Gastroduodenal diseases of childhood

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 632-640

  Horvitz, Gayle ^a   Gold, Benjamin D ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Celiac disease; Children; Eosinophilic; Gastroduodenal disease; Helicobacter pylori; Intestinal lymphangiectasia

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AZITHROMYCIN; BUDESONIDE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; ERYTHROMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEPOLIZUMAB; METRONIDAZOLE; MONTELUKAST; OMEPRAZOLE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; STEROID;

BACTERIAL INFECTION; CELIAC DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIET; DUODENUM DISEASE; ERADICATION THERAPY; GASTRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH DISEASE; VALIDATION PROCESS;

CHILD; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DUODENAL DISEASES; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; STOMACH DISEASES;

EID: 33750287625     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mog.0000245534.58389.f3     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Bravo LE, Mera R, Reina JC, et al. Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on growth of children: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37:614-619.
2. Suzuki T, Matsushima M, Masui A, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura - a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:1265-1270. This study was the first randomized controlled trial in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and concurrent H. pylori infection. The authors found that in this subgroup of patients, those randomized to H. pylori treatment had improved platelet recovery when compared to those who did not receive treatment. This study suggested a probable link between the two conditions.
3. Kurekci AE, Atay AA, Sarici SU, Ozcan O. Complete platelet recovery after treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in a child with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 21:593-596.
4. Drumm B, Day AS, Gold B, et al. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer: Working Group Report of the second World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39 (Suppl 2):S626-S631.
5. Ozen A, Ertem D, Pehlivanoglu E. Natural history and symptomatology of Helicobacter pylori in childhood and factors determining the epidemiology of infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:398-404. In this large scale study of Turkish children, the authors demonstrated that primary acquistion of H. pylori occurs prior to the age of 10 years.
6. Wu MS, Chen CJ, Lin JT. Host-environment interactions: their impact on progression from gastric inflammation to carcinogenesis and on development of new approaches to prevent and treat gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1878-1882.
7. Guarner J, Bartlett J, Whistler T, et al. Can preneoplastic lesions be detected in gastric biopsies of children with Helicobacter pylori infection? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37:309-314.
8. Ricuarte O, Gutierrez O, Cardona H, et al. Atrophic gastritis in young children and adolescents. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:1189-1193. This study demonstrated findings of gastric atrophy in children, especially in those living in places with a high incidence of gastric cancer.
9. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, et al. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 2000; 404:398-402.
10. El-Omar EM, Oien K, Murray LS, et al. Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:22-30.
11. Bourke B, Ceponis P, Chiba N, et al. Canadian Helicobacter Study Group Consensus Conference: Update on the approach to Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents: an evidence-based evaluation. Can J Gastroenterol 2005; 19:399-408. These recommendations are to guide practitioners in regards to testing, diagnosis, and treatment of H. pylori in children. The authors present a consensus on which children should be tested for H. pylori including those children with iron deficiency anemia without other identifiable cause. The consensus recognized the UBT as the best noninvasive test for H. pylori. Finally, the authors recommend a 14-day course of triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor for H. pylori treatment.
12. Kato S, Sherman PM. What is new related to Helicobacter pylori infection in children and teenagers? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159:415-421.
13. Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:187-194.
14. Rowland M, Daly L, Vaughan M, et al. Age-specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:65-72. This large prospective study showed a high incidence of H. pylori infection prior to the age of 3 years.
15. Halitim F, Vincent P, Michaud L, et al. High rate of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in children and adolescents. Helicobacter 2006; 11:168-172. The authors demonstrated in this study that children are more often reinfected with H. pylori when compared to adults and that having close contact with a sibling under the age of 5 years old is a significant risk factor for reinfection.
16. Baggett HC, Parkinson AJ, Muth PT, et al. Endemic iron deficiency associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among school-aged children in Alaska. Pediatrics 2006; 117:e396-e404. This study looked at a pediatric population with a high prevalence rate of H. pylori. The authors demonstrated that H. pylori is an independent risk factor for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia.
17. Cardenas VM, Mulla ZD, Ortiz M, Graham DY. Iron deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163:127-134. This epidemiologic study based on NHANES data from the CDC demonstrates that H. pylori is associated with a 40% increase in the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children living in the United States.
18. Sullivan PB, Thomas JE, Wight DG, et al. Helicobacter pylori in Gambian children with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65:189-191.
19. Sherman P, Hassall E, Hunt RH, et al. Canadian Helicobacter Study Group Consensus Conference on the Approach to Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children and Adolescents. Can J Gastroenterol 1999; 13:553-559.
20. Drumm B, Koletzko S, Oderda G. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a consensus statement European Paediatric Task Force on Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:207-213.
21. Gold BD, Colletti RB, Abbott M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31:490-497.
22. Mégraud F. Comparison of noninvasive tests to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents: results of a multicenter European study. J Pediatr 2005; 146:198-203. This multicenter large scale study showed that of noninvasive tests for H. pylori, the UBT does have the best sensitivity among pediatric age groups.
23. Hino B, Eliakim R, Levine A, et al. Comparison of invasive and noninvasive tests diagnosis and monitoring of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:519-523.
24. Sabbi T, De Angelis P, Colistro F, et al. Efficacy of noninvasive tests in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159:238-241.
25. Koletzko S, Richy F, Bontems P, et al. Prospective multicentre study on antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains obtained from children living in Europe. Gut 2006; Apr 7 [Epub ahead of print]. The authors demonstrate high rates of resistance of H. pylori to both clarithromycin and metronidazole in children (24% and 25% respectively); 6.9% of children had H. pylori resistant to both clarithromycin and metronidazole.
26. Boyanova L, Nikolov R, Lazarova E, et al. Antibacterial resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Bulgarian children and adult patients over 9 years. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55 (Pt 1):65-68.
27. Tolia V, Brown W, El-Baba M, Lin C. Helicobacter pylori culture and antimicrobial susceptibility from pediatric patients in Michigan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:1167-1171.
28. Rerksuppaphol S, Hardikar W, Midolo PD, Ward P. Antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates from children. J Paediatr Child Health 2003; 39:332-335.
29. Sherif M, Mohran Z, Fathy H, et al. Universal high-level primary metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolated from children in Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4832-4834.
30. Saad RJ, Schoenfeld P, Kim HD, Chey WD. Levofloxacin-based triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for persistent Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:488-496.
31. Gisbert JP, Castro-Fernandez M, Bermejo F. Third-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin after two H. pylori treatment failures. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:243-247. This is promising study showed good eradication of H. pylori with levofloxacin in patients with difficult to treat infection.
32. Sykora J, Valeckova K, Amlerova J, et al. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: a prospective randomized double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:692-698. This study looked at the role of supplemental probiotics in the treatment of children with H. pylori. The authors demonstrate a significant improvement in eradication rates in the children who received the supplementation.
33. Gotteland M, Poliak L, Cruchet S, Brunser O. Effect of regular ingestion of Saccharomyces boulardii plus inulin or Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in children colonized by Helicobacter pylori. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94:1747-1751.
34. Gotteland M, Brunser O, Cruchet S. Systematic review: are probiotics useful in controlling gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23:1077-1086.
35. Straumann A, Simon HU. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract. Allergy 2004; 59:15-25.
36. Kelly KJ. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30 (Suppl):S28-S35.
37. Sgouros SN, Bergele C, Mantides A. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: what is the clinical significance? Endoscopy 2006; 38:515-520.
38. Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:11-28.
39. Barbie DA, Mangi AA, Lauwers GY. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 38:883-886.
40. Seibold F. Food-induced immune responses as origin of bowel disease? Digestion 2005; 71:251-260.
41. Bischoff S, Crowe SE. Gastrointestinal food allergy: new insights into pathophysiology and clinical perspectives. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1089-1113.
42. Garrett JK, Jameson SC, Thomson B. Antiinterleukin-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for hypereosinophilic syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:115-119.
43. Michail S, Abernathy F. A new model for studying eosinophil migration across cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:56-63.
44. Lowichik A, Weinberg AG. A quantitative evaluation of mucosal eosinophils in the pediatric gastrointestinal tract. Mod Pathol 1996; 9:110-114.
45. Chehade M, Magid MS, Mofidi S, et al. Allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis with protein-losing enteropathy: intestinal pathology, clinical course, and long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:516-521. The authors demonstrate that this cohort of patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis and protein losing enteropathy have a good clinical response to amino acid formula, yet all had food-responsive disease in 2.5-5.5 years of follow-up.
46. Quack I, Sellin L, Buchner NJ, et al. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in a young girl: long term remission under Montelukast. BMC Gastroenterol 2005; 5:24.
47. Siewert E, Lammert F, Koppitz P, et al. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with severe protein-losing enteropathy: successful treatment with budesonide. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:55-59.
48. Friesen CA, Kearns GL, Andre L, et al. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of montelukast in dyspeptic children with duodenal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38:343-351.
49. Papadopoulos AA, Tzathas C, Polymeros D, Ladas SD. Symptomatic eosinophilic gastritis cured with Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut 2005; 54:1822.
50. Yamagata T, Ichinose M. Agents against cytokine synthesis or receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533 (1-3):289-301.
51. Plotz SG, Simon HU, Darsow U, et al. Use of an antiinterleukin-5 antibody in the hypereosinophilic syndrome with eosinophilic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2334-2339.
52. Rewers M. Epidemiology of celiac disease: what are the prevalence, incidence, and progression of celiac disease? Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl 1):S47-S51.
53. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:286-292.
54. Koning F. Celiac disease: caught between a rock and a hard place. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1294-1301.
55. Akobeng AK, Ramanan AV, Buchan I, Heller RF. Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:39-43. The authors demonstrate prospectively that breast-feeding during the introduction of gluten is associated with a reduced risk of developing celiac disease in children who are at risk for the development of celiac disease.
56. Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, et al. Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease. JAMA 2005; 293:2343-2351. This prospective study related the timing of gluten introduction into infants' diets with the eventual development of celiac disease in children at risk for celiac disease. The authors found that the optimal timing for gluten introduction in children at risk for celiac disease is between ages 4 and 7 months.
57. Rampertab SD, Pooran N, Brar P, et al. Trends in the presentation of celiac disease. Am J Med 2006; 119:e9-e14.
58. Marsh MN. Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue XI: The immunopathology of cell-mediated reactions in gluten sensitivity and other enteropathies. Scanning Microsc 1988; 2:1663-1684.
59. Bonamico M, Mariani P, Thanasi E, et al. Patchy villous atrophy of the duodenum in childhood celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38:204-207.
60. Rostom A, Dube C, Cranney A, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of serologic tests for celiac disease: a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl 1):S38-S46.
61. Clemente MG, Musu MP, Troncone R, et al. Enterocyte actin autoantibody detection: a new diagnostic tool in celiac disease diagnosis: results of a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:1551-1556.
62. Carroccio A, Brusca I, Iacono G, et al. Antiactin antibodies in celiac disease: correlation with intestinal mucosa damage and comparison of ELISA with the immunofluorescence assay. Clin Chem 2005; 51:917-920.
63. Troncone R, Bhatnagar S, Butzner D, et al. Celiac disease and other immunologically mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: Working Group report of the second World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39 (Suppl 2):S601-S610.
64. Case S. The gluten-free diet: how to provide effective education and resources. Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl 1):S128-S134.
65. Cornell HJ, Macrae FA, Melny J, et al. Enzyme therapy for management of coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:1304-1312.
66. Viljamaa M, Kaukinen K, Pukkala E, et al. Malignancies and mortality in patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis: 30-year population-based study. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:374-380.
67. Wahab PJ, Meijer JW, Mulder CJ. Histologic follow-up of people with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: slow and incomplete recovery. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:459-463.
68. Smedby KE, Akerman M, Hildebrand H, et al. Malignant lymphomas in coeliac disease: evidence of increased risks for lymphoma types other than enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma. Gut 2005; 54:54-59. This study showed that although enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma is associated with celiac disease, other lymphomas are also more common in patients with celiac disease, such as B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.