Dementia before death in ageing societies - The promise of prevention and the reality

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 1922-1930

  Brayne, Carol ^a   Gao, Lu ^a   Dewey, Michael ^b   Matthews, Fiona E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DEMENTIA; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGEVITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STATUS; UNITED KINGDOM; AGE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MULTICENTER STUDY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMICS;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COGNITION DISORDERS; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEMENTIA; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MALE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 33750883828     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030397     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999) Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke - United States, 1900-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48: 649-656.
2. Thorvaldsen P, Davidsen M, Bronnum-Hansen H, Schroll M (1999) Stable stroke occurrence despite incidence reduction in an aging population: Stroke trends in the Danish Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) population. Stroke 30: 2529-2534.
3. Brayne C, Matthews FE, McGee MA, Jagger C (2001) Health and ill-health in the older population in England and Wales. The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Age Ageing 30: 53-62.
4. (1998) Cognitive function and dementia in six areas of England and Wales: The distribution of MMSE and prevalence of GMS organicity level in the MRC CFA Study. The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Psychol Med 28: 319-335.
5. Matthews F, Brayne C, Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Investigators (2005) The incidence of dementia in England and Wales: Findings from the five identical sites of the MRC CFA Study. PLoS Med 2: e193. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020193
6. Kuulasmaa K, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Dobson A, Fortmann S, Sans S, et al. (2000) Estimation of contribution of changes in classic risk factors to trends in coronary-event rates across the WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 355: 675-687.
7. World Health Organization (2002) Active ageing: A policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/ WHO_NMH_NPH_02.8.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2006.
8. Yuyun MF, Khaw KT, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, et al. (2004) Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity in a British population: The EPIC-Norfolk population-based study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 11: 207-213.
9. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, et al. (2001) Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 322: 15-18.
10. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, Wareham N, et al. (2001) Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: A prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet 357: 657-663.
11. Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP Jr, Yaffe K (2005) Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: A 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 330: 1360.
12. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Martelli M, Servadei L, et al. (2005) Incidence and etiology of dementia in a large elderly Italian population. Neurology 64: 1525-1530.
13. Karp A, Kareholt I, Qiu C, Bellander T, Winblad B, et al. (2004) Relation of education and occupation-based socioeconomic status to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 159: 175-183.
14. Dewey ME, Saz P (2001) Dementia, cognitive impairment and mortality in persons aged 65 and over living in the community: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 751-761.
15. Hill GB, Forbes WF, Lindsay J (1997) Life expectancy and dementia in Canada: The Canadian study of health and aging. Chronic Dis Can 18: 166-167.
16. Chatfield MD, Brayne CE, Matthews FE (2005) A systematic literature review of attrition between waves in longitudinal studies in the elderly shows a consistent pattern of dropout between differing studies. J Clin Epidemiol 58: 13-19.
17. Martyn CN, Pippard EC (1988) Usefulness of mortality data in determining the geography and time trends of dementia. J Epidemiol Community Health 42: 134-137.
18. Saunders PA, Copeland JR, Dewey ME, Gilmore C, Larkin BA, et al. (1993) The prevalence of dementia, depression and neurosis in later life: The Liverpool MRC-ALPHA Study. Int J Epidemiol 22: 838-847.
19. Copeland JR, Dewey ME, Griffiths-Jones HM (1986) A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychol Med 16: 89-99.
20. Copeland JRM, Dewey ME (1991) Neuropsychological diagnosis (GMS-HASAGECAT package). Int Psychogeriatr 3: 43-49.
21. Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P (1975) Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12: 189-198.
22. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-III-R, 3rd edition revised. Washington (D. C.): American Psychiatric Association. 567 p.
23. World Health Organization (1993) ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/ ICD10ResearchDiagnosis.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2006.
24. Neale R, Brayne C, Johnson AL (2001) Cognition and survival: An exploration in a large multicentre study of the population aged 65 years and over. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1383-1388.
25. National Statistics (2005) Census 2001: England and Wales. Available: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/727.asp. Accessed 7 June 2006.
26. US Census Bureau (2006) U. S. interim projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Washington (D. C.): US Census Bureau. Available: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj. Accessed 3 October 2006.
27. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (2001) Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Lancet 357: 169-175.
28. Lunney JR, Lynn J, Foley DJ, Lipson S, Guralnik JM (2003) Patterns of functional decline at the end of life. JAMA 289: 2387-2392.
29. Bickel H (1996) [Need for nursing care by the elderly: Results of a population based retrospective longitudinal study]. Gesundheitswesen 58: 56-62.
30. Yip AG, Brayne C, Matthews FE, MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (2006) Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. A population-based nested case-control study. Age Ageing 35: 154-160.
31. Silver MH, Jilinskaia E, Perls TT (2001) Cognitive functional status of age-confirmed centenarians in a population-based study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 56: 134-140.
32. Hagberg B, Bauer AB, Poon LW, Homma A (2001) Cognitive functioning in centenarians: A coordinated analysis of results from three countries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 56: 141-151.
33. Perls T (2004) Dementia-free centenarians. Exp Gerontol 39: 1587-1593.
34. Dewey ME, Copeland JR (2001) Dementia in centenarians. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 538-539.
35. Coggon DI, Martyn CN (2005) Time and chance: The stochastic nature of disease causation. Lancet 365: 1434-1437.
36. Tomassini C (2005) The demographic characteristics of the oldest old in the United Kingdom. Popul Trends Summer: 15-22.
37. Sampson EL, Ritchie CW, Lai R, Raven PW, Blanchard MR (2005) A systematic review of the scientific evidence for the efficacy of a palliative care approach in advanced dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 17: 31-40.
38. Murtagh FE, Preston M, Higginson I (2004) Patterns of dying: Palliative care for non-malignant disease. Clin Med 4: 39-44.
39. Schulz R, Mendelsohn AB, Haley WE, Mahoney D, Allen RS, et al. (2003) End-of-life care and the effects of bereavement on family caregivers of persons with dementia. N Engl J Med 349: 1936-1942.