Functional fluoropolymers for fuel cell membranes

Fluorinated Materials for Energy Conversion

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 469-511

  Souzy, Renaud ^a   Ameduri, Bruno ^a  

^a Laboratoire de Chimie Macromoleculaire UMR 5076   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750829307     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-008044472-7/50049-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (295)

1. W.G. Grot (1994) Macromol. Symp. 82 161-172.
2. S. Baneerjie and D.E. Curtin (2004) J. Fluorine Chem. 125 1211.
3. M.A. Hickner, H. Ghassemi, Y.S. Kim, B.R. Einsla and J.E. McGrath (2004) Chem. Rev. 104 4587.
4. K.D. Kreuer (1997) Solid State Ionics 97 1.
5. W. Vielstich, A. Hubert, M. Gasteiger and A. Lamm (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Fuel Cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Fuel Cell Technology and Applications Vol. 3 New York: Wiley
6. Q. Li, R. He, J.O. Jensen and N.J. Bjerrum (2003) Chem. Mat. 15 4896.
7. J.A. Kerres (2001) J. Membr. Sci. 185 3.
8. O. Savagado (1998) J. New Mat. Electrochem. Syst. 1 47.
9. K.D. Kreuer (2001) J. Membr. Sci. 185 29.
10. D. Jones and J. Roziere (2001) J. Membr. Sci. 185 41.
11. W. Vielstich, A. Hubert, M. Gasteiger and A. Lamm (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Fuel Cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Fuel Cell Technology and Applications Vol. 3 New York: Wiley 447-463.
12. M. Rikukawa and K. Sanui (2000) Prog. Polym. Sci. 25 1463.
13. G. Inzelt, M. Pineri, J.W. Schultze and M.A. Vorontyntsev (2000) Electrochim. Acta 45 2403.
14. K.D. Kreuer (2003) Handbook of Fuel Cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications. W. Vielstich, A. Hubert, M. Gasteiger, A. Lamm (Eds) Fuel Cell Technology and Applications Vol. 3 New York: Wiley 430-446.
15. G. D'Alelio (1944) General Electric US Patent 2,366,007
16. J.M. Abrams (1956) Ind. Eng. Chem. 48 1469.
17. K. Prater (1990) J. Power Sources 29 239.
18. S. Faure, R. Mercier, P. Aldebert, M. Pineri, and B. Sillion, CEA, Fr. Patent 9,605,707, 1996.
19. R. Nolte, K. Ledjeff, M. Bauer and R. Mülhaupt (1993) J. Memb. Sci. 83 211.
20. R. Nolte, K. Ledjeff, M. Bauer and R. Mülhaupt (1993) BHR Group Conf. Ser. Publ. 3 381.
21. F. Helmer-Metzman, F. Osan, A. Schneller, H. Ritter, K. Ledjeff, R. Nolte, and R. Thorwirth, European Patent 574,791, A2, 1993.
22. B. Adams and E. Holmes (1935) J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 54 17.
23. A.S. Hay, General Electric, US Patent 3,432,466, 1969.
24. R.B. Hodgdon and A.S. Hay (1970) General Electric. US Patent 3,528,858
25. C. Leninivin (2003) Ph.D. Dissertation Poitiers University
26. A. Balland-Longeau, F. Pereira, P. Capron and R. Mercier (2002) Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique. French Patent 0,210,008
27. I. Xiao and I. Cabasso (1993) Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. PMSE 68 55.
28. J. Roziere and D. Jones (2003) J. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 33 503.
29. I. Gautier-Luneau, A. Denoyelle, J.Y. Sanchez and C. Poinsignon (1992) Electrochim. Acta 37 1615.
30. L. Wall (1972) Fluoropolymers. New York: Wiley
31. A.E. Fiering (1994) R.E. Banks, B. Smart, J.C. Tatlow (Eds) Fluoroplastics, Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Applications Vol. 15 New York: Plenum Press 339-362.
32. K. Johns and G. Stead (2000) J. Fluorine Chem. 104 5.
33. J. Scheirs (1997) J. Scheirs (Eds) Modern Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley
34. G. Ajroldi (1997) Chim. Ind. 79 483.
35. G. Hougham, P. Cassidy, K. Jonhs and T. Davidson (1999) Fluoropolymers. New York: Kluvert
36. S. Ebnesajjad (2000) Fluoroplastics, (Non-)Melt Processible Fluoroplastics, Handbook Series Vol. 1 and 2 Norwich, N.Y.: Plastic Design Library
37. T. Imae (2003) Curr. Opinion Colloids Interf. Sci. 8 308.
38. B. Ameduri and B. Boutevin (2004) Well-Architectured Fluoropolymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Amsterdam: Elsevier
39. B. Ameduri, B. Boutevin and G. Kostov (2001) Prog. Polym. Sci. 26 105.
40. M. Vecellio (2000) Prog. Org. Coatings 40 225.
41. K. Wood (2002) Macromol. Symp. 187 469.
42. V. Castelvetro, M. Aglietto, F. Ciardelli, O. Chiantore, M. Lazzari and L. Toniolo (2002) J. Coatings. Tech. 74 57.
43. R. Bongiovanni, F. Montefusco, A. Priola, N. Macchioni, S. Lazzeri, L. Sozzi and B. Ameduri (2002) Prog. Org. Coatings 45 359.
44. R. Bongiovanni, F. Montefusco, A. Priola, N. Macchioni, S. Lazzeri, L. Sozzi and B. Ameduri (2003) Eur. Coatings, Pitture Vernici 11 25.
45. C. P. Jariwala, J. D. Eggleston, S.M.A. Yandrasit, and R.J. Dams, 3M, US Patent 6,288,157, February 25, 2003.
46. F. Ciardelli, M. Aglietto, L. di Mirabello, R. Montagnini, E. Passaglia, S. Gianscristoforo, V. Castelvetro and G. Ruggeri (1997) Prog. Org. Coatings 32 43.
47. V. Castelvetro, M. Aglietto, F. Ciardelli, O. Chiantore, M. Lazzari, D.G. Castner and D.W. Grainger (Eds) (2001) Proc. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. Fluorinated Surfaces, Coatings, and Films Vol. 787 129-142.
48. R.A. Head and S. Johnson (August, 16, 1988) Imperial Chem Industries PLC UK European Patent Appl. 260,842
49. J. Barraud, S. Gervat, V. Ratovelomanana, B. Boutevin, J.P. Parisi, A. Cahuzac and R.J. Octeur (February 12, 1992) Alcatel, French Patent 9,204,222
50. P.D. Schuman (February 8, 1996) Optical Polymer Research, Inc, PCT Int. Appl. WO 9603609 A1
51. J.P. Youngblood, L. Andruzzi, C.K. Ober, A. Hexemer, E.J. Kramer, J.A. Callow, J.A. Finlay and M.E. Callow (2003) Biofouling 19 91.
52. B. Boutevin and Y. Pietrasanta (1988) Les Acrylates et Polyacrylates Fluorés: Dérivés et Applications, Puteaux (Fr), Erec
53. C.M. Timperley, R.E. Arbon, M. Bird, S.A. Brewer, M.W. Parry, D.J. Sellers and C.R. Willis (2003) J. Fluorine Chem. 121 23.
54. M. Doyle and G. Rajendran (2003) W. Vielstich, A. Hubert, M. Gasteiger, A. Lamm (Eds) Handbook of Fuel cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications; Fuel Cell Technology and Applications Vol. 3 New York: Wiley 351-395. Chap. 30
55. E. Kissa (1994) Fluorinated Surfactant: Synthesis, Preparations, Applications New York: Marcel Dekker
56. M. Pabon and J.M. Corpart (2002) J. Fluorine Chem. 114 149.
57. C.K. Ober, K. Douki, V.R. Vohra, Y.-J. Kwark, X.-Q. Liu, W. Conley, D. Miller and P. Zimmerman (2002) J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. 15 603.
58. S. Kishimura, M. Endo and M. Sasago (2002) J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. 15 625.
59. A.E. Feiring, E.R. Wonchoba, B.E. Fischel, T.V. Thieu and M.R. Nassirpour (2002) J. Fluorine Chem. 118 95.
60. V.R. Vohra, X.Q. Liu, K. Douki, C.K. Ober, W. Conley, P. Zimmerman and D. Miller (2003) Fluoropolymer resists for 157 nm lithography. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opti. Eng. 5039 539.
61. A.E. Feiring, M.K. Crawford, W.B. Farnham, J. Feldman, R.H. French, K.W. Leffew, V.A. Petrov, F.L. Schadt III, R.C. Wheland and F.C. Zumsteg (2003) J. Fluorine Chem. 122 11.
62. F.C. Krebs and T. Jensen (2003) Fluorinated molecules relevant to conducting polymer research. J. Fluorine Chem. 120 77-84.
63. A.B. LaConti (1998) Power systems for small underwater vehicles. MIT, Marine Industry Collegium
64. V. Arcella, A. Ghielmi and G. Tommasi (2003) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 984 226.
65. H.H. Gibbs, V.W. Vienna, and R.N. Griffin, Du Pont de Nemours, US Patent 3,041,317, June 26, 1962.
66. D.J. Connolly and W.F. Gresham, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., US Patent 3,282,875, June 29, 1966.
67. B.R. Ezzel and W.P. Carl, Dow Chemical Co., US Patent 4,940,525, 1990.
68. D.E. Curtin, R.D. Lousenberg, T.J. Henry, P.C. Tangeman and M.E. Tisack (2004) J. Power Sources 131 41.
69. M. Yamabe, H. Miyake, K. Arai, Asahi Glass Co., Japanese Patent 52-28 588, March 3, 1977.
70. C.G. Krespan and D.C. England (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103 5598.
71. G. Kostov, S. Kotov, G.D. Ivanov and D. Todorova (1993) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47 735.
72. T. Nguyen and C. Wakselman (1991) Eur. Polym. J. 27 435.
73. D.D. DesMarteau, Gas Research Institute, US Patent 5,463,005, 1995.
74. R.E. Banks, G.M. Haslam, R.N. Haszeldine and A. Peppin (1966) J. Chem. Soc. C 1171.
75. W. Navarrini and D.D. DesMarteau, US Patent 5,103,049, 1992, assigned to Ausimont S.P.A.
76. R. Chen, M. Mohtasham and G. Gard (1989) J. Fluorine Chem. 43 329.
77. O. Paleta, A. Pošta and F. Liška (1978) Sb. Sk. Chem. Technol. Praze C25 105.
78. B.R. Ezzel and W.P. Carl (1988) Dow Chemical Corp, European Patent EP 289 869.
79. Du Pont, British Patent Appl. 2,081,267A.
80. B.R. Ezzel and W.P. Carl, Dow Chemical Co., US Patent 4,330,654, 1980.
81. H. Ukihashi, M. Yamabe and H. Mikaye (1986) Prog. Polym. Sci. 12 229.
82. H. Ukihashi and M. Yamabe (1982) Chapt. 17 A. Eisenberg, H.L. Yeager (Eds) Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. Vol. 180 427-451. Washington
83. M. Yamabe, K. Akiyama, Y. Akatsuda and M. Kato (2000) Eur. Polym. J. 36 1035.
84. S.D. Petersen, W.-M. Qiu, S. Kotov and D.J. Burton (1996) J. Org. Chem. 61 8024.
85. S.V. Kotov, S.D. Petersen, W. Qiu, Z.M. Qiu and D.J. Burton (1997) J. Fluorine Chem. 82 13.
86. M. Tatemoto and T. Nakamura, Daikin Industries Ltd., Japanese Patent 02,304,096, 1990, Chem. Abst. 114 (1990) 247535.
87. M. Seko, S. Ogawa and K. Kimoto (1982) Chapt. 15 A. Eisenberg, H.L. Yeager (Eds) Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Seri. Vol. 180 365-410. Washington
88. Y.E. Kirsh Yu.E., S.A. Smirnov, Y.M. Popkov Yu.M. and S.F. Timashev (1990) Uspekhi Khim. 59 970.
89. B.V. Mislavski (1999) P.E. Cassidy, G. Hougham, K. Johns, T. Davidson (Eds) Fluorinated Polymers with Functional Groups, Fluropolymers: Synthesis Vol. 1 New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publish 91-110. Chapt. 7
90. L. Dunsch, L. Kavan and J. Weber (1990) J. Electroanal. Chem. 280 313-325.
91. A. Eisenberg and H.L. Yaeger (1982) Perfluorinated ionomer membranes. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. Vol. 180 Washington, DC: ACS
92. J.A. Trainham III, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., US Patent 5,411,641, November 22, 1993.
93. H.L. Yeager and A.A. Gronowski, Ionomers. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, M.R. Tant, K.A. Mauritz, and G.L. Wilkes (Eds.), New York, 1995, pp. 333–364.
94. H.F. Gibbard (September 2002) Proc. Eyes Fuel Cells Conf. Fuel Cells Portable Appl. Boston, USA
95. G.E. Cooley and V.F.D'Agostino, National Power PLC, US Patent 5,626,731, April 04, 1995.
96. W. Moya, Millipore Corporation, US Patent 6,179,132, March 13, 1998.
97. T. Naylor and V. De (1996) Rapra Rev. Rep. 8 39.
98. G.A. Olah, P.S. Iyer and G.K.S. Prakash (1986) Synthesis 7 513-531.
99. C. Heitner-Wirguin (1996) J. Membr. Sci. 120 1.
100. Q. Guo, P.N. Pintauro, H. Tang and S. O'Connor (1999) J. Membr. Sci. 154 175.
101. J. Yu, B. Yi, D. Xing, F. Liu, Z. Shao and Y. Fu (2003) J. Power Sources 124 81.
102. D.E. Curtin (November 18–21, 2002) High volume low cost manucfacturing process for Nafion membranes, Abstracts for Fuel Cell Seminar 2002. Palm Springs FL 834.
103. G.K. Kostov, S.V. Kotov St.V., G.D. Ivanov and D. Todorova (1993) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47 735.
104. D.D. DesMarteau, Gas Research Institute, US Patent, 5,463,005, October 31, 1995.
105. M.H. Hung, W.B. Farnham, A.E. Feiring and S. Rozen (1999) G. Hougham, P.E. Cassidy, K. Johns, T. Davidson (Eds) Fluropolymers: Synthesis Vol. 1 New York: Plenum Press 51-66.
106. S.V. Kotov, S.D. Pedersen, W. Qiu, Z.-M. Qiu and D.J. Burton (1997) J. Fluorine Chem. 82 13.
107. M. Kato, K. Akiyama and M. Yamabe (1983) Reports Res. Lab. Asahi Glasse Co., Ltd. 33 135.
108. D.J. Burton and L.G. Sprague (1989) J. Org. Chem. 54 613.
109. A.E. Feiring, C.M. Doyle, M.G. Roelofs, W.B. Farnham, P.G. Bekiarian and H.A.K. Blau (September 10, 1999) E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., World Demand WO 99/45,048
110. C.M. Doyle, W.B. Farnham, A.E. Feiring, P.A. Morken, and M.G. Roelofs, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, US Patent, 6,025,092, (December 15,2000) and J. Fluorine Chem., 125 (2004) 1187.
111. B. Ameduri, M. Armand, M. Boucher and A. Manseri (July 12, 2001) Hydro-Québec, World Demand WO 01/49,757
112. B. Ameduri, M. Armand, M. Boucher and A. Manseri (July 12, 2001) Hydro-Québec, World Demand WO 01/49,760 A1
113. B. Ameduri, M. Armand, M. Boucher and A. Manseri (December 20, 2001) Hydro-Québec, World Demand WO 01/96,268 A2
114. B. Ameduri, M. Boucher and A. Manseri (June 27, 2002) Hydro-Québec, World Demand WO 02/50, 142 A1
115. M. Yamabe (1992) Macromol. Symp. 64 11.
116. H. Miyake, Y. Sugaya and M. Yamabe (1998) J. Fluorine Chem. 92 137.
117. B. Ameduri and G. Bauduin (2003) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 41 3109.
118. R. Souzy, B. Ameduri and B. Boutevin (2004) Prog. Polym. Sci. 29 75.
119. S.G. Cohen, H.T. Wolosinski and P.J. Scheuer (1949) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71 3439.
120. M. Prober (1953) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 968.
121. S. Dixon (1956) J. Org. Chem. 21 400.
122. G.V. Kazennikova, T.V. Talamaeva, A.V. Zimin, A.P. Simonov and K.A. Kocheshkov (1961) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk 1063.
123. L.F. Rybakova, E.M. Panov, A.A. Nikitina, K.A. Kocheshkov and I.V. Karandi (1976) Zh. Obshchei Khim. 46 117.
124. R.S. Sorokina, L.F. Rybakova, I.O. Kalinovskii, V.A. Chernoplekova and I.P. Beletskaya (1982) Zh. Org. Khim. 18 2458.
125. P.L. Heinze and D.J. Burton (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53 2714.
126. C. Stone, A.E. Steck and R.D. Lousenberg (1997) Ballard Power Systems Inc. US 5602185
127. P. Sanecki (1992) Polish J. Chem. 66 101.
128. R.B. Hodgdon and D.I. MacDonald (1968) J. Polym. Sci., Part A-1: Polym. Chem. Ed. 6 711.
129. P.D. Barlett and G.M. Cohen (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 7923.
130. F. Tellier, R. Sauvetre and J.F. Normant (1987) J. Organomet. Chem. 331 281.
131. A.S. Tevlina, A.N. Ivankin, V.V. Korshak, N.P. Baranova, T.S. Nikitina and E.M. Rokhlin (1981) Mosk. Khim. Tekhnol. Inst., Moscow, USRR, deposited Doc. 1981, Viniti Chem. Abst. 127 12.
132. C. Stone, T.S. Daynard, L.Q. Hu, C. Mah and A.E. Steck (2000) J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 3 43.
133. X. Xu and I. Cabasso (1993) Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. PMSE 68 120.
134. M. Pineri, D. Marsacq, B. Ameduri and R. Souzy (2004) Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique French Patent 2,843,398
135. M. Watanabe and H. Ishiuchi, JP 5,013,070, 1993 Z.Y. Yang, A.E. Feiring and B.E. Smart (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 4135.
136. D.W. Smith Jr. and D.A. Babb (1996) Macromolecules 29 852.
137. K.P.U. Pereta, M. Krawiek and D.W. Smith Jr. (2002) Tetrahedron 58 10197.
138. J. Luo, S. Liu, M. Haller, L. Liu, H. Ma and A.K.Y. Jen (2002) Adv. Mater. 14 1763.
139. C.M. Topping, J. Jin, S.C. Ligon Jr., A.V. Patil, S. Fallis, J.A. Irvin, D.D. Desmarteau and D.W. Smith Jr. (2002) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 43 486.
140. S.C. Ligon Jr., M. Krawieck, A. Kitaygorodskiy and D.W. Smith Jr. (2003) J. Fluorine Chem. 123 139.
141. F.L. Qing, R. Wang, B. Li, X. Zheng and W.D. Meng (2003) J. Fluorine Chem. 120 21.
142. K.S. Clement, B.R. Ezzel, D.A. Babb and W.F. Richey (1991) Dow Chemical US 5,037,919,
143. K.S. Clement, B.R. Ezzel and D.A. Babb (1991) Dow Chemical US 5,021,602
144. E. Bartman, H. Plach, R. Eidenschink, V. Reiffenrath, D. Pauluth, E. Poetsch, S. Schoen, V. Meyer, M. Junge and R. Hittich (1995) Merck, US 5,403,512
145. D.D. Desmarteau, C.W. Martin, L.A. Ford, and Y. Xie, 3M Innovative Properties Company, US 6,268,532, 2001.
146. D.W. Smith Jr., S. Chen, S. Kumar, J. Ballato, H. Shah, C. Topping and S. Foulger (2002) Adv. Mater. 14 1585.
147. S.H. Foulger, P. Jiang, A. Lattam, D.W. Smith Jr. and J. Ballato (2001) Langmuir 17 6023.
148. S.H. Foulger, A. Lattam, J. Ballato, P. Jiang, Y. Ying and D.W. Smith Jr. (2001) Adv. Mater. 13 1898.
149. H. Zengin, W. Zhou, J. Jin, R. Czerw, D.W. Smith Jr., L. Echegoyen, D. Caroll, S. Foulger and J. Ballato (2002) Adv. Mater. 14 1480.
150. J. Luo, S. Liu, M. Haller, L. Liu, H. Ma and A.K.Y. Jen (2002) Adv. Mater. 14 1763.
151. D.W. Smith Jr., H.W. Boone, R. Traiphol, H. Shah and D. Perahia (2000) Macromolecules 33 1126.
152. R. Traiphol, H.V. Shah, D.W. Smith Jr. and D. Perahia (2001) Macromolecules 34 3954.
153. R. Traiphol, D.W. Smith Jr. and D. Perahia (2002) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 40 2817.
154. P.H. Townsend, E.O. Shaffer, M.E. Mills, J. Blackson and M.J. Radler (1997) Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 443 33.
155. G. Fishbeck, R. Moosburger, C. Kostrzewa, A. Achen and K. Petermann (1997) Electron. Lett. 33 518.
156. D. Perretie, L. Bratton, J. Bremmer, D.A. Babb, Q. Chen and J.H. Judy (1993) Proc. SPIE Int. Soci. Opt. Eng. 1911 15.
157. T.A. Tumolillo Jr., A. Thomas and P.R. Ashley (1993) Appl. Phys. Lett. 62 3068.
158. D.W. Smith Jr., D.A. Babb, H. Shah, A. Hoeglund, R. Traiphol, D. Perahia, H. Boone, C. Langhoff and M. Radler (2000) J. Fluorine Chem. 104 109.
159. W.G. Grot, C.J. Molnar and P.R. Resnick (1985) DuPont de Nemours, AU 544,027
160. C.W. Martin, P.J. Nandapurkar and S.S. Katti (1995) Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
161. R. Beckerbauer (1968) DuPont de Nemours, US 3,397,191
162. D.A. Babb, K.S. Clement and B.R. Ezzel (1991) Dow Chemical, US 5,023,380
163. D.A. Babb, K.S. Clement, W.F. Richey and B.R. Ezzel (1991) Dow Chemical, US 5,037,917
164. D.A. Babb, R.B. Ezzel, K.S. Clement, W.F. Richey and A.P. Kennedy (1993) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 31 3465.
165. A.P. Kennedy, D.A. Babb, J.N. Bremmer and A.J. Pasztor Jr. (1995) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 33 1859.
166. D.A. Babb, N.G. Rondan and D.W. Smith Jr. (1995) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 36 721.
167. D.A. Babb, K.S. Clement and B.R. Ezzl (1992) Dow Chemical US 5,159,038
168. J. Ji, S. Narayan-Sarathy, R.H. Neilson, J.D. Oxley, D.A. Babb, N.G. Rondan and D.W. Smith Jr. (1998) Organometallics 17(5), 783-785.
169. R. Souzy, B. Ameduri, B. Boutevin and D. Virieux (2004) J. Fluorine Chem. 125 1317.
170. D.A. Babb, R.V. Snelgrove, D.W. Smith Jr. and S.F. Mudrich (1996) ACS Symp. Ser. 624 431.
171. H.W. Boone, D.W. Smith Jr. and D.A. Babb (1998) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 39 812.
172. Y. Xu, D.C. Loveday, J.P. Ferraris and D.W. Smith Jr. (1998) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 39 143.
173. S. Naryan-Sarathy, R.H. Neilson and D.W. Smith Jr. (1998) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 39 609.
174. L.A. Ford, D.W. Smith Jr. and D.D. Desmarteau (2000) Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. PMSE 83 10.
175. R.H. Neilson, H. Robert, J. Ji, S. Narayan-Sarathy, J. Oxley and D.W. Smith Jr. (April 132-17, 1997) Book of Abstracts, 213th ACS National Meeting San Francisco
176. D.A. Babb, H.W. Boone, D.W. Smith Jr. and P.W. Rudolph (1998) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69 2005.
177. H.W. Boone, D.W. Smith Jr. and D.A. Babb (1998) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 39 812.
178. J. Rizzo and F.W. Harris (1999) Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 40 874.
179. J. Rizzo and F.W. Harris (2000) Polymer 41 5125.
180. D.D. DesMarteau (1995) J. Fluorine Chem. 72 203.
181. D.D. DesMarteau, J.J. Ma, M.H. Tu, J.T. Liu, B. Thomas and J. McClellan (1999) Polym. Mat. Sci. Eng., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. PMSE 80 598.
182. S.E. Creager, S. Savett, B. Thomas and D.D. DesMarteau (1999) Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. PMSE 80 600.
183. S.E. Creager, J.J. Summer, R.D. Baily, J.J. Ma, W.T. Pennington and D.D. DesMarteau (1999) Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2 434.
184. R. Souzy, B. Ameduri and B. Boutevin (2004) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 42 5077.
185. R. Souzy, B. Ameduri, B. Boutevin, P. Capron, D. Marsacq, and G. Gebel, Fuel Cell—From fundamentals to Systems, (in press).
186. A. Chapiro (1962) Radiation Chemistry of Polymeric Systems New York: Wiley
187. D.O. Geymer (1972) M. Dole (Eds) The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules Vol. 1 New York: Academic Press Chap. 1
188. L. Mandelkern (1972) M. Dole (Eds) The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules Vol. 1 New York: Academic Press Chap. 13
189. R.E. Florin (1972) L.A. Wall (Eds) Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley-Interscience 317-331. Chap. 11
190. J. Okamoto (1987) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 29 469-475.
191. V.S. Ivanov (1992) Radiation Chemistry of Polymers, New Concepts in Polymer Science New York: Wiley
192. A. Singh and J. Silverman (1992) Radiation Processing of Polymers Munich: Hansen
193. B.J. Lyons (March 1984) Second International Conference on Radiation Processing for Plastics and Rubbers Chantembury, UK 1-8.
194. B.J. Lyons (1997) J. Scheirs (Eds) Modern Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley 335-347. Chap. 18
195. Y. Uyama, K. Kato and Y. Ikada (1998) Adv. Polym. Sci. 137 1-39.
196. B. Gupta and G.G. Scherer (1994) Chimia 48 127.
197. J.S. Forsythe and D.J.T. Hill (2000) Prog. Polym. Sci. 25 101-136.
198. T.R. Dargaville, G.A. Georges, D.J.T. Hill and A.K. Whittaker (2003) Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 1355.
199. N.E. Drysdale, L. Wang, and Z. Yu. Yang, E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Int. Demand WO 98 31,716, July 23, 1998.
200. J.J. Robin (2004) Adv. Polym. Sci. 167 35.
201. Y. Liu, J.Y. Lee, E.T. Kang, P. Wang and K.L. Tan (2001) React. Funct. Polym. 47 201.
202. J.M. Tarascon, A.S. Gozdz, C. Schmutz, F. Shokoohi and P.C. Warren (1996) Solid State Ionics 86 49.
203. C. Capiglia (1999) Solid State Ionics 118 73.
204. S. Machi, T. Sugo, and A. Sugishitu, Ion-exchange membrane, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Japanese Patent. 7,808,692, January 26 1978.
205. G.Z. Liang, T.L. Lu, X.Y. Ma, H.X. Yan and Z.H. Gong (2003) Polym. Int. 52 1300.
206. M.M. Nasef (2000) Polym. Degrd. Stab. 68 231.
207. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, H.M. Nor and O.M. Foo (2000) Polym. Int. 49 1572.
208. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, H.M. Nor and M.A. Yarmo (2000) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76 336.
209. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, A.M. Dessouki and E.M. El-Nesr (2000) Polym. Int. 49 399.
210. A.G. Guzman-Garcia, P.N. Pintauro, M.W. Verbrugge and E.W. Schneider (1992) J. Appl. Electrochem. 22 204.
211. S. Turmanova, A. Dimitrova, G. Kostov and E. Nedkov (1996) Macromol. Chem. Phys. 197 2973.
212. G.K. Kostov and S.C. Turmanova (1997) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64 1469.
213. B. Gupta, F.N. Buchi, G.G. Scherer and A. Chapiro (1994) Polym. Adv. Technol. 5 193.
214. S. Holmberg, T. Lehtinen, J. Näsman, D. Ostrovoskii, M. Paronen, R. Serimaa, F. Sundholm, G. Sundholm, L. Torell and M. Torkkeli (1996) J. Mater. Chem. 6 1309.
215. S. Hietala, S. Holmberg, M. Karjalainen, J. Näsman, M. Paronen, R. Serimaa, F. Sundholm and S. Vahvaselka (1997) J. Mater. Chem. 7 721.
216. J. Ennari, S. Hietala, M. Paronen, F. Sundholm, N. Walsby, M. Karjalainen, R. Serimaa, T. Lehtinen and G. Sundholm (1999) Macromol. Symp. 146 41.
217. S.D. Flint and R.C.T. Slade (1997) Solid State Ionics 97 299.
218. T.N. Danks, R.C.T. Slade and J.R. Varcoe (2002) J. Mater. Chem. 12 3371.
219. T.N. Danks, R.C.T. Slade and J.R. Varcoe (2003) J. Mater. Chem. 12 712.
220. J.A. Horsfall and K.V. Lovell (2001) Fuel Cells 1 186.
221. J.A. Horsfall and K.V. Lovell (2002) Polym. Adv. Technol. 13 381.
222. J.A. Horsfall and K.V. Lovell (2003) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87 230.
223. M. Patri, V.R. Hande, S. Phadnis, B. Somaiah, S. Roychoudhury and P.C. Deb (2004) Polym. Adv. Technol. 15 270.
224. M.V. Rouilly, E.R. Krotz, O. Haas, G.G. Scherer and A. Chapiro (1993) J. Membr. Sci. 81 89.
225. B. Gupta, F.N. Buchi and G.G. Scherer (1994) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 32 1931.
226. B. Gupta, G.G. Scherer and J.G. Highfield (1994) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 51 1659.
227. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, H.M. Nor and O.M. Foo (2000) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 78 2443.
228. M. Nasef, H. Saidi and H.M. Nor (2000) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76 220.
229. C. Stone, A.E. Steck and B. Choudhury (September 26, 2002) Ballard Power System US Patent 2002-0137,806
230. H. Herman, R.C.T. Slade and J.R. Varcoe (2003) J. Membr. Sci. 218 147.
231. K. Scott, W.M. Taama and P. Argyropoulos (2000) J. Membr. Sci. 171 119.
232. A.S. Arico, V. Baglio, P. Creti, D. Di Blasi, V. Antonucci, J. Brunea, A. Chapotot, A. Bozzi and J. Schoemans (2003) J. Power Sources 123 107.
233. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, M.H. Nor, K.Z.M. Dahlan and K. Hashim (1999) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 73 2095.
234. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, H.M. Nor and O.M. Foo (2000) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76 1.
235. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi and H.M. Nor (2000) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 77 1877.
236. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi and M.A. Yarmo (2000) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 77 2455.
237. M.M. Nasef and H. Saidi (2002) J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 5 183.
238. S. Hietala, M. Koel, E. Skou, M. Elomaa and F. Sundholm (1998) J. Mater. Chem. 8 1127.
239. S. Hietala, M. Koel, E. Skou, M. Elomaa and F. Sundholm (1998) J. Mater. Chem. 8 1127.
240. S. Hietala, S.L. Maunu, F. Sundholm, T. Lehtinen and G. Sundholm (1999) J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 37 2893.
241. K. Jokela, R. Serimaa, M. Tokkeli, F. Sundholm, T. Kallio and G. Sundholm (2002) J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 40 1539.
242. S. Holmberg, J. Nasman and F. Sundholm (1998) Polym. Adv. Technol. 9 121.
243. M. Elomaa, S. Hietala, M. Paronen, N. Walsby, K. Jokela, R. Serimaa, M. Torkkeli, T. Lehtinen, G. Sundholm and F. Sundholm (2000) J. Mater. Chem. 10 2678.
244. T. Kallio, K. Jokela, H. Ericson, R. Serimaa, G. Sundholm, P. Jacobsson and F. Sundholm (2003) J. Appl. Electrochem. 33 505.
245. P. Gode, J. Ihonen, A. Ericson, G. Lindbergh, M. Paronen, G. Sundholm, F. Sundholm and N. Walsky (2003) Fuel Cells 3 21.
246. M. Paronen, F. Sundholm, D. Ostrovskii, P. Jacobsson, G. Jeschker, E. Raeihala and P. Tikkanen (2003) Chem. Mat. 15 4447.
247. S. Holmberg, P. Holmlund, C.E. Wilen, T. Kallio, G. Sundholm and F. Sundholm (2002) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Phys. 40 591.
248. K.M. Matyjaszewski and J. Xia (2002) Chem. Rev. 101 2921.
249. H.-P. Brack and G.G. Scherer (1998) Macromol. Symp. 126 25.
250. H.-P. Brack and G.G. Scherer (2000) J. Mater. Chem. 10 1795.
251. C.R. Jarvis, W.J. Macklin, A.J. Macklin, N.J. Mattingley, E. Kronfli and J. Power (2001) Source 97–98 664.
252. F. Coowar and E. Kronfli (July 05, 2001) Internat Demand WO 200 1048063
253. B.V. Mislavsky and V.P. Melnikov (1993) Polym. Prep., Am. Chem. Soc., Polym. Div. 34 377.
254. K. Hintzer and G. Lohr (1997) J. Scheirs (Eds) Modern Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley 239-256. Chap. 12
255. A. Bozzi and A. Chapiro (1987) Eur. Polym. J. 23 255.
256. A. Bozzi and A. Chapiro (1988) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 32 193.
257. S. Turmanova, A. Trifonov, O. Kalaijiev and G. Kostov (1997) J. Membr. Sci. 127 1.
258. E.S. Hegazy El S., I. Ishigaki and J. Okamoto (1981) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 26 3117.
259. H. Omichi and J. Okamoto (1982) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. (Ed.) 20 521.
260. H. Omichi and J. Okamoto (1984) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 22 1775.
261. H. Omichi and J. Okamoto (1985) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 30 1277.
262. G. Bex, A. Chapiro, M.B. Huglin, A.M. Jendrychowska-Bonamour and T. O'Neill (1968) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp. 22 493.
263. A. Chapiro, E. Gordon and A.M. Jendrychowska-Bonamour (1973) Eur. Polym. J. 9 975.
264. G. Burillo and A. Chapiro (1986) Eur. Polym. J. 22 653.
265. D.L. Kerbow (1997) J. Scheirs (Eds) Modern Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley 301-310. Chap. 15
266. G.K. Kostov and A.N. Atanassov (1991) Eur. Polym. J. 27 1331.
267. G.K. Kostov and A.N. Atanassov (1993) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47 361.
268. G.K. Kostov and A.N. Atanassov (1993) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47 1269.
269. I. Kaur, B.N. Misra, R. Kumar and B. Singh (2002) Polym. Polym. Composites 10 391.
270. G. Ellinghorst, J. Fuehrer and D. Vierkotten (1981) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 118 889.
271. G. Ellinghorst, A. Niemoeller and D. Vierkotten (1983) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 22 635.
272. W. Becker and G. Schmidt-Naake (2002) Chem. Eng. Tech. 25 373.
273. J.A. Horsfall and K.V. Lovell (2002) Eur. Polym. J. 38 1671.
274. C. Chuy, V.I. Basura, E. Simon, S. Holdcroft, J.A. Horsfall and K.V. Lovell (2000) J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 4453.
275. H.-P. Brack, L. Bonorand, H.G. Buhrer and G.G. Scherer (1998) Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 39 976.
276. H.-P. Brack, L. Bonorand, H.G. Buhrer and G.G. Scherer (August 23–27, 1998) Book of Abstracts, 216th ACS National Meeting Boston Poly-517
277. H.-P. Brack, L. Bonorand, H.G. Buhrer and G.G. Scherer (1998) Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 39 897.
278. H.-P. Brack, M. Wyler, G. Peter and G.G. Scherer (2003) J. Membr. Sci. 214 1.
279. M. Pozzoli, G. Vita and V. Arcella (1997) J. Scheirs (Eds) Modern Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley 373-396. Chap. 21
280. R.E. Florin and L.A. Wall (1961) J. Res. Natl. Bureau Stand. A 65 375.
281. E.R. Lovejoy, M.I. Bro and G.H. Bowers (1965) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9 401.
282. Y. Rosenberg, A. Siegemann, M. Narkis and S. Shkolnik (1992) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 45 783.
283. A. Bhattacharya, V. De and S.N. Bhattacharya (1994) Synth. Met. 65 35.
284. E.S. Hegazy, I. Ishigaki, A.M. Dessouki, A. Rabie and J. Okamoto (1982) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 27 535.
285. A. Hegazy, I. Ishigaki, A. Rabie and A.M. Dessouki (1983) J. Okamoto, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 28 1465.
286. Y. Gen (1987) Desalination 62 265.
287. M.M. Nasef and H. Saidi (2000) Polym. Degrad. Stab. 70 497.
288. M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi and M.A. Yarmo (2000) J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 3 309.
289. B. Gupta, F.N. Buchi, M. Staub, D. Grman and G.G. Scherer (1996) J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 34 1873.
290. B. Gupta, G.G. Scherer and J.G. Highfield (1998) Ang. Makromol. Chem. 256 81.
291. B. Gupta, F.N. Buchi, G.G. Scherer and A. Chapiro (1993) Solid State Ionics 61 213.
292. F.N. Buchi, B. Gupta, O. Haas and G.G. Scherer (1995) Electrochim. Acta 40 145.
293. K. Hintzer and G. Lohr (1997) J. Scheirs (Eds) Modern Fluoropolymers New York: Wiley 223-238. Chap. 11
294. T.R. Dargaville, G.A. George, D.J.T. Hill, U. Sheler and A.K. Whittaken (2003) Macromolecules 36 7132.
295. F. Cardona, G.A. George, D.J.T. Hill, F. Rasoul and J. Maeji (2002) Macromolecules 35 355.