Strength and safety in numbers: Considering the social implications of regulatory focus

Journal of Personality

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1647-1672

  Brazy, Paige C ^a   Shah, James Y ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750687500     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: 14676494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00423.x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Allport, F. H. (1955). Theories of perception and the concept of structure. New York: Wiley.
2. Asch, S. E. (1952). Social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., & Pratto, F. (1992). The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 893-912.
4. Brazy, P. C., Devine, P. G., & Shah, J. Y. (2005). Self-regulation and social goals: Motivational and social influences on egalitarian goal pursuit. Manuscript in preparation. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
5. Brazy, P. C., & Shah, J. Y. (2005). Regulatory focus as a moderator of stereotype threat. Manuscript in preparation. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
6. Brazy, P. C., Shah, J. Y., & Devine, P. G. (2005). Considering the regulatory focus of implicit associations. Manuscript under revision. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
7. Brewer, M. B. (1993). Social identity, distinctiveness, and ingroup homogeneity. Social Cognition, 11, 150-164.
8. Brigham, J. C. (1993). College students' racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1933-1967.
9. Bruner, J. S. (1957). On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review, 64, 123-152.
10. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
12. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60-67.
13. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
14. Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. (2002). Exploring the relationship between implicit and explicit prejudice: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 835-848.
15. Fazio, R. H. (1990). A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research. In C. Hendrick & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Research methods in personality and social psychology: Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. II, pp. 74-97). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16. Fazio, R. H. (1995). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247-282). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
18. Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 148-164.
19. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
20. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
21. Higgins, E. T., Bond, R. N., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. (1986). Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 5-15.
22. Higgins, E. T., Roney, C., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: Distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 276-286.
23. Higgins, E. T., Shah, J. Y., & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 515-525.
24. Jarvis, B. (2000). MediaLab and DirectRT [Computer software]. New York: Empirisoft.com
25. Jones, E. E., & Gerard, H. B. (1967). Foundations of social psychology. New York: Wiley.
26. Kelley, H. H. (1955). Salience of membership and resistance to change of group-anchored attitudes. Human Relations, 8, 275-289.
27. Kelly, G. A. (1955). A theory of personality: The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
28. Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2000). The pleasures and pains of distinct self-construals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1122-1134.
29. Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275-287.
30. Lewin, K. (1947). Group decision and social change. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 211-234). New York: Holt.
31. Maass, A., & Arcuri, L. (1992). The role of language in the persistence of stereotypes. In G. Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 129-143). London: Sage.
32. Maass, A., Ceccarelli, R., & Rudin, S. (1996). Linguistic intergroup bias: Evidence for ingroup-protective motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 512-526.
33. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
34. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105 (3), 499-529.
35. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808-817.
36. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and involvement. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
37. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832.
38. Sassenberg, K., Jonas, K., Shah, J., & Brazy, P. (2005). Regulatory fit of the ingroup: The impact of group power and regulatory focus on group attraction. Manuscript submitted for publication.
39. Shah, J. Y. (2003). The motivational looking glass: How significant others implicitly affect goal appraisals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 424-439.
40. Shah, J. Y., & Brazy, P. C. (2002). Unpublished raw data. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
41. Shah, J. Y., Brazy, P. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Promoting us vs. preventing them: Regulatory focus and the manifestations of intergroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 (4), 433-446.
42. Shah, J. Y., & Higgins, E. T. (2001). Regulatory concerns and appraisal efficiency: The general impact of promotion and prevention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 693-705.
43. Shah, J. Y., Higgins, E. T., & Friedman, R. (1998). Performance incentives and means: How regulatory focus influences goal attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 285-293.
44. Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper.
45. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
46. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
47. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.