A distributed snow-evolution modeling system (snowmodel)

Journal of Hydrometeorology

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1259-1276

  Liston, Glen E ^a   Elder, Kelly ^b  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MODELING; PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; SNOW; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SURFACE ENERGY;

EID: 33748943200     PISSN: 1525755X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JHM548.1     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Anderson, E. A., 1976: A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover. NOAA Tech. Rep. NWS-19, 150 pp.
2. Balk, B., and K. Elder, 2000: Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed. Water Resour. Res., 36, 13-26.
3. Barnes, S. L., 1964: A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 396-409.
4. Barnes, S. L., 1973: Mesoscale objective analysis using weighted time-series observations. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-62, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, 60 pp.
5. Bartelt, P., and M. Lehning, 2002: A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning. Part 1: Numerical model. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 35, 123-145.
6. Blöschl, G., 1999: Scaling issues in snow hydrology. Hydrol. Processes, 13, 2149-2175.
7. Blöschl, G. and R. Kirnbauer, 1992: An analysis of snow cover patterns in a small Alpine catchment. Hydrol. Processes, 6, 99-109.
8. Bonan, G. B., 1991: A biophysical surface energy budget analysis of soil temperature in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. Water Resour. Res., 27, 767-781.
9. Bruland, O., G. E. Liston, J. Vonk, and A. Killingtveit, 2004: Modelling the snow distribution at two High-Arctic sites at Svalbard, Norway, and at a Sub-Arctic site in Central Norway. Nordic Hydrol., 35, 191-208.
10. Buck, A. L., 1981: New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 1527-1532.
11. Chen, J. M., P. M. Rich, S. T. Gower, J. M. Norman, and S. Plummer, 1997: Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques, and measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 29 429-29 443.
12. Cionco, R. M., 1978: Analysis of canopy index values for various canopy densities. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 15, 81-93.
13. Cohen, J., and D. Entekhabi, 2001: The influence of snow cover on Northern Hemisphere climate variability. Atmos.-Ocean, 39, 35-53.
14. Dodson, R., and D. Marks, 1997: Daily air temperature interpolation at high spatial resolution over a large mountainous region. Climate Res., 8, 1-20.
15. Elder, K., J. Dozier, and J. Michaelsen, 1991: Snow accumulation and distribution in an alpine watershed. Water Resour. Res., 27, 1541-1552.
16. Ellis, A. W., and D. J. Leathers, 1999: Analysis of cold airmass temperature modification across the U.S. Great Plains as a consequence of snow depth and albedo. J. Appl. Meteor., 38, 696-711.
17. Essery, R., and J. Pomeroy, 2004: Vegetation and topographic control of wind-blown snow distributions in distributed and aggregated simulations for an arctic tundra basin. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 735-744.
18. Essery, R., J. Pomeroy, J. Parviainen, and P. Storck, 2003: Sublimation of snow from coniferous forests in a climate model. J. Climate, 16, 1855-1864.
19. Fleagle, R. G., and J. A. Businger, 1980: An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics. Academic Press, 432 pp.
20. Greene, E. M., G. E. Liston, and R. A. Pielke Sr., 1999: Simulation of above treeline snowdrift formation using a numerical snow-transport model. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 30, 135-144.
21. Groisman, P. Ya., T. R. Karl, and T. W. Knight, 1994: Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science, 263, 198-200.
22. Hardy, J., R. Melloh, G. Koenig, J. Pomeroy, A. Rowlands, D. Cline, K. Elder, and R. Davis, 2004a: Sub-canopy energetics at the CLPX Local Scale Observation Site (LSOS). National Snow and Ice Data Center, digital media.
23. Hardy, J., R. Melloh, G. Koenig, D. Marks, A. Winstral, J. W. Pomeroy, and T. Link, 2004b: Solar radiation transmission through conifer canopies. Agric. For. Meteor., 126, 257-270.
24. Hasholt, B., G. E. Liston, and N. T. Knudsen, 2003: Snow distribution modelling in the Ammassalik Region, South East Greenland. Nordic Hydrol., 34, 1-16.
25. Hedstrom, N. R., and J. W. Pomeroy, 1998: Measurements and modeling of snow interception in the boreal forest. Hydrol. Processes, 12, 1611-1625.
26. Hellström, R. A., 2000: Forest cover algorithms for estimating meteorological forcing in a numerical snow model. Hydrol. Processes, 14, 3239-3256.
27. Hiemstra, C. A., G. E. Liston, and W. A. Reiners, 2002: Snow redistribution by wind and interactions with vegetation at upper treeline in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Arc. Antarc. Alp. Res., 34, 262-273.
28. Hinzman, L. D., D. L. Kane, C. S. Benson, and K. R. Everett, 1996: Energy balance and hydrological processes in an Arctic watershed. Landscape Function: Implications for Ecosystem Response to Disturbance: A Case Study in Arctic Tundra, J. F. Reynolds and J. D. Tenhunen, Eds., Ecologic Studies Series, Vol. 120, Springer-Verlag, 131-154.
29. Hinzman, L. D., D. J. Goering, and D. L. Kane, 1998: A distributed thermal model for calculating soil temperature profiles and depth of thaw in permafrost regions. J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D22), 28 975-28 991.
30. Iziomon, M. G., H. Mayer, and A. Matzarakis, 2003: Downward atmospheric longwave irradiance under clear and cloudy skies: Measurement and parameterization. J. Atmos. Sol.- Terr. Phys., 65, 1107-1116.
31. Jones, H. G., 1999: The ecology of snow-covered systems: A brief overview of nutrient cycling and life in the cold. Hydrol. Processes, 13, 2135-2147.
32. Kane, D. L., L. D. Hinzman, C. S. Benson, and G. E. Liston, 1991: Snow hydrology of a headwater Arctic basin. 1. Physical measurements and process studies. Water Resour. Res., 27, 1099-1109.
33. Koch, S. E., M. DesJardins, and P. J. Kocin, 1983: An interactive Barnes objective map analysis scheme for use with satellite and conventional data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1487-1503.
34. Kunkel, K. E., 1989: Simple procedures for extrapolation of humidity variables in the mountainous western United States. J. Climate, 2, 656-669.
35. Lee, L. W., 1975: Sublimation of snow in a turbulent atmosphere. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wyoming, 162 pp.
36. Liston, G. E., 1995: Local advection of momentum, heat, and moisture during the melt of patchy snow covers. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1705-1715.
37. Liston, G. E., 2004: Representing subgrid snow cover heterogeneities in regional and global models. J. Climate, 17, 1381-1397.
38. Liston, G. E., and D. K. Hall, 1995: An energy balance model of lake ice evolution. J. Glaciol., 41, 373-382.
39. Liston, G. E., and M. Sturm, 1998: A snow-transport model for complex terrain. J. Glaciol., 44, 498-516.
40. Liston, G. E., and R. A. Pielke Sr., 2001: A climate version of the regional atmospheric modeling system. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 68, 155-173.
41. Liston, G. E., and M. Sturm, 2002: Winter precipitation patterns in arctic Alaska determined from a blowing-snow model and snow-depth observations. J. Hydrometeor., 3, 646-659.
42. Liston, G. E., and J.-G. Winther, 2005: Antarctic surface and subsurface snow and ice melt fluxes. J. Climate, 18, 1469-1481.
43. Liston, G. E. and K. Elder, 2006: A meteorological distribution system for high resolution terrestrial modeling (MicroMet). J. Hydrometeor., 7, 217-234.
44. Liston, G. E., R. A. Pielke Sr., and E. M. Greene, 1999a: Improving first-order snow-related deficiencies in a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D16), 19 559-19 567.
45. Liston, G. E., J.-G. Winther, O. Bruland, H. Elvehøy, and K. Sand, 1999b: Below-surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet. J. Glaciol., 45, 273-285.
46. Liston, G. E., J.-G. Winther, O. Bruland, H. Elvehøy, K. Sand, and L. Karløf, 2000: Snow and blue-ice distribution patterns on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet. Antarct. Sci., 12, 69-79.
47. Liston, G. E., J. P. McFadden, M. Sturm, and R. A. Pielke Sr., 2002: Modeled changes in arctic tundra snow, energy, and moisture fluxes due to increased shrubs. Global Change Biol., 8, 17-32.
48. Luce, C. H., D. G. Tarboton, and K. R. Cooley, 1998: The influence of the spatial distribution of snow on basin-averaged snowmelt. Hydrol. Processes, 12, 1671-1683.
49. Luce, C. H., D. G. Tarboton, and K. R. Cooley, 1999: Sub-grid parameterization of snow distribution for an energy and mass balance snow cover model. Hydrol. Processes, 13, 1921-1933.
50. Marks, D., J. Domingo, D. Susong, T. Link, and D. Garen, 1999: A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins. Hydrol. Processes, 13, 1935-1959.
51. Marsh, P., 1999: Snowcover formation and melt: Recent advances and future prospects. Hydrol. Processes, 13, 2117-2134.
52. McFadden, J. P., G. E. Liston, M. Sturm, R. A. Pielke Sr., and F. S. Chapin III, 2001: Interactions of shrubs and snow in arctic tundra: Measurements and models. Soil, Vegetation, Atmosphere Transfer Schemes and Large-Scale Hydrological Models, A. J. Dolman et al., Eds., IAHS Publ. 270, 317-325.
53. McNamara, J. P., D. L. Kane, and L. D. Hinzman, 1997: Hydrograph separations in an Arctic watershed using mixing model and graphical techniques. Water Resour. Res., 33, 1707-1719.
54. McNamara, J. P., D. L. Kane, and L. D. Hinzman 1999: An analysis an arctic channel network using a digital elevation model. Geomorphology, 29, 339-353.
55. Mernild, S. H., G. E. Liston, B. Hasholt, and N. T. Knudsen, 2006: Snow distribution and melt modeling for Mittivakkat Glacier, Ammassalik Island, southeast Greenland. J. Hydrometeor., 7, 808-824.
56. Montesi, J., K. Elder, R. A. Schmidt, and R. E. Davis, 2004: Sublimation of intercepted snow within a subalpine forest canopy at two elevations. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 763-773.
57. Nelson, F. E., K. M. Hinkel, N. I. Shiklomanov, G. R. Mueller, L. L. Miller, and D. K. Walker, 1998: Active-layer thickness in north central Alaska: Systematic sampling, scale, and spatial autocorrelation. J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D22), 28 963-28 973.
58. Pomeroy, J. W., and R. A. Schmidt, 1993: The use of fractal geometry in modeling intercepted snow accumulation and sublimation. Proc. 50th Eastern Snow Conf., Quebec City, QC, Canada, Eastern Snow Conference, 1-10.
59. Pomeroy, J. W., D. M. Gray, K. R. Shook, B. Toth, R. L. H. Essery, A. Pietroniro, and N. Hedstrom, 1998a: An evaluation of snow accumulation and ablation processes for land surface modeling. Hydrol. Processes, 12, 2339-2367.
60. Pomeroy, J. W., J. Parviainen, N. Hedstrom, and D. M. Gray, 1998b: Coupled modeling of forest snow interception and sublimation. Hydrol. Processes, 12, 2317-2337.
61. Pomeroy, J. W., D. M. Gray, N. R. Hedstrom, and J. R. Janowics, 2002: Prediction of seasonal snow accumulation in cold climate forests. Hydrol. Processes, 16, 3543-3558.
62. Prasad, R., D. G. Tarboton, G. E. Liston, C. H. Luce, and M. S. Seyfried, 2001: Testing a blowing snow model against distributed snow measurements at Upper Sheep Creek, Idaho, USA. Water Resour. Res, 37, 1341-1357.
63. Ryan, B. C., 1977: A mathematical model for diagnosis and prediction of surface winds in mountainous terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 571-584.
64. Schmidt, R. A., 1972: Sublimation of wind-transported snow - A model. Research Paper RM-90, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 24 pp.
65. Sicart, J. E., J. W. Pomeroy, R. L. H. Essery, J. Hardy, T. Link, and D. Marks, 2004: A sensitivity study of daytime net radiation during snowmelt to forest canopy and atmospheric conditions. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 774-784.
66. Slater, A. G., and Coauthors, 2001: The representation of snow in land surface schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d). J. Hydrometeor., 2, 7-25.
67. Strack, J. E., R. A. Pielke Sr., and J. Adegoke, 2003: Sensitivity of model-generated daytime surface heat fluxes over snow to land-cover changes. J. Hydrometeor., 4, 24-42.
68. Sturm, M., 1992: Snow distribution and heat flow in the taiga. Arc. Alp. Res, 24, 145-152.
69. Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, and G. E. Liston, 1995: A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications. J. Climate, 8, 1261-1283.
70. Sturm, M., J. P. McFadden, G. E. Liston, F. S. Chapin III, C. H. Racine, and J. Holmgren, 2001: Snow-shrub interactions in arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications. J. Climate, 14, 336-344.
71. Sturm, M., T. Douglas, C. Racine, and G. E. Liston, 2005a: Changing snow and shrub conditions affect albedo with global implications. J. Geophys. Res., 110, G01004, doi:10.1029/2005JG000013.
72. Sturm, M., J. Schimel, G. Michelson, J. Welker, S. F. Oberbauer, G. E. Liston, J. Fahnestock, and V. E. Romanovsky, 2005b: Winter biological processes could help convert arctic tundra to shrubland. Bioscience, 55, 17-26.
73. Taras, B., M. Sturm, and G. E. Liston, 2002: Snow-ground interface temperatures in the Kuparuk River Basin, arctic Alaska: Measurements and model. J. Hydrometeor., 3, 377-394.
74. Tarboton, D. G., T. G. Chowdhury, and T. H. Jackson, 1995: A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model. Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments, K. A. Tonnessen, M. W. Williams, and M. Tranter, Eds., IAHS Publ. 228, 141-155.
75. Thornton, P. E., S. W. Running, and M. A. White, 1997: Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain. J. Hydrol., 190, 214-251.
76. Thorpe, A. D., and B. J. Mason, 1966: The evaporation of ice spheres and ice crystals. Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 17, 541-548.
77. Troendle, C. A., and J. O. Reuss, 1997: Effect of clear cutting on snow accumulation and water outflow at Fraser, Colorado. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 325-332.
78. Tucker, C., D. Slayback, J. Pinzon, S. Los, R. Myneni, and M. Taylor, 2001: Higher northern latitude NDVI and growing season trends from 1982 to 1999. Int. J. Biometeor., 45, 184-190.
79. Wahl, K. L., 1992: Evaluation of trends in runoff in the western United States. Managing Water Resources during Global Change, R. Herrmann, Ed., American Water Resources Association, 701-710.
80. Walcek, C. J., 1994: Cloud cover and its relationship to relative humidity during a spring midlatitude cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1021-1035.
81. Wallace, J. M., and P. V. Hobbs, 1977: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. Academic Press, 467 pp.
82. Winstral, A., and D. Marks, 2002: Simulating wind fields and snow redistribution using terrain-based parameters to model snow accumulation and melt over a semi-arid mountain catchment. Hydrol. Processes, 16, 3585-3603.
83. Winstral, A.,, K. Elder, and R. E. Davis, 2002: Spatial snow modeling of wind-redistributed snow using terrain-based parameters. J. Hydrometeor., 3, 524-538.
84. Zhang, T., R. L. Armstrong, and J. Smith, 2003: Investigation of the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle in the contiguous United States: Algorithm development and validation. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (1322), 8860, doi:10.1029/2003JD003530.