Relation of Education and Occupation-based Socioeconomic Status to Incident Alzheimer's Disease

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 159, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 175-183

  Karp, Anita ^a,b,c   Kåreholt, Ingemar ^a   Qiu, Chengxuan ^a,b   Bellander, Tom ^a   Winblad, Bengt ^a,b   Fratiglioni, Laura ^a,b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b STOCKHOLM GERONTOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER   (Sweden)

^c AGING RESEARCH CENTER   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Aged; Alzheimer disease; Dementia; Education; Social class

Indexed keywords

CLASS; DISEASE PREVALENCE; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; MENTAL HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; OCCUPATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SWEDEN;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COHORT STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OCCUPATIONS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL CLASS; SWEDEN;

EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA; STOCKHOLM [SWEDEN]; SWEDEN;

EID: 0347724067     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh018     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Schmand B, Smit J, Lindeboom J, et al. Low education is a genuine risk factor for accelerated memory decline and dementia. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:1025-33.
2. Evans DA, Hebert LE, Beckett LA, et al. Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons. Arch Neurol 1997;54:1399-405.
3. Letenneur L, Gilleron V, Commenges D, et al. Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID Project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:177-83.
4. Qiu C, Bäckman L, Winblad B, et al. The influence of education on clinically diagnosed dementia: incidence and mortality data from the Kungsholmen Project. Arch Neurol 2001;58:2034-9.
5. Katzman R. Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:13-20.
6. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, et al. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994;271:1004-10.
7. Friedland RP. Epidemiology, education and the ecology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:246-9.
8. Plassman BL, Welsh KA, Helms M, et al. Intelligence and education as predictors of cognitive state in late life: a 50-year follow-up. Neurology 1995;45:1446-50.
9. Gatz M, Svedberg P, Pedersen NL, et al. Education and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: findings from the study of dementia in Swedish twins. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2001;56:P292-300.
10. Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, Agüero-Torres H, et al. Low education and AD: effects on diagnosis rather than risk. (Abstract). Neurobiol Aging 1998;19(suppl 4):214.
11. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, et al. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health 1992;82:816-20.
12. Davey Smith G, Hart C, Hole D, et al. Education and social class: which is the more important indicator of mortality risk? J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:153-60.
13. Lynch J, Kaplan G. Socioeconomic position. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, eds. Social epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000:13-35.
14. Smith GD, Hart C, Blane D, et al. Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1997;314:547-52.
15. Power C, Manor O, Matthews S. The duration and timing of exposure: effects of socioeconomic environment on adult health. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1059-65.
16. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Shema SJ. Cumulative impact of sustained economic hardship on physical, cognitive, psychological and social functioning. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1889-95.
17. Turrell G, Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, et al. Socioeconomic position across the lifecourse and cognitive function in late middle age. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2002;57:S43-51.
18. Qiu C, Karp A, von Strauss E, et al. Lifetime principal occupation and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Kungsholmen Project. Am J Ind Med 2003;43:204-11.
19. Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, von Strauss E, et al. Very old women at highest risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: incidence data from the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm. Neurology 1997;48:132-8.
20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987:97-163.
21. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-44.
22. Statistics Sweden. Swedish socioeconomic classification, reports on statistical co-ordination. Stockholm, Sweden: Statistics Sweden, 1982.
23. Guo Z, Viitanen M, Winblad B. Low blood pressure and five-year mortality in a Stockholm cohort of the very old: possible confounding by cognitive impairment and other factors. Am J Public Health 1997;87:623-8.
24. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-Mental State": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-98.
25. Fratiglioni L, Wang HX, Ericsson K, et al. The influence of social network on the occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study. Lancet 2000;355:1315-19.
26. Wang HX, Karp A, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: a logitudinal study from the Kungsholmen Project. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:1081-7.
27. Lee S, Kawachi I, Berkman L, et al. Education, other socioeconomic indicators, and cognitive function. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:712-20.
28. Kaplan G, Turrell G, Lynch JW, et al. Childhood socioeconomic position and cognitive function in adulthood. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:256-63.
29. De Ronchi D, Fratiglioni L, Rucci P, et al. The effect of education on dementia occurrence in an Italian population with middle to high socioeconomic status. Neurology 1998;50:1231-8.
30. Hall KS, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, et al. Low education and childhood rural residence: risk for Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. Neurology 2000;54:95-9.
31. Moceri VM, Kukull WA, Emanuel I, et al. Early-life risk factors and the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2000;54:415-20.
32. Moceri VM, Kukull WA, Emanual I, et al. Using census data and birth certificates to reconstruct the early-life socioeconomic environment and the relation to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology 2001;12:383-9.
33. Helmer C, Letenneur L, Rouch I, et al. Occupation during life and risk of dementia in French elderly community residents. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:303-9.
34. Del Ser T, Hachinski V, Merskey H, et al. An autopsy-verified study of the effect of education on degenerative dementia. Brain 1999;122:2309-19.
35. Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Socioeconomic conditions in childhood and ischaemic heart disease during middle age. BMJ 1990;301:1121-3.
36. van de Mheen H, Stronks K, Looman CW. Does childhood socioeconomic status influence adult health through behavioural factors? Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:431-7.
37. Wamala SP. Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular vulnerability in women: psychosocial, behavioral, and biological mediators. (Doctoral thesis). Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institute, 1999.
38. Lundberg O. The impact of childhood living conditions on illness and mortality in adulthood. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:1047-52.
39. Kåreholt I. The long shadow of socioeconomic conditions in childhood: do they affect class inequalities in mortality? In: Jonsson JO, Mills C, eds. Cradle to grave: life-course change in modern Sweden. Durham, United Kingdom: Sociology Press, 2002:29-44.
40. Wang HX, Fratiglioni L, Frisoni GB, et al. Smoking and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal data in a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:640-4.
41. Andersson LG, Erickson R, Wärneryd B. To describe the social structure - an evaluation of the 1974 suggestion for socioeconomic classification. (In Swedish). Stat Tidskr 1981;19:113-36.