The importance of resources in the internationalization of professional service firms: The good, the bad, and the ugly

Academy of Management Journal

Volumn 49, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1137-1157

  Hitt, Michael A ^a   Bierman, Leonard ^a   Uhlenbruck, Klaus ^b   Shimizu, Katsuhiko ^c  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748713365     PISSN: 00014273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.23478217     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. 2002. Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27: 17-40.
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Bapuji, H., & Crossan, M. 2005. Co-evolution of social capital and knowledge: An extension of the Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) framework. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, BPS: DD1-DD6.
4. Barkema, H. G., & Vermeulen, F. 1998. International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 7-26.
5. Barney, J. B., & Arikan, A. M. 2001. The resource-based view: Origins and implications. In M. A. Hitt, R. E. Freeman, & J. S. Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of strategic management: 124-188. Oxford, U.K.: Black-well.
6. Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. 2002. Building competitive advantage through people. Sloan Management Review, 43(2): 33-41.
7. Bergh, D. D. 1993. Don't "waste" your time. The effects of time series errors in management research: The case of ownership concentration and research and development spending. Journal of Management, 19: 897-914.
8. Brill, S. 1987. The gap widens. American Lawyer, 9(July-August): Supplement.
9. Burt, R. S. 1992. Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10. Burt, R. S. 1997. The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 339-365.
11. Carpenter, M. A., & Fredrickson, J. W. 2001. Top management teams, global strategic posture, and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 533-546.
12. Carpenter, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. 2004. The effects of top management team pay and firm internationalization on MNC performance. Journal of Management, 30: 749-778.
13. Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 128-152.
14. Cooper, D. J., Greenwood, R., Hinings, B., & Brown, J. 1998. Globalization and nationalism in a multinational accounting firm: The case of opening new markets in Eastern Europe. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23: 531-548.
15. Cooper, D. J., Hinings, B., Greenwood, R., & Brown, J. 1996. Sedimentation and transformation in organizational change: The case of Canadian law firms. Organization Studies, 17: 623-647.
16. Cooper, D. J., Rose, T., Greenwood, R., & Hinings, B. 2000. History and contingency in international accounting firms. In Y. Aharoni & L. Nachum (Eds.), Globalization of services: Some implications for theory and practice: 93-124. London: Routledge.
17. Dess, G., Gupta, A., Hennart, J.-F., & Hill, C. 1995. Conducting and integrating strategy research at the international, corporate, and business levels. Journal of Management, 21: 357-393.
18. Dess, G., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. 1990. Industry effects and strategic management research. Journal of Management, 16: 7-27.
19. Dezaly, Y., & Garth, B. G. 2002. Legitimating the new legal orthodoxy. In Y. Dezaly & B. G. Garth (Eds.), Global prescriptions: The production, exportation, and importation of a new legal orthodoxy: 306-334. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
20. Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. 1998. The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23: 660-679.
21. Ellis, P. 2000. Social ties and foreign market entry. Journal of International Business Studies, 31: 443-470.
22. Ethiraj, S. K., Kale, P., Krishnan, M. S., & Singh, J. V. 2005. Where do capabilities come from and how do they matter: A study in the software services industry. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 25-45.
23. Friedman, T. L. 2005. The world is flat. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
24. Glater, J. D. 2005. Law firm that opened borders is closing up shop. New York Times, August 30: C1.
25. Goerzen, A., & Beamish, P. W. 2003. Geographic scope and multinational enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 1289-1306.
26. Goodstein, J., & Boeker, W. 1991. Turbulence at the top: A new perspective on governance structure changes and strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 306-330.
27. Granovetter, M. 2005. The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1): 33-50.
28. Greenwood, R., & Empson, L. 2003. The professional partnership: Relic or exemplary form of governance? Organization Studies, 24: 909-933.
29. Griffith, D. A., & Harvey, M. G. 2004. The influence of individual and firm level social capital of marketing managers in a firm's global network. Journal of World Business, 39: 244-254.
30. Grosse, R. 2000. Knowledge creation and transfer in global service firms. In Y. Aharoni & L. Nachum (Eds.), Globalization of services: Some implications for theory and practice: 217-232. London: Routledge.
31. Gulati, R. 1995. Does familiarity breed trust? The implications of repeated ties for contractual choice in alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 85-112.
32. Heckman, J. J. 1979. Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47: 153-161.
33. Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K., & Kochhar, R. 2001. Direct and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and firm performance in professional service firms: A resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 13-28.
34. Hitt, M. A., Boyd, B. K., & Li, D. 2004. The state of strategic management research and a vision of the future. In D. J. Ketchen & D. D. Bergh (Eds.), Research methodology in strategy and management, vol. 1: 1-31. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
35. Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., Johnson, R. A., & Moesel, D. D. 1996. The market for corporate control and firm innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1084-1119.
36. Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Kim, H. 1997. International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 767-798.
37. Hodkinson, P., & Novarese, A. 2005. Fakes and ladders. Legal Week (United Kingdom), www.legalweek.com: March 17.
38. Hsiao, C. 1986. Analysis of panel data. New York: Cambridge University Press.
39. Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. 2000. Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 217-237.
40. Lepak, D. P., & Snell, S. A. 1999. The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review, 24: 31-48.
41. Løwendahl, B. 2000. Strategic management of professional service firms (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
42. Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. 2001. The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 565-586.
43. Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. 2004. International diversification and firm performance: The s-curve hypothesis. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 598-609.
44. Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, J. R. 1992. The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 363-380.
45. Maister, D. H. 1993. Managing the professional service firm. New York: Free Press.
46. Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., & Greene, P. G. 2002. Internationalization of small firms. International Small Business Journal, 20: 9-31.
47. Martin, X., Swaminathan, A., & Mitchell, W. 1998. Organizational evolution in the interorganizational environment: Incentives and constraints on international expansion strategy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 566-601.
48. Miyazawa, S., & Otsuka, H. 2005. Legal education and the reproduction of the elite in Japan. In Y. Dezaly & B. G. Garth (Eds.), Global prescriptions: The production, exportation, and importation of a new legal orthodoxy: 162-208. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
49. Morrow, J. L., Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., & Holcomb, T. 2007. Creating value in the face of declining performance: Firm strategies and organizational recovery. Strategic Management Journal, 28: In press.
50. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23: 242-266.
51. Nodofor, H. A., & Levitas, E. 2004. Signaling the strategic value of knowledge. Journal of Management, 30: 685-702.
52. O'Connell, J. 1996. Booz Allen & Hamilton: Vision 2000 (Harvard Business School case) Boston: HBS Press.
53. Priem, R. L. 2006. A consumer perspective on value creation. Academy of Management Review, 30: In press.
54. Putnam, R. D. 2001. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
55. Samuelson, S. S., & Jaffe, L. J. 1990. A statistical analysis of law firm probability. Boston University Law Review, 70:185-211.
56. Saparito, P. A., Chen, C. C., & Sapienza, H. J. 2004. The role of relational trust in bank small firm relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 47: 400-410.
57. Sapienza, H. J., Autio, E., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. 2006. A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31: 914-933.
58. Sayrs, L. W. 1989. Pooled time series analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
59. Scannell, K. 2002. Law firms' revenues rise 8.5% aided by diversification, cuts. Wall Street Journal, June 30: C11.
60. Shaver, J. M. 1998. Accounting for endogeneity when assessing strategic performance: Does entry mode choice affect FDI survival? Management Science, 44: 571-585.
61. Sherer, P. D. 1995. Leveraging human assets in law firms: Human capital structures and organizational capabilities. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48: 671-691.
62. Silver, C. 2000. Globalization and the U.S. market in legal services - Shifting identities. Law and Policy in International Business, 31: 1093-1150.
63. Silver, C. 2001. Lawyers on foreign ground. In M. Janis & S. Swartz (Eds.), Careers in international law: 1-21. Washington, D.C.: American Bar Association.
64. Silver, C. 2005. Globalization of the legal market: The continuing significance of being local. Working paper, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
65. Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. 2007. Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32: In press.
66. Slaughter, A. 2002. Breaking out: The proliferation of actors in the international system. In Y. Dezaly & B. G. Garth (Eds.), Global prescriptions: The production, exportation, and importation of a new legal orthodoxy: 12-26. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
67. Spar, D. 1997. Lawyers abroad: The internationalization of legal practice. California Management Review, 39(3): 8-28.
68. Spruill, M. L. 2001. The delivery of legal services in the future: How is the role of profession management in the legal environment evolving? White paper, Association of Legal Administrators, Lincolnshire, IL.
69. Stewart, G. L., & Barrick, M. R. 2000. Team structure and performance: Assessing the mediating role of intrateam process and the moderating role of task type. Academy of Management Journal, 43:135-148.
70. Tallman, S. B. 2001. Global strategic management. In M. A. Hitt, R. E. Freeman, & J. S. Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of strategic management: 464-490. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
71. Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 464-476.
72. Uzzi, B. 1997. Social structure and competition in inter-firm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 35-67.
73. Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. 2001. Learning through acquisitions. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 457-476.
74. Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 171-180.
75. Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. 2001. The internationalization of new and small firms: A resource-based view. Journal of Business Venturing, 16: 333-358.
76. Winter, S. G. 2005. Developing evolutionary theory for economics and management. In K. G. Smith & M.A. Hitt (Eds.), Great minds in management: The process of theory development: Forthcoming. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
77. Woolcock, M. 1998. Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27: 151-208.
78. Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Tontti, V. 2002. Social capital, knowledge, and the international growth of technology-based new firms. International Business Review, 11: 279-304.
79. Zaheer, S. 1995. Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 341-363.
80. Zahra, S. A., Ireland, R. D., Gutierrez, I., & Hitt, M. A. 2000. Privatization and entrepreneurial transformation: Emerging issues and a future research agenda. Academy of Management Review, 25: 509-524.
81. Zucker, L. G., & Darby. M. R. 2005. An evolutionary approach to institutions and social construction. In K.G. Smith & M. A. Hitt (Eds.), Great minds in management: The process of theory development: Forthcoming. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.