An evaluation of snow accumulation and ablation processes for land surface modelling

Hydrological Processes

Volumn 12, Issue 15, 1998, Pages 2339-2367

  Pomeroy, J W ^a   Gray, D M ^b   Shook, K R ^b   Toth, B ^b   Essery, R L H ^b   Pietroniro, A ^a   Hedstrom, N ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

CLASS; Energy balance; General circulation models; Land surface schemes; Snow hydrology

Indexed keywords

ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION; LAND SURFACE MODEL;

ALGORITHMS; FORESTRY; FROZEN SOILS; HEAT FLUX; HYDROLOGY; INFILTRATION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SUBLIMATION; TURBULENT FLOW; VEGETATION;

SNOW;

ABLATION; ACCUMULATION RATE; ALGORITHM; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; LAND SURFACE; MODELING;

CANADA;

EID: 0032465553     PISSN: 08856087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199812)12:15<2339::AID-HYP800>3.0.CO;2-L     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Benson, C. S. 1982. 'Reassessment of winter precipitation on Alaska's Arctic slope and measurements on the flux of wind-blown snow'. Geophysical Institute Report UAG R-288. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 26 pp.
2. Betts, A. K., Ball, J. H., Beljaars, A. C. M., Miller, M. J., and Viterbo, M. J. 1996. 'The land surface-atmosphere interaction: a review based on observational and global modelling perspectives', J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7209-7225.
3. Brown, T. and Pomeroy, J. W. 1989. 'A blowing snow particle detector', Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 16, 167-174.
4. Cess, R. D. et al. 1991. 'Interpretation of snow-climate feedbacks as produced by 17 general circulation models', Science, 253, 888-892.
5. Chow, V. T. 1954. 'The log-probability law and its engineering applications', Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., 80, 1-25.
6. de La Casinière, A. C. 1974. 'Heat exchange over a melting snow surface', J. Glaciol., 13, 55-72.
7. Donald, J. R. 1992. 'Snowcover depletion curves and satellite snowcover estimates for snowmelt runoff modelling'. PhD Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, 232 pp.
8. Donald, J. R., Soulis, E. D., Kouwen, N., and Pietroniro, A. 1995. 'A land cover-based snow cover representation for distributed hydrological models', Wat. Resour. Res., 31, 995-1009.
9. Douville, H., Royer, J. F., and Mahfouf, J.-F. 1995. 'A new snow parameterization for the Meteo-France climate model, I, validation in stand-alone experiments', Climate Dynam., 12, 21-35.
10. Dyunin, A. K. 1959. 'Fundamentals of the theory of snow drifting', Izvest. Sibirsk, Otdel, Akad. Nauk. USSR, 12, 11-24.
11. [English translation by Belkov, G. 1961. Technical Translation 952. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa],
12. Essery, R. L. H. 1997. 'Seasonal snow cover and climate change in the Hadley Centre GCM', Ann. Glaciol., 25, 362-366.
13. Goodison, B. E., Ferguson, H. L., and McKay, G. A. 1981. 'Measurement and data analysis', in Gray, D. M. and Male, D. H. (eds), Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management and Use. Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 191-274.
14. Goodison, B. E., Metcalfe, J. R., and Louie, P. Y. T. 1998. 'Summary of country analyses and results, Annex 5.B Canada', The WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Final Report, WMO/TD No. 872. WMO, Geneva, pp. 105-112.
15. Grancer, R. J. 1977. 'Energy exchance during melt of a prairie snowcover'. MSc Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 122 pp.
16. Granger, R. J. and Male, D. H. 1978. 'Melting of a prairie snowpack', J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 1833-1842.
17. Gray, D. M. 1970. 'Snow hydrology of the prairie environment', in Snow Hydrology, Proceedings of the Workshop Seminar. Queen's Printer for Canada, Ottawa, pp. 21-34.
18. Gray, D. M. and Granger, R. J. 1988. 'Bad Lake Watershed: 1967-1986', in Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrology Symposium No. 17: Canadian Research Basins, Successes, Failures and Future. NRCC No. 30416., National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on Hydrology, Ottawa, pp. 143-154.
19. Gray, D. M. and Prowse, T. 1993. 'Snow and floating ice', in Maidment D. R. (ed.), Handbook of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, pp. 7.1-7.58.
20. Gray, D. M., Norum, D. I., and Dyck, G. E. 1970. 'Densities of prairie snowpacks'. Proc. 38th Annual Meeting Western Snow Conference, pp. 24-30.
21. Gray, D. M. et al. 1979. 'Snow accumulation and distribution', in Colbeck, S. C. and Ray, M. (eds), Proceedings of Modelling Snow Cover Runoff. US Army Cold Regions Research Laboratory, Hanover, pp. 3-33.
22. Gray, D. M., Landine, P. G., and Granger, R. J. 1985. 'Simulating infiltration into frozen Prairie soils in streamflow models', Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 464-472.
23. Halberstram, I. and Schieldge, J. P. 1981. 'Anomalous behaviour of the atmospheric surface over a melting snowpack', J. Appl. Meteorol., 20, 255-265.
24. Harding, R. J. and Pomeroy, J. W. 1996. 'The energy balance of the winter boreal landscape', J. Climate, 9, 2778-2787.
25. Hedstrom, N. and Pomeroy, J. W. 1998. 'Intercepted snow in the boreal forest: measurement and modelling', Hydrol. Process., 12, 1611-1625.
26. Hetherington, E. D. 1987. 'The importance of forests in the hydrological regime', in Healy, M. C. and Wallace, R. R. (eds), Canadian Aquatic Resources. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, pp. 179-211.
27. Jones, H. G. 1987. 'Chemical dynamics of snowcover and snowmelt in a boreal forest', in Jones, H. G. and Orville-Thomas, W. J. (eds), Seasonal Snowcovers: Physics, Chemistry, Hydrology. NATO ASI Series C(211), Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, 531-574.
28. Kane, D. L. and Stein, J. 1983. 'Water movement into seasonally frozen soils', Wat. Resour. Res., 19, 1547-1557.
29. Karl, T. R., Groisman, P. Ya., Knight, R. W., and Heim, R. R. 1993. 'Recent variations of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to precipitation and temperature variations', J. Climate, 6, 1327-1344.
30. Li, L. and Pomeroy, J. W. 1997a. 'Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data', J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 205-213.
31. Li, L. and Pomeroy, J. W. 1997b. 'Probability of occurrence of blowing snow', J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21955-21964.
32. Liston, G. E. 1995. 'Local advection of momentum, heat and moisture during the melt of patchy snowcovers', J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 1705-1715.
33. Loth, B., Graf, H.-F., and Oberhuber, J. M. 1993. 'Snow cover model for global climate simulations', J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10451-10464.
34. Lundberg, A. and Halldin, S. 1994. 'Evaporation of intercepted snow: analysis of governing factors', Wat. Resour. Res., 30, 2587-2598.
35. Male, D. H. 1980. 'The seasonal snowcover', in Colbeck S. C. (ed.), Dynamics of Snow and Ice Masses. Academic Press, New York, pp. 305-395.
36. Male, D. H. and Granger, R. J. 1979. 'Energy mass fluxes at the snow surface in a Prairie environment', in Colbeck, S. C. and Ray, M. (eds), Proc. Modelling Snowcover Runoff. US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover. pp. 101-124.
37. Marsh, P. and Pomeroy, J. W. 1996. 'Meltwater fluxes at an arctic forest tundra site', Hydrol. Process., 10, 1383-1400.
38. Marsh, P. and Woo, M.-K. 1984. 'Wetting front advance and freezing of meltwater within a snow cover, 1, observations in the Canadian Arctic', Wat. Rcsour. Res., 20, 1853-1864.
39. Marsh, P., Pomeroy, J. W., and Neumann, N. 1997. 'Sensible heat flux and local advection over a heterogeneous landscape at an Arctic tundra site during snowmelt', Ann. Glaciol., 25, 132-136.
40. Marshall, S. and Oglesby, R. J. 1994. 'An improved snow hydrology for GCMs', Climate Dynam., 10, 21-37.
41. McFarlane, N. A., Boer, G. J., Blanchet, J.-P., and Lazare, M. 1992. 'The Canadian Climate Centre second generation circulation model and its equilibrium climate', J. Climate, 5, 1013-1044.
42. O'Neill, A. D. J. 1972. 'The energetics of shallow prairie snowcovers'. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 197 pp.
43. O'Neill, A. D. J. and Gray, D. M. 1973. 'Solar radiation penetration through snow', in Proc. of UNESCO-WMO-IAHS Symposia on the Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology. Volume 1, IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK. pp. 227-249.
44. Pomeroy, J. W. 1989. 'A process-based model of snow drifting', Ann. Glaciol., 13, 237-240.
45. Pomeroy, J. W. and Dion, K. 1996. 'Winter radiation extinction and reflection in a boreal pine canopy: measurements and modelling', Hydrol. Process., 10, 1591-1608.
46. Pomeroy, J. W. and Goodison, B. E. 1997. 'Winter and snow', in Bailey, W. G., Oke, T. R., and Rouse, W. R. (eds), The Surface Climates of Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal & Kingston, pp. 68-100.
47. Pomeroy, J. W. and Granger, R. J. 1997. 'Sustainability of the western Canadian boreal forest under changing hydrological conditions, I, snow accumulation and ablation', Sustainability of Water Resources under Increasing Uncertainty, IAHS Publ. 240, IAHS Press, Wallingford. 237-242.
48. Pomeroy, J. W. and Gray, D. M. 1995. 'Snowcover accumulation, relocation and management'. National Hydrology Research Institute Science Report No. 7. NHRI, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, 144 pp.
49. Pomeroy, J. W. and Li, L. 1997. 'Development of the Prairie Blowing Snow Model for application in climatological and hydrological models'. In Proceedings of the Eastern Snow Conference. Vol. 54, pp. 186-197.
50. Pomeroy, J. W. and Schmidt, R. J. 1993. 'The use of fractal geometry in modelling intercepted snow accumulation and sublimation', in Proc. Eastern Snow Conference, Vol. 50, pp. 1-10.
51. Pomeroy, J. W., Gray, D. M., and Landine, P. G. 1993. 'The Prairie Blowing Snow Model: characteristics, validation, operation', J. Hydrol., 144, 165-192.
52. Pomeroy, J. W., Granger, R. J., Pietroniro, A., Elliott, J., Toth, B., and Hedstrom, N. 1997a. 'Hydrological pathways in the Prince Albert model forest'. NHRI Contribution Series CS-97004. NHRI, Saskatoon, 154 pp. + app.
53. Pomeroy, J. W., Marsh, P., and Gray, D. M. 1997b. 'Application of a distributed blowing snow model to the Arctic', Hydrol. Process., 11, 1451-1464.
54. Randall, D. A. et al. 1994. 'Analysis of snow feedbacks in 14 general circulation models', J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20757-20771.
55. Schmidt, R. A. 1972. 'Sublimation of wind-transported snow - a model', Res. Pap. RM-90. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Fort Collins, 24 p.
56. Schmidt, R. A. and Gluns, D. R. 1991. 'Snowfall interception on branches of three conifer species', Can. J. For. Res., 21, 1262-1269.
57. Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J., Berry, J. A., Field, C. B., Dazlich, D. A., Zhang, C., Collelo, G. D., and Bounoua, L. 1996. 'A revised land surface parameterisation (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs, part 1: model formation', J. Climate, 9, 676-705.
58. Shook, K. 1993. 'Fractal geometry of snowpacks during ablation'. MSc Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 178 pp.
59. Shook, K. 1995. 'Simulation of the ablation of prairie snowcovers'. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 189 pp.
60. Shook, K. and Gray, D. M. 1994. 'Determining the snow water equivalent of shallow prairie snowcovers', in Proc. 51st Annual Meeting Eastern Snow Conference, Dearborn, MI, pp. 89-95.
61. Shook, K. and Gray, D. M. 1997. 'Snowmelt resulting from advection', J. Hydrol. Process., 11, 1725-1736.
62. Shook, K., Gray, D. M., and Pomeroy, J. W. 1993. 'Temporal variation in snowcover area during melt in Prairie and Alpine environments', Nord. Hydrol., 24, 183-198.
63. Shook, K., Gray, D. M., and Pomeroy, J. W. 1994. 'Geometry of patchy snowcovers', Proc. 1993 Annual Meeting Eastern Snow Conference June 8-10, 1993, Quebec City, pp. 89-96.
64. Steppuhn, H. and Dyck, G. E. 1974. 'Estimating true basin snowcover', in Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, pp. 314-328.
65. Sturm, M. 1992. 'Snow distribution and heat flow in the taiga', Arc. Alp. Res., 24, 145-152.
66. Tabler, R. D., Pomeroy, J. W., and Santana, B. W. 1990. 'Drifting snow', in Ryan, W. L. and Crissman, R. D. (eds), Cold Regions Hydrology and Hydraulics. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York, pp. 95-146.
67. Thomas, G. and Rowntree, P. R. 1992. 'The boreal forest and climate', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 469-498.
68. US Army Corps of Engineers 1956. Snow Hydrology: Summary Report of the Snow Investigations, North Pacific Division, Portland, 437 pp.
69. Verseghy, D. L. 1991. 'CLASS - a Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs I. Soil model', Int. J. Climatol., 11, 111-133.
70. Verseghy, D. L., McFarlane, N. A., and Lazare, M. 1993. 'CLASS - a Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs II. Vegetation model and coupled runs', Int. J. Climatol., 13, 347-370.
71. Viterbo, P. and Beljaars, A. C. M. 1995. 'An improved land surface parameterisation scheme in the ECMWF model and its validation', J. Climate, 8, 2716-2748.
72. Webb, E. K. 1970. 'Profile relationships: the log-linear range and extension to strong stability', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 67-90.
73. Wiscombe, W. J. and Warren, S. G. 1980. 'A model for the spectral albedo of snow, I, pure snow', J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733.
74. Woo, M.-K. 1990. 'Permaforst hydrology', in Prowse, T. D. and Ommaney, C. S. L. (eds), Northern Hydrology: Candian Perspectives. NHRI Science Report No. 1. Minister of Supply and Services, Canada, Saskatoon, pp. 63-76.
75. Woo, M.-K, and Marsh, P. 1977. 'Determination of snow storage for small eastern high Arctic basins', in Proc. 1977 Annual Meeting Eastern Snow Conference. Feb. 3-4, Belleville, pp. 147-162.
76. Woo, M.-K. and Steer, P. 1986. 'Monte Carlo simulation of snow depth in a forest', Wat. Resour. Res., 22, 864-868.
77. Woo, M.-K., Heron, R., and Marsh, P. 1982. 'Basal ice in high arctic snowpacks', Arc. Alp. Res., 14, 251-260.
78. Yen, Y.-C. 1995. 'Sensible heat flux measurements near a cold surface', in Report 95-22. US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, 42 pp.
79. Zhao, L. and Gray, D. M. 1997. 'A parametric expression for estimating infiltration into frozen soils', Hydrol. Process., 11, 1761-1775.
80. Zhao, L., Gray, D. M., and Male, D. H. 1997. 'Numerical analysis of simultaneous heat and mass transfer during infiltration into frozen ground', J. Hydrol., 200, 345-363.