 2006 March 13 38-44
72. Höld KM Sirisoma NS Ikeda T Narahashi T Casida JE α-Thujone (the active component of absinthe): γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 97 3826-3831 18101 10725394 10.1073/pnas.070042397
73. Dettling A Grass H Schuff A Skopp G Strohbeck-Kuehner P Haffner HT Absinthe: Attention performance and mood under the influence of thujone J Stud Alcohol 2004 65 573-581 15536765
74. Olsen RW Absinthe and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 97 4417-4418 34311 10781032 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4417
75. Sirisoma NS Höld KM Casida JE α- and β-Thujones (herbal medicines and food additives): Synthesis and analysis of hydroxy and dehydro metabolites J Agric Food Chem 2001 49 1915-1921 10.1021/jf001445+ 11308346
76. Höld KM Sirisoma NS Casida JE Detoxification of α- and β-Thujones (the active ingredients of absinthe): Site specificity and species differences in cytochrome P450 oxidation in vitro and in vivo Chem Res Toxicol 2001 14 589-595 10.1021/tx000242c 11368559
77. Deiml T Haseneder R Zieglgänsberger W Rammes G Eisensamer B Rupprecht R Hapfelmeier G α-thujone reduces 5-HT3 receptor activity by an effect on the agonist-reduced desensitization Neuropharmacology 2004 46 192-201 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2003.09.022 15002407
78. Behrens M Brockhoff A Kuhn C Bufe B Winnig M Meyerhof W The human taste receptor hTAS2R14 responds to a variety of different bitter compounds Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 319 479-485 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.019 15178431
79. He X de Montellano PRO Radical rebound mechanism in cytochrome P-450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the multifaceted radical clocks alpha- and beta-thujone J Biol Chem 2004 279 39479-39484 10.1074/jbc.M406838200 15258138
80. De Smet PA Health risks of herbal remedies: An update Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004 76 1-17 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.03.005 15229459
81. Smith W A case of poisoning by oil of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) Lancet 1862 80 619 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)61123-7
82. Weisbord SD Soule JB Kimmel PL Poison on line - acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood purchased through the Internet N Engl J Med 1997 337 825-827 10.1056/NEJM199709183371205 9297113
83. Max B This and that: Cheap drinks and expensive drugs TiPS 1990 11 56-60 2180158
84. Hinkelbein J Absinth - the renaissance of the green fairy Aktuel Ernaehr Med 2004 29 138-141 10.1055/s-2003-814977
85. Kröner LU Lachenmeier DW Käferstein H Rothschild M Madea B Padosch SA Investigations on the medico-legal relevance of spirits containing thujone with special regard to toxicological-analytical aspects Blutalkohol 2005 42 263-271
86. BfR Fashionable beverage absinth: BfR advises consumers to exercise caution with this product! Berlin, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Press release 15/2003 2003
87. Meschler JP Howlett AC Thujone exhibits low affinity for cannabinoid receptors but fails to evoke cannabimimetic responses Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999 62 473-480 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00195-6 10080239
88. Hutton I Myth, reality and absinthe Curr Drug Discov 2002 9 62-64
89. Wilson JB Determination of thujone in absinthe-type liqueurs J AOAC 1936 19 120-124
90. Ronnet L Analyse des absinthes du commerce Annales des Falsifications et des Fraudes 1911 3 477-479
91. Balavoine P A propos de la thuyone dans les absinthes et ses imitations Mitt Geb Lebensm Hyg 1952 43 195-196
92. Rocques MX Caractérisation et dosage de l'essence d'absinthe dans les liqueurs Annales de Chimie Analytique et Revue de Chimie Analytique Réunies 1908 13 227-232
93. Enz H Zum Nachweis des Thujons im Absinth Schweiz Wochschr Chem Pharm 1911 49 337-340
94. Mérat E Martin E Duret M Vogel J Extraction et dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de β-asarone et de α- et β-thuyone dans les apéritifs Trav chim aliment hyg 1976 67 521-526
95. Lachenmeier DW Emmert J Kuballa T Sartor G Thujone-Cause of absinthism? Forensic Sci Int 2006 158 1-8 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.010 15896935
96. Krumm B Kölling R Senn T Thujongehalte von Wermut-Extrakten bei unterschiedlichen Extraktionsbedingungen Lebensmittelchem 2006 60 accepted, in press
97. Ashcraft B The mystery of the green menace Wired Magazine 2005 13.11
98. Schaefer I Bindler F Lugnier A Toxicological rehabilitation of absinthium liqueur Toxicol Lett 1994 74 Suppl. 1 75 10.1016/ 0378-4274(94)90413-8
99. Luauté JP Saladini O Benyaya J Neuropsychiatric toxicity of absinthe. History, current data Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 2005 163 497-501
100. Hein J Lobbedey L Neumärker KJ Absinth - Neue Mode, alte Probleme Dt Ärztebl 2001 98 A2716-A2724
101. Müller O Wermut - gefährliches Kraut in harmloser Verpackung Zahnärztl Mitt 2002 92 78
102. Lachenmeier DW Emmert J Sartor G Authentification of absinthe - the bitter truth over a myth Deut Lebensm-Rundsch 2005 101 100-104
103. Zolotow M Absinthe Playboy 1971 June 169-174
104. del Castillo J Anderson M Rubottom GM Marijuana, absinthe and the central nervous system Nature 1975 253 365-366 10.1038/253365a0 1110781
105. Corelli M Wormwood-A drama of Paris London, UK, Richard Bentley and Son 1890
106. Thomé OW Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz Gera, Germany, Köhler 1885
107. NTP Summary of data for chemical selection Alpha-Thujone 546-80-5 The National Toxicology Program http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov 2005
108. Surber W Etude de toxicité sous-chronique de la thujone sur rats. Rapport final Genève, Institute Batelle 1962