Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America

Social Cognition

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 198-226

  Uhlmann, Eric ^a   Dasgupta, Nilanjana ^b   Elguela, Angelica ^d   Greenwald, Anthony G ^c   Swanson, Jane ^c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036045393     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.20.3.198.21104     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Banaji, M.R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be measured. In H.L. Roediger III, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath, & A.M. Surprenant (Eds.), The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150). Washington, DC: APA.
3. Banaji, M.R. & Dasgupta, N. (1998). The consciousness of social beliefs: A program of research on stereotyping and prejudice. In V.Y. Yzerbyt & G. Lorries (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and social dimensions, (pp. 157-170). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Barros, J. (April-May 1998). Navajo and Hopi tribes in battle over land rights. Mother Earth News, 1, 14.
5. Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986). Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 18, 299-303.
6. Bieber, J. (1997). Race, resistance and regionalisim: Perspectives from Brazil and Spanish America. Latin American Research Review, 32, 152-169.
7. Boraiko, A.A. (1988, July). Chile: Acts of faith. National Geographic, 74, 54-86.
8. Chen, M. & Bargh, J.A. (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 541-560.
9. Comas-Diaz, L., Lykes, M. B., & Alarcon, R. D. (1998). Ethnic conflict and the psychology of liberation in Guatemala, Peru and Puerto Rico. American Psychologist, 53, 778-792.
10. Crandall, C.S., Eshleman, A., & O'Brien, L. (2002) Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 359-378.
11. Crosby, F., Bromley, S. & Saxe, L. (1980), Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546-563.
12. Cunningham, W.A., Preacher, K.J. and Banaji, M.R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12, 163-170.
13. Dasgupta, N. (2002, February 2). Beyond the black box: The behavioral manifestations of implicit prejudice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Savannah, GA.
14. Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
15. Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Ruling out the familiarity effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316-328.
16. De Houwer, J. (2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443-451.
17. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
18. Dominguez, J.I. (1994). Race and ethnicity in Latin America. New York: Garland Publishers.
19. Dor-Shav, N.K., Friedman, B. & Tcherbonogura, R. (1978). Identification, prejudice, and aggression. Journal of Social Psychology, 104, 217-222.
20. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K. & Gaertner, S.L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68.
21. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L. & Validzic, A. (1998). Intergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common in-group identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 109-120.
22. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K. Johnson, C., Johnson, B. & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
23. D'Souza, D. (1995). The end of racism. New York: Free Press.
24. Dunton, B.C. & Fazio, R.H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 316-326.
25. Farley, C.J. (1999, July 5). Latin music goes pop. Time, 153, 75-79.
26. Farnham, S. E. (1999). From implicit self esteem to in - group favoritism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
27. Fazio, R.H. (1998). Further evidence regarding the multiple category problem: The roles of attitude accessibility and hierarchical control. In R.S. Wyer (Ed.), Stereotype activation and inhibition. Advances in social cognition, Vol. 11. (pp. 97-108). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Fazio, R. H. & Hilden, L. E. (2001). Emotional reactions to a seemingly prejudiced response: The role of automatically activated racial attitudes and motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 538-549.
29. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
30. Gaertner, S. L. & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
31. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. M. & McGlynn, E. A. (2000). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics, 4, 98-114.
32. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Rust, M. C., Nier, J. A., Banker, B. S., Ward, C. M., Mottola, G.R., & Houlette, M. (1999). Reducing intergroup bias: Elements of intergroup cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 388-402.
33. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A. J. & Pomare, M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692-704.
34. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A. & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 239-249.
35. Gawronski, B., Ehrenberg, K., Banse, R., Zukova, J. & Klaur, K.C. (in press). It's in the mind of the beholder: Individual differences in associative strength moderate category based and individuating impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
36. Graham, R. (1990). The idea of race in Latin America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
37. Greenwald, A. G. & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological-Review, 102, 4-27.
38. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25.
39. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
40. Hornsey, M.J. & Hogg, M.A. (2000). Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 242-256.
41. Huddy, L. & Virtanen (1995). Subgroup differentiation and subgroup bias among Latinos as a function of familiarity and positive distinctiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 97-108.
42. Hurtado, A., Gurin, P., & Peng, T. (1994). Social identities: A framework for studying the adaptations of immigrants and ethnics: The adaptations of Mexicans in the United States. Social Problems, 41, 129-143.
43. Jost, J. T. (2001). Outgroup favoritism and the theory of system justification: An experimental paradigm for investigating the effects of socio-economic success on stereotype content. In G. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 89-104). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Jost, J. T. & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
45. Jost, J. T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293-305.
46. Jost, J. T., Pelham, B., & Carvallo, M. (in press). Non-conscious forms of system justification: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral preferences for higher status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
47. Jost, J. T., & Thompson, E. P. (2000). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental of Social Psychology, 36, 209-232.
48. Lemm K.M. (2000). Personal and social motivation to respond without prejudice: Implications for implicit and explicit attitude and behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
49. Lepore, L, & Brown, R (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275-287.
50. MacLeod, S. (1998, September 29). Tehran's Shi'ite regime threatens to turn a theological rivalry with the Sunni Afghans into a shooting war. Time, 152, 58.
51. Maddox, K. B., & Gray, S. A. (2002). Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 250-259.
52. McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women's studies. In M. Anderson & P. Collins (Eds.), Race, Class and Gender: An anthology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
53. McConnell, A. R., & Leibold, J. M. (2001). Relations between the Implicit Association Test, explicit racial attitudes, and discriminatory behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435-442.
54. Mitchell, J. P., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (1999). Dissociated implicit attitudes: Examples from race, gender and profession. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-western Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
55. Monin, B. and Miller, D.T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 33-44.
56. Moreno, D. (1994, May 15). Cuban-Americans and Miami politics: Understanding the Cuban model. Paper presented at the National Minority Conference. Seattle, WA.
57. Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
58. Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R. and Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting intergroup attitudes and stereotype data from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics, 6, 101-115.
59. Oboler,S. (1995). Ethnic labels, Latino lives: Identity and the politics of (re)presentation in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
60. Plant,E.A. & Devine,P.G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832.
61. Rudman,L.A., Ashmore,R.D., & Gary,M.L. (2001). "Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit stereotypes and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856-868.
62. Rudman,L.A., & Glick,P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 743-762.
63. Rudman,L.A., Greenwald,A.G., & McGhee,D.E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1164-1178.
64. Rudman, L. A., & Kilianski, S. E. (2000). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female authority. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1315-1328.
65. Sargent, M. J., & Theil, A. (2002, February 2). Assessing the predictive utility of the "black-white" implicit association test: Evidence for moderators. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Savannah, GA.
66. Schuette, R. A. & Fazio, R. H. (1995). Attitude accessibility and motivation as determinants of biased processing: A test of the MODE model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 21, 704-710.
67. Shorris, E. (1992). Latinos: A biography of the people. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
68. Sidanius, J. & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance theory. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
69. Simpson, A. (1993). Xuxa: The mega-marketing of gender, race and modernity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
70. Steffens, M.C. & Plewe, I. (2001). Items' cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 123-134.
71. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79-97.
72. Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13, 65-93.
73. Tamir, O. (1999). What happened to Navajo relocates from Hopi partition lands in Pinion? American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 24, 71-72.
74. Thomas, P. (1997). Down these mean streets. New York: Vintage Books.
75. Turner, J. C., Brown, R. J., Tajfel, H. (1979). Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 187-204.
76. Twine, F. W. (1998). Racism in a racial democracy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
77. Wade, P. (1997). Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.
78. Warren, J.W. (2001). Racial revolutions: Antiracism and Indian resurgence in Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
79. White, J. B. & Langer, E. J. (1999) Horizontal hostility: Relations between similar minority groups. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 537-559.
80. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 207, 101-126.
81. Winant, H. (1994). Racial conditions: politics, theory, comparisons, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.