Damage pattern as a function of various types of radiation

International Journal of Zoological Research

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 150-168

  Ahmed, R G ^a  

^a BENI SUEF UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Cell death; Chromosomal aberration; Damages; Fibrosis; Photolysis; Reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750475594     PISSN: 18119778     EISSN: 18119786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2006.150.168     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Adams, J.D., S.K. Mukherjee, L.K. Klaidman, M.L. Chang and R. Yasharel, 1996. Apoptosis and oxidative stress in the aging brain. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 786: 135-151.
2. Akagi, Y., K. Ito and S. Sawada, 1993. Radiation-induced apoptosis and necrosis in Molt-4 cells: A study of dose-effect relationships and their modification. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 64: 47-56.
3. Alapetite, C., T. Wachter, E. Sage and E. Moustacchi, 1996. Use of the alkaline comet assay to detect DNA repair deficiencies in human fibroblasts exposed to UVC, UVB, UVA and gamma-rays. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 69: 359-369.
4. Alexander, P. and Z.M. Bacq, 1961. The Nature of the Initial Radiation Damage at the Subcellular Level. In: Harris RJ (Ed.). The Initial Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Cells, Academic Press, New York, pp: 3-19.
5. Alien, J.W., P. Poorman-Allen, B.W. Collins and M.R. Sontag, 1994. Synaptonemal complex aberrations in the pseudoautosomal region of X,Y chromosomes in irradiated hamsters. Mutagenesis, 9: 259-267.
6. Anderson, R., 1988. "Anderson's pathology", 8th Edn., Ch. 5, The C.V. Mosby Company, Toronto.
7. Arlett, C.F., J.E. Lowe, S.A. Harcourt, A.P. Waugh, J. Cole and L. Roza et al., 1995. Hypersensitivity of human lymphocytes to UV-B and solar irradiation. Cancer Res., 53: 609-614.
8. Backer, L.C., M.R. Sontag and J.W. Alien, 1991. Stage-specific damage to synaptonemal complexes and metaphase chromosomes induced by X-rays in male mouse germ cells. Radiat. Res., 125: 187-96.
9. Bacq, Z.M. and P. Alexander, 1961. Fundamentals of radiation biology. 2nd Edn., Pergamon Press. New York. N.Y.
10. Barham, S.S. and R.A. Walters, 1978. X-irradiation-induced nuclear lesions in cultured mammalian cells: an ultrastructural analysis. Radiat. Res., 76: 105-112.
11. Belpaeme, K., K. Cooreman and M. Kirsch-Voiders, 1998. Development and validation of the in vivo alkaline comet assay for detecting genomic damage in marine flatfish. Mutat Res., 15: 167-184.
12. Bezlephing, V.G., I.U. Malinovsld, E.R. Kuneisonva, R.A. Numar and A.I. Gaseiv, 1986. Induction of unsheduled DNA synthesis in the nuclera matrix of rat hepatocytes after whole gamma irradiation of the animals. Radiobiologia, 26: 743.
13. Blakely, E.A. and A. Kronenberg, 1998. Heavy-ion radiobiology: New approaches to delineate mechanisms underlying enhanced biological effectiveness. Radiat. Res., 150: S126-145.
14. Blank, K.R., M.S. Rudoltz, G.D. Kao, R.J. Muschel and W.G. McKenna, 1997. Review: the molecular regulation of apoptosis and implication for radiation oncology. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 71: 455-466.
15. Brancolini, C., D. Lazarevic, J. Rodriguez and C. Schneider, 1997. Dismantling cell-cell contacts during apoptosis is coupled to a caspase-dependent proteolytic cleavage of beta-catenin. J. Cell Biol., 139: 759-771.
16. Brandes, D., K.W. Sloan, E. Anto and F. Bloedr, 1967. The effect of X-irradiation on the lysosomes of mouse mammary gland carcinoma. Cancer Res., 27: 731-746.
17. Brecher, S., 1977. Ultrastructural observations of X-ray induced chromatid gaps. Mutation Res., 42: 249-261.
18. Brinkley, B.R. and W.N. Hittelman, 1975. Ultrastructure of mammalian chromosome aberrations. Intl. Rev. Cytol., 42: 49-101.
19. Bruge, F., L. Tiano, T. Cacciamani, F. Principi and G.P. Littarru, 2003. Effect of UV-C mediated oxidative stress in leukemia cell lines and its relation to ubiquinone content. Biofactors, 18: 51-63.
20. Burkart, W., T. Jung and G. Frasch, 1999. Damage pattern as a function of radiation quality and other factors. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie, Life Sci., 322: 89-101.
21. Cadet, J., T. Douki, J.P. Pouget and J.L. Ravanat, 2000. Singlet oxygen DNA damage products: formation and measurement. Methods Enzymol., 319: 143-153.
22. Caricchio, R., E.A. Reap and P.L. Cohen, 1988. Fas/Fas ligand interactions are involved in ultraviolet-B-induced human lymphocyte apoptosis. J. Immunol., 161: 241-51.
23. Chan, W.H. and J.S. Yu, 2000. Inhibition of UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic biochemical changes in human epidermal carcinoma A431 cells by genistein. J. Cell Biochem., 78: 73-84.
24. Cheng, K.C., D.S. Cahill, H. Kasai, S. Nishimura and L.A. Loeb, 1992. 8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage causes G to T and A to C substitution. J. Biol. Chem., 267: 166-172.
25. Clingen, P.H., C.F. Arlett, J. Cole, A.P. Waugh, J.E. Lowe, S.A. Harcourt, N. Hermanova, L. Roza, T. Mori, O. Nikaido and H.L. Michael et al., 1995. Correlation of UVC and UVB cytotoxicity with the induction of specific photoproducts in T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts from normal human donors. Photochem. Photobiol., 61: 163-170.
26. Conti, C.J., A.J.P. Klein-Szanto and J.L. Moreira, 1974. Effects of radiation on cultured BHK cells and their latent "R" particles. An electron microscope study. Archiv fur Geschwulstforschung, 43: 254-267.
27. Cramp, W.A., M.B. Yatvin and M. Harms-Ringdahl, 1994. Recent developments in the radiobiology of cellular membranes. Acta Oncol., 33: 945-952.
28. Daniniak, N. and B.J. Tann, 1995. Utility of biological membranes as indicators for radiation exposure: alterations in membrane structure and function overtime. Stem Cells, 13: 142-152.
29. Daya-Grosjean, L, N. Dumaz and A. Sarasin, 1995. The specificity of p53 mutation spectra in sunlight-induced human cancers. J. Photochem. Photobiol., 28: 115-124.
30. De Duve, C., 1961. Lysosomes and chemotherapy. In Harris RJC, (Ed.). Biological Approaches to Cancer Chemotherapy. New York Academic Press, pp: 101-111.
31. De Duve, C., 1964. Lysosomes and Cell Injury. International Symposium on Injury, Inflammation and Immunity. The Williams Co., Baltimore, pp: 283-311.
32. Desal, I.D., P.L. Sawant and A.L. Tappel, 1964. Peroxidative and radiation damage to isolated lysosomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 86: 277-285.
33. DiPietro, R., E. Falcieri, M.A. Centurione, G. Mazzotti and R. Rana, 1994. Ultrastructural pattern of cell damage and death following gamma radiation exposure of murine erythroleukemia cells. Scanning Microscopy, 8: 667-673.
34. Drobetsky, E.A., J. Turcorte, A. Chateauneuf, 1995. A role for ultraviolet A in solar mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 2350-2354.
35. Enninga, I.C., R.T. Groenendijk, A.R. Filon, A.A. van Zeeland and J.W. Simons, 1986. The wavelength dependence of U.V.-induced pyrimidine dimer formation, cell killing and mutation induction in human diploid skin fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis, 7: 1829-1836.
36. Evans, T.H.J., 1962. Chromosome aberrations induced by ionizing radiations. Intl. Rev. Cell Biol., 13: 221-231.
37. Eveno, E., F. Bourre, X. Quilliet, O. Chevallier-Lagente, L. Roza, A.P. Eker, W.J. Kleijer, O. Nikaido, M. Stefanini and J.H. Hoeijmakers et al., 1995. Different removal of ultraviolet photoproducts in genetically related xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy diseases. Cancer Res., 55: 4325-4332.
38. Falcieri, E., P. Gobbi, L. Zamai and M. Vitale, 1994. Ultrastructural features of apoptosis. Scanning Microscopy, 8: 653-666.
39. Farber, J.L., 1982. Biology of disease; Membrane injury and calcium homeostasis in the pathogenesis of coagulative necrosis. Lab. Invest., 47: 114.
40. Firkle, T., V. Resl, J. Racek and V. Holecek, 2000. Antioxidants and protection of the skin against the effect of ultraviolet rays. Cas Lek Cesk., 139: 358-360.
41. Fox, J.C. and K.M. Prise, 1993. DNA lesions: linear energy transfer and radiosensitive mutants, Br. J. Radiol. Suppl., 24: 48-52.
42. Freeman, S.E., H. Hacham, R.W. Gange, D.J. Maytum, J.C. Sutherland and B.M. Sutherland, 1989. Wavelength dependence of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 86: 5605-5609.
43. Fuks, Z., R.S. Persaud, A. Alfieri, M. McLoughlin, D. Ehleiter, J.L. Schwartz, A.P. Seddon, C. Cordon-Cardo and A. Haimovitz-Friedman et al., 1994. Basic fibroblast growth factor protects endothelial cells against radiation-induced programmed cell death in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res., 54: 2582-2590.
44. Gasperin, P., M. Gozy, O. Pauwels, J. Fruhling, P. VanHoutte, J.L. Pasteels and R. Kiss, 1992. Monitoring of radiotherapy-induced morphonuclear modifications in the MXT mouse mammary carcinoma by means of digital cell image analysis. Intl. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol., 22: 979-987.
45. Glasstone, S. and W.H., 1981. Jordan WH. Nuclear Power and its Environmental Effects. American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illionis.
46. Gobbel, G.T., M. Bellinzona, A.R. Vogt, N. Gupta, J.R Fike and P.H. Chan, 1998. Response of postmitotic neurons to X-irradiation: Implications for the role of DNA damage in neuronal apoptosis. J. Neurosci., 18: 147-155.
47. Goodhead, D.T., 1994. Initial events in the cellular effects of ionizing radiations: clustered damage in DNA. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 65: 7-17.
48. Goutier, R. and Z.M. Bacq, 1963. Metabolic Inhibitors. Academic Press, New York.
49. Gniadecki, R., B. Gajkowska, J. Bartosik, M. Hnasen and H.C. Wulf, 1998. Variable expression of apoptotic phenotype in keratinocytes treated with ultraviolet radiation, ceramide, or suspended in semisolid methyl-cellulose. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 78: 248-257.
50. Guelman, L.R., L.M. Zieher and M.L. Fiszman, 1996. The effect of x-radiation on cerebellar granule cells grown in culture. Ganglioside GM1 neuro-protective activity. Neurochem. Intl., 29: 521-527.
51. Guelman, L.R., M.A. Zorrilla Zubilete, H. Rios, C.G. Di Toro, A.M. Dopico and L.M. Zieher, 2001. Motor, cytoarchitectural and biochemical assessment of pharmacological neuroprotection against CNS damage induced by neonatal ionizing radiation exposure. Brain Res. Protoc., 7: 203-210.
52. Guo, M., C. Chen, C. Vidair, S. Marino, W. Dewey and C. Clifton Ling, 1997. Characterization of radiation induced apoptosis in rodent cell lines. Radiat. Res., 147: 295-303.
53. Haimovitz-Friedman, A., N. Balaban, M. McLoughlin, D. Ehleiter, J. Michaeli, I. Viodavsky, Z. Fuks et al., 1994. Protein kinase C mediates basic fibroblast growth factor protection of endothelial cells against radiation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res., 54: 2591-2597.
54. Hamberg, J., U. Brunk, J.L.E. Ericsson and B. Jung, 1977. Cytoplasmic effects of x-irradiation on cultured cells in a non-dividing stage. 2. Alterations in lysosomes, plasma membrane and related structures. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A- Pathology, 85: 625-639.
55. Hamberg, H., 1983 Cellular autophagocytosis induced by x-irradiation and vinblastine. On the origin of the segregating membranes. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A: Pathology, 91: 317-327.
56. Halliwell, B., J.M.C. Gutteridge, 1989. Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in Living Systems. In: Free Radicals Biology and Medicine. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp: 31.
57. Harms-Ringdahl, M., P. Nicotera and I.R. Radford, 1996. Radiation induced apoptosis. Mutation Res., 366: 171-179.
58. Harris, J.W., 1967. Studies of irradiated lysosomes with particular reference to the action of calcium. Exp. Cell Res., 45: 487.
59. Harris, W., 1970. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Lysosomes and Other Intracellular Membranes. In: Lawrence, J.H. and J.W. Godman (Eds.). Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 13. Academic Press, New York, pp: 273-287.
60. Hendry, J.H., 1997. West CML. Apoptosis and mitotic cell death: Their relative contributions to normal-tissue and tumor radiation response. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 71: 709-719.
61. Humphrey, R. and B.R. Brinkley, 1969. Ultrastructural studies of radiation-induced chromosome damage. J. Cell Biol., 42: 745-753.
62. Ichihashi, M., Y. Funasaka, N.U. Ahmed, A.K. Chakraborty and M. Ueda, 1998. Efficacy of Antioxidant Substances and Prevention of UV Damage, in Symposium on Skin: In: Parrish JA, Tagami H, Ozawa T (Eds.), Interface of a Living System, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp: 167-175.
63. Ichihashi, M., M. Ueda, A. Budiyanto, T. Bito, M. Oka, M. Fukunaga, K. Tsuru and T. Horikawa, 2003. UV-induced skin damage. Toxicology, 189: 21-39.
64. Ito, K. and S. Kawanishi, 1997. Site-specific DNA damage induced by UVA radiation in the presence of endogenous photo-sensitizer. Biol. Chem., 378: 1307-1312.
65. Johannisson, R., R. Mormel and B. Brandenburg, 1994. Synaptonemal complex damage in fetal mouse oocytes induced by ionizing irradiation. Mutation Res., 311: 319-328.
66. Jones, C.A., E. Huberman, M.L. Cunningham and M.J. Peak, 1987. Mutagenesis and cytotoxicity in human epithelial cells by far-and near-ultraviolet radiations: Action spectra. Radiat. Res., 110: 244-54.
67. Kadhim, M.A., S.A. Lorimore, K.M. Townsend, D.T. Godhead, V.J. Buckle and E.G. Wright, 1995. Radiation-induced genomic instability: Delayed cytogenetic aberrations and apoptosis in primary human bone marrow cells. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 67: 287-293.
68. Kamat, J.P., K.K. Boloor, T.P. Devasagayam, B. Jayashree and P.C. Kesavan, 2000. Differential modification by caffeine of oxygen-dependent and independent effects of gamma-irradiation on rat liver mitochondria. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 76: 1281-1288.
69. Kasia, H. and S. Nishimura, 1984. Hydroxylation of deoxyguanosine at the C-8 position by ascorbic acid and other reducing agents. Nucleic Acids Res., 12: 2137-2147.
70. Katz, D., D. Mazor, A. Dvilansky and N. Meyerstein, 1996. Effect of radiation on red cell membrane and intracellular oxidative defense systems. Free Radic. Res., 24: 199-204.
71. Khattab, F.I., 1967. Alterations in acid phosphatase bodies (lysosomes) in cat motoneurons after asphyxication of the spinal cord. Exp. Neurol., 18: 133.
72. Khattab, F.I., M. Banhawy and M. Ganzuri, 1970. Changes produced in the acid phosphatase particles (lysosomes) in neurons of DDT-treated rats. Proc. Egypt. Acad. Sci., 23: 171.
73. Khodarev, N.N., L.A. Sokolova and A.T.M. Vaughan, 1998. Mechanisms of induction of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 73:455-467.
74. Kinashi, Y., Y. Sakurai, S. Masunage, M. Suzuki, K. Nagata and K. Ono, 2004. Ascorbic acid reduced mutagenicity at the HPRT locus in CHO cells against thermal neutron radiation. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 61: 929-932.
75. Klein-Szanto, A.J.P., B.L.M. DeRay, I. Conti and R.L. Cabrini, 1974. Ultrastructure of irradiated nuclei. Strahlentherapie, 147: 263-270.
76. Koteles, G.J., 1979. New aspects of cell membrane radiobiology and their impact on radiation protection. Atomic Energy Rev., 17: 3-30.
77. Kondo, T., K. Takeuchi, Y. Doi, S. Yonemura, S. Nagaata and S. Tsukita, 1997. ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin)-based molecular mechanism of microvillar breakdown at an early stage of apoptosis. J. Cell Biol., 139: 749-758.
78. Kuo, S.S., A.H. Saad, A.C. Koong, G.M. Hahn and A.J. Giaccia, 1993. Potassium-channel activation in response to low doses of gamma-irradiation involves reactive oxygen intermediates in nonexcitatory cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 908-912.
79. Kvam, E. and R.M. Tyrrell, 1997. Induction of oxidative DNA base damage in human skin cells by UV and near visible radiation. Carcinogenesis, 18: 2379-2384.
80. Lesnikov, V., M. Lesnikov and H.J. Deeg, 2001. Pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects of transferrin and transferrin-derived glycans on hematopoietic cells and lymphocytes. Exp. Hematol., 29: 477-489.
81. Lett, J.T., 1992. Damage to cellular DNA from particulate radiation, the efficacy of its processing and the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. Emphasis on DNA strand breaks and chromatin break. Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 31: 57-77.
82. Linnik, M.D., J.A. Miller, J. Sprinkle-Cavallo, P.J. Mason, F.Y. Thompson, L.R. Montgomery, K.K. Schroeder, 1995. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation in the rat cerebral cortex induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 32: 116-124.
83. Lundgren, K. and H.C. Wulf, 1988. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of UVA irradiation in Chinese hamster ovary cells measured by specific locus mutations, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations. Photochem. Photobiol., 47: 559-563.
84. Marrot, L., J.P. Belaid, J.R. Meunier, P. Perez and C. Agapakis-Causse, 1999. The human melanocyte as a particular target for UVA radiation and an endpoint for photoprotection assessment. Photochem. Photobiol., 69: 686-693.
85. Maes, A., L. Verschave, A. Arroyo, C. DeWagter and L. Vercruyssen, 1993. In vitro cytogenetic effects of 2450 MHZ waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics, 14: 495-501.
86. Maes, A., M. Collier, U. VanGorp, S. Vandoninck and L. Verschaeve, 1997. Cytogenetic effects of 935.2MHz (GSM) microwaves alone and in combination with mitomycin C. Mutation Res., 393: 151-156.
87. Mansur, D.B., Y. Kataoka, D.J. Grdina and A.M. Diamond, 2001. Radiosensitivity of mammalian cell lines engineered to overexpress cytosolic glutathione peroxidase. Radiat. Res., 155: 536-542.
88. Marrot, L., J.P. Belaid, J.R. Meunier, P. Perez and C. Agapakis-Causse, 1999. The human melanocyte as a particular target for UVA radiation and an endpoint for photoprotection assessment. Photochem. Photobiol., 69: 686-693.
89. Meloni, M. and J.F. Nicolay, 2003. Dynamic monitoring of glutathione redox status in UV-B irradiated reconstituted epidermis: Effect of antioxidant activity on skin homeostasis. Toxicol in vitro, 17: 609-613.
90. Meng, H., T. Terado and H. Kimura, 1998. Apoptosis induced by X-rays and chemical agents in murine fibroblastic cell lines with a defect in repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Intl. J. Radiation Biol., 73: 503-510.
91. Michel, P.P., N. Lambeng and M. Ruberg, 1999. Neuropharmacologic aspects of apoptosis: significance for neurodegenerative diseases. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 22: 137-150.
92. Mills, J.C., N.L. Stone, N.L. Ernardt and R.N. Pittman, 1998. Apoptotic membrane blebbing is regulated by myosin light chain phosphorylation. J. Cell Biol., 140: 627-636.
93. Mitchell, D.L., J. Jen and J.E. Cleaver, 1991. Relative induction of cyclobutane dimers and cytosine photohydrates in DNA irradiated in vitro and in vivo with UV-C and UV-B light. Photochem. Photobiol., 54: 741-746.
94. Mitchell, D.L., 1988. The relative cytotoxicity of (6-4) photo-products and cyclobutane dimers in mammalian cells. Photochem. Photobiol., 48: 51-57.
95. Mironescu, S. and C. Dragomir, 1967. Nucleolar behaviour in regenerating liver of normal and whole-body-irradiated rats. Cancer Res., 27: 1819-1830.
96. Morales, A., A.E. Schwint and M.E. Itoiz, 1996. Nucleolar organiser regions in a model of cell hyperactivity and regression. Biocell., 20: 251-258.
97. Morgan, W.F., J.P. Day, M.I. Kaplan, E.M. McGhee and C.L. Limoli, 1996. Genomic instability induced by ionizing radiation. Radiat. Res., 146: 247-258.
98. Moustafa, Y.M., R.M. Moustafa, A. Belacy, S.H. Abou-El-Ela and F.M. Ali, 2001. Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 26: 605-608.
99. Nakagawa, A., N. Kobayashi, T. Muramatsu, Y. Yamashina, T. Shirai, M.W. Hashimoto, M. Ikenaga and T. Mori, 1998. Three-dimensional visualization of ultraviol et-induced DNA damage and its repair in human cell nuclei. J. Invest. Dermatol., 110: 143-148.
100. Nakano, H. and K. Shinohara, 1994. X-ray-induced cell death: Apoptosis and necrosis. Radiat. Res., 140: 1-9.
101. Nguyen, T.D., F.X. Maquart and J.C. Monboisse, 2005. Ionizing radiations and collagen metabolism: from oxygen free radicals to radio-induced late fibrosis. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 72: 381-386.
102. Niiro, G.K. and T.M. Seed, 1988. SEM of canine chromosomes: Normal structure and the effects of whole-body irradiation. Scanning Microscopy, 2: 1593-1598.
103. Novikoff, A., 1961. Lysosomes and related particles. In: The Cell vol. II Ed. Brachet and Mirsky, Academic Press. New York and London.
104. Ojeda, F., H.A. Diehl and H. Folch, 1994. Radiation induced membrane changes and programmed cell death: Possible interrelationships Scanning Microscopy, 8: 645-651.
105. Okada, S., 1970a. Radiation-induced cell death. In: Altman KI, Gerber GB, Okada S, (Eds.). Radiation Biochemistry, 1. Academic Press, New York, pp: 247-307.
106. Okada, S., 1970b. Formation of Giant Cells. In: Altman, K.I., G.B. Gerber and S. Okada (Eds.). Radiation Biochemistry, 1. Academic Press, New York, pp: 239-246.
107. Okunieff, P., M. Mester, J. Wang, T. Maddox, X. Gong, D. Tang, M. Coffee and I. Ding, 1998. In vivo radioprotective effects of angiogenic growth factors on the small bowel at C3H mice. Radiat. Res., 150: 204-211.
108. Olive, P.L. and R.E. Durand, 1997. Apoptosis: An indicator of radiosensitivity in vitro. Intl. J. Radiation Biol., 71: 695-707.
109. O'Neill, P. and P.M. Fielden, 1993. Primary Free Radical Processes in DNA-. Advances in Radiation Biology. Academic Press, pp: 53-120.
110. Orkisz, S. and H. Bartel, 1981. Morphology of nuclear ribonucleoprotein in the early period of liver regeneration after irradiation. Histochemistry, 71: 629-634.
111. Petit, P.X., H. Lecoeur, E. Zorn, C. Dauguet, B. Mignotte and M.L. Gougeon, 1995. Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function are early events of dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis. J. Cell Biol., 130: 157-167.
112. Piao, Y.J., K. Ogawa, K. Ono and M. Abe, 1983. The relationship between heterophagy and autophagy in the splenic macrophage of rats after X-ray irradiation. Acta Histochem. Cytochem., 16: 352-367.
113. Radford, I.R., 1999. Initiation of ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis: DNA damage-mediated or does ceramide have a role?. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 75: 521-528.
114. Rahman, Y.E., 1963. Effect of X-irradiation on the fragility of rat spleen lysosomci. Radiat. Res., 20: 741.
115. Ramakrishnan, N., J.F. Kalinch and D.E. McClain, 1998. Radiation-induced apoptosis in lymphoid cells: Induction, prevention and molecular mechanisms. In: Bump EA, Malaker K, (Eds.) Radioprotectors-Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspectives. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton FL., pp: 253-273.
116. Rene, A.A., J.H. Darden and J.L. Parker, 1971. Radiation induced ultrastructural and biochemical changes in lysosomes. Laboratory Investigation, 25: 230-239.
117. Rosenstein, B.S and D.L. Mitchell, 1987. Action spectra for the induction of pyrimidine photoproducts and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in normal human skin fibroblasts. Photochem. Photobiol., 45: 775-780.
118. Roth, M.B., 1995. Spheres, coiled bodies and nuclear bodies. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 7: 325-328.
119. Rugo, R.E. and R.H. Schiestl, 2004. Increases in oxidative stress in the progeny of X-irradiated cells. Radiat. Res., 162: 416-425.
120. Schulte-Frohlinde, D. and E. Bothe, 1991. The Development of Chemical Damage of DNA in Aqueous Solution. In: Fielden, E.M. and O'Neils (Eds.) The Early Effects of Radiation in DNA, NATO ASI Series H: Cell Biology, 54. Springer, Berlin, pp: 317-332.
121. Schwarz, A., S. Slander, M. Bemeburg, M. Bohm, D. Kulms, H. van Steeg, K. Grosse-Heitmeyer, J. Krutmann and T. Schwarz et al., 2004. Interleukin-12 suppresses ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis by inducing DNA repair. Nature, 4: 26-31.
122. Shah, V.C. and P.K. Gadhia, 1979. Effect of sublethal dose of gamma-irradiation on lysosomal enzymes in tissue of pigeons Radiat. Res., 20: 322.
123. Shimmura, S. and K. Tsubota, 1997. Ultraviolet B-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with decreased cell detachment of corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vision Sci., 38: 620-626.
124. Skog, S., V.P. Collins, B. Ivarson and B. Tribukait, 1983. Scanning and transmission election microscopy following irradiation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Relationships to cell cycle. Acta Radiol. Oncol., 22: 151-161.
125. Snyder, S.L. and S.K. Ekiund, 1978. Radiation-induced alteration in the distribution of lysosomal hydrolases in rat spleen homogenates. Radiat. Res., 75: 91-97.
126. Stapper, N.J., M. Stuschke, A. Sak and G. Stuben, 1995. Radiation-induced apoptosis in human sarcoma and glioma cell lines. Intl. J. Cancer, 62: 58-62.
127. Stefani, S., S. Chandra and H. Tonaki, 1977. Ultrastructural events in the cytoplasmic death of lethally irradiated human lymphocytes. Intl. J. Radiat. Biol., 31: 215-225.
128. Stohs, S.J. and D. Bagchi, 1995. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radio. Biol. Med., 18: 321-336.
129. Somosy, Z., A. Pikli, T. Kubasova, G.J. Koteles and M. Bodo, 1985. Alteration of nuclear diameter of murine lymphocytes upon the effects of X-irradiation in vivo. Radiobiol. Radiother., 26: 303-310.
130. Somosy, Z., 2000. Radiation response of cell organelles. Micron, 31:165-181.
131. Somosy, Z., A. Takats, G. Bognar, A.L. Kovacs, A. Telbisz, A. Racz, J. Kovacs and G.J. Koteles, 1996. X-irradiation-induced changes of the prelysosomal and lysosomal compartments and proteolysis in HT29 cells. Scanning Microscopy, 10: 1079-1091.
132. Sottacasa, G.L., G. Glass and B. de Bernard, 1968. The effect of X-irradiation on the activities of some lysosomal hydrolases of heart tissue. Radiat. Res., 24: 32.
133. Srivastava, M. and R.K. Kale, 1999. Effect of radiation on the xanthine oxidoreductase system in the liver of mice. Radiat Res., 152: 257-164.
134. Szumiel, I., 1994. Review: Ionizing radiation-induced cell death. Intl. J. Radiation Biol., 6: 329-341.
135. Takahashi, H., Y. Hashimoto, N. Aoki, M. Kinouchi, A. Ishida-Yamamoto and H. Iizuka, 2000. Copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase protects from ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis of SV40-transformed human keratinocytes: The protection is associated with the increased levels of antioxidant enzymes. J. Dermatol. Sci., 23: 12-21.
136. Tanaka, T., 1979. Biochemical activity of nine lysosomal enzymes in T- and non-T-lymphocytes. Fed. Lett., 104: 161-264.
137. Tsoulou, E., C.A. Kalfas and E.G. Sideris, 2005. Conformational properties of DNA after exposure to gamma rays and neutrons. Radiat. Res., 163: 90-97.
138. Vile, G.F. and R.M. Tyrrell, 1995. UVA radiation-induced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in vitro and in human skin fibroblasts is dependent on iron and singlet oxygen. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 18: 721-730.
139. Vignais, P.V., 2002. The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase: Structural aspects and activation mechanism. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 59: 1428-1459.
140. Von Sonntag, C., 1987. The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology. Taylor and Francis, London.
141. Waiters, R.L., 1992. Radiation-induced apoptosis in a murine T-cell hybridoma. Cancer Res., 52: 883-890.
142. Wang, S.Q., R. Setlow, M. Berwick, D. Polsky, A.A. Marghoob, A.W. Kopf and R.S. Bart, 2001. Ultraviolet A and melanoma: A review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 44: 837-846.
143. Wells, R.L. and A. Han, 1984. Action spectra for killing and mutation of Chinese hamster cells exposed to mid- and near-ultraviolet monochromatic light. Mutat Res., 129: 251-258.
144. Wenczl, E., G.P. Van der Schans, L. Roza, R.M. Kolb, A.J. Timmerman and N.P. Smit et al., 1998. (Pheo)melanin photosensitizes UVA-induced DNA damage in cultured human melanocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 111: 678-682.
145. Wyllie, A.H., J.E. Kerr and A.R Currie, 1980. Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Intl. Rev. Cytol., 68: 251-306.
146. Yamada, T. and H. Ohyama, 1988. Radiation-induced interphase death of rat thymocytes is internally programmed (apoptosis). Intl. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med., 53: 65-75.
147. Yu, C.K., 1971. Structure of chromosomes visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Can. J. Gen. Cytol., 13: 690-696.
148. Zhao, X. and J.S. Taylor, 1996. Mutation spectra of TA, the major photoproduct of thymidylyl-(3′5′) deoxyadenosine, in Escherichia coli under SOS conditions. Nucleic Acid Res., 24: 1561-1565.
149. Zyss, R. and M. Kaszezynika, 1972. The lysosomal system of liver cells in rats following a radiation dose of 1000R to the whole body. Acta Med. Pol., 13: 177.